4.1A Basic principle and characteristics 4.

1A Basic principle and characteristics

Distance Protection Distance Protection

Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

Issue C3 Issue C3
Last Release : June 2012 Last Release : June 2012

1 1

Program Program
PART 1 : Basic Principles PART 1 : Basic Principles
PART 2 : Coordination PART 2 : Coordination
PART 3 : R, X Diagram PART 3 : R, X Diagram
PART 4 : Usual Characteristics PART 4 : Usual Characteristics

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2
 PART 1 : Basic Principles PART 1 : Basic Principles
PART 2 : Coordination PART 2 : Coordination
PART 3 : R,
R X Diagram PART 3 : R,
R X Diagram
PART 4 : Usual Characteristics PART 4 : Usual Characteristics

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3

Advantages of Distance Protection Advantages of Distance Protection

● Measures
M Z
Z, X or R correctly
tl iirrespective
ti off S
System
t Conditions
C diti ● Measures
M Z
Z, X or R correctly
tl iirrespective
ti off S
System
t Conditions
C diti

● Compare this with Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection :- ● Compare this with Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection :-

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4
 Advantages of Distance Protection Advantages of Distance Protection

ZS = 10  ZS = 10 

ZL = 4  ZL = 4 
ZS = 10  ZS = 10 
IF1 F1 IF1 F1

115kV 50 115kV 50

Objective : do not start for a remote end fault Objective : do not start for a remote end fault
IF1 = 115kV/3(5+4) = 7380A IF1 = 115kV/3(5+4) = 7380A
 Is > 7380A  Is > 7380A
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5

p of Distance Protection
Basic Principle p of Distance Protection
Basic Principle
Consider with one source out of service:- Consider with one source out of service:-

ZS = 10  ZS = 10 
F2 F2

IF2 IF2

50 50

Objective : start for a close up fault Objective : start for a close up fault
IF2 = 115kV/3 x 10 = 6640A IF2 = 115kV/3 x 10 = 6640A
 Is <6640A  Is <6640A
>7380A - IMPRACTICAL >7380A - IMPRACTICAL

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6
Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection

ZS ZL ZS ZL

Generation IR Generation IR
Distance Distance
Relay 21 VR Relay 21 VR

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7

Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection

Relay Relay
PT. PT.
ZS IR ZL ZS IR ZL

Normal Normal
VS VR ZLOAD VS VR ZLOAD
Load Load

VR VR
Impedance
p measured ZR   Z L  Z LOAD Impedance
p measured ZR   Z L  Z LOAD
R R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8
 Simplified Line Diagram Simplified Line Diagram

L R L L L R L R L L L R
R R R R
C C C C C C

X = jwL X = - j X = jwL X = - j
L C L C
wC wC

at FN (50Hz) XC = large:- at FN (50Hz) XC = large:-

L R L R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9

Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection
ZL ZL

ZS IR ZF ZS IR ZF

VS VR ZLOAD Fault VS VR ZLOAD Fault

 Impedance Measured ZR = VR/IR = ZF  Impedance Measured ZR = VR/IR = ZF

 Relay Operates if ZF < Z where Z = setting  Relay Operates if ZF < Z where Z = setting
 Increasing VR has a Restraining Effect (ZF detected further  Increasing VR has a Restraining Effect (ZF detected further
away) away)
 Increasing IR has an Operating Effect (ZF reduced)  Increasing IR has an Operating Effect (ZF reduced)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 10 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 10
Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection
Electromechanical relay Electromechanical relay

Spring Spring

Trip Trip

Restrain Operate Restrain Operate

Ampere Turns : VF IZ Ampere Turns : VF IZ

Trip Conditions : VF < IFZ Trip Conditions : VF < IFZ
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11

Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection
Electromechanical relay Electromechanical relay

U high I low U high I low

Trip Trip

Restrain Restrain
V > IZ V > IZ

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12
Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection Basic Principle
p of Distance Protection
Electromechanical relay Electromechanical relay

Trip Trip

Tripping Tripping
V < IZ V < IZ
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13

Plain Impedance Characteristic Plain Impedance Characteristic

jX ZL Impedance Seen At jX ZL Impedance Seen At

Measuring Location For Measuring Location For
Line Faults Line Faults

R R

TRIP STABLE TRIP STABLE

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14
 Measurement principle Measurement principle

•local
local measurement of I •local
local measurement of I
•Tripping criteria elaborated by current level •Tripping criteria elaborated by current level
•Sélectivity
Sélectivity by timers or by blocking •Sélectivity
Sélectivity by timers or by blocking
•Directionality required for meshed networks •Directionality required for meshed networks

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15

Measurement principle Measurement principle

Distance protection measures the Distance protection measures the

impedance between the fault anfd the impedance between the fault anfd the
measuring points of I / U measuring points of I / U

This is equivalent to a fault distance This is equivalent to a fault distance

measurement measurement
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16
 Distance Protection Distance Protection
Impedance and measuring loops Impedance and measuring loops

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19

Basic Definition Basic Definition

I1/I2 ZP I1/I2 ZP

IR IR
V1 VFP
V1 VFP
21 VR 21 VR
V2 V2

 Relays are calibrated in secondary ohms :  Relays are calibrated in secondary ohms :

VFP x V2 /V 1 V  / VFP x V2 /V 1 V  /
Z R  VR/ R   FP x 1 2 Z R  VR/ R   FP x 1 2
FP x  2 / 1 FP V1/V 2 FP x  2 / 1 FP V1/V 2

KI = I_HT/I_BT KI = I_HT/I_BT
C.T. RATIO KU = U_HT/U_BT C.T. RATIO KU = U_HT/U_BT
ZR  Z P x ZR  Z P x
V.T. RATIO KZ = KU / KI = Z_HT / Z_BT V.T. RATIO KZ = KU / KI = Z_HT / Z_BT
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20
Example Example

ZP = 4; V1/V2 = 115kV/115V; I1/I2 = 600/5A ZP = 4; V1/V2 = 115kV/115V; I1/I2 = 600/5A

C T RATIO
C.T. C T RATIO
C.T.
ZR = ZP x ZR = ZP x
V.T. RATIO V.T. RATIO

ZR(5) = 4 x (600/5) / (115x103/115) = 0.48 - 5A Relay ZR(5) = 4 x (600/5) / (115x103/115) = 0.48 - 5A Relay
ZR(1) = 2 4  - 1A Relay
2.4 ZR(1) = 2 4  - 1A Relay
2.4
=> The use of Current Transformer with 1A secondary current => The use of Current Transformer with 1A secondary current
ratio will increase the sensitivity.
y ratio will increase the sensitivity.
y

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21

Input Quantities for - Faults Input Quantities for - Faults

FAULT VRESTRAINT IOPERATE FAULT VRESTRAINT IOPERATE

A-B VA - VB IA - IB A-B VA - VB IA - IB
B-C V B - VC IB - IC B-C V B - VC IB - IC
C-A VC - VA IC - IA C-A VC - VA IC - IA

 VRESTRAINT & IOPERATE are selected inside the relay  VRESTRAINT & IOPERATE are selected inside the relay
 No setting adjustments are required apart from specific  No setting adjustments are required apart from specific
starting conditions starting conditions

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 22 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 22
Input Quantities for - Faults (1) Input Quantities for - Faults (1)
E ZS1 ZL1 E ZS1 ZL1
IR 1 I1 F1 IR 1 I1 F1

v R1 N1 v R1 N1

ZS2 IR 2 ZL2 I2 F2 ZS2 IR 2 ZL2 I2 F2

v R2 N2 v R2 N2

VR1 = E - I1ZS1 = 2I1{ZS1 + ZL1} - I1ZS1 VR1 = E - I1ZS1 = 2I1{ZS1 + ZL1} - I1ZS1
= I1ZS1 + 2I1ZL1 = I1ZS1 + 2I1ZL1
VR2 = - I2ZS2 = I1ZS1 VR2 = - I2ZS2 = I1ZS1

VRB = a2VR1 + aVR2 = a2{2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1} + aI1Zs1 VRB = a2VR1 + aVR2 = a2{2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1} + aI1Zs1
VRC VR1 + a2VR2 = a{2I
= aV {2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1} + a2I1ZS1 VRC VR1 + a2VR2 = a{2I
= aV {2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1} + a2I1ZS1

IRB = a2I1 – aI1 = (a2 – a)I1 IRB = a2I1 – aI1 = (a2 – a)I1
IRC = aI1 – a2I1 = (a – a2)I1 IRC = aI1 – a2I1 = (a – a2)I1
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 23 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 23

Consider a B-C Fault Consider a B-C Fault

ZS1 IR1 ZL1 ZS1 IR1 ZL1

I1 I1
VR1 = E - I1ZS1 = 2I1 {ZS1 + ZL1} - I1ZS1 VR1 = E - I1ZS1 = 2I1 {ZS1 + ZL1} - I1ZS1
F1 F1
= I1ZS1 + 2I1ZL1 = I1ZS1 + 2I1ZL1

E VR2 = -I2ZS2 = I1ZS1 E VR2 = -I2ZS2 = I1ZS1

VR1 VR1
VRB = a2VR1 + aVR2 = a2{2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1} VRB = a2VR1 + aVR2 = a2{2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1}
N1 + aI1ZS1 N1 + aI1ZS1

VRC = aVR1 + a2VR2 = a{2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1} VRC = aVR1 + a2VR2 = a{2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1}
ZS2 IR2 ZL2 I2 ZS2 IR2 ZL2 I2
+ a2I1ZS1 + a2I1ZS1
F2 F2
IRB = a2I1 - aI1 = (a2-a)I1 IRB = a2I1 - aI1 = (a2-a)I1
VR2 VR2
IRC = aI1 - a2I1 = (a a2)I1
(a-a IRC = aI1 - a2I1 = (a a2)I1
(a-a
N2 N2

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 24 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 24
If Using VRB & IRB to Obtain ZRB If Using VRB & IRB to Obtain ZRB

ZRB =
VRB a2 (2I1 ZL1 ) + a2 + a I1 ZS1
=
( ) =
2a2
. ZL1 +
(a
2
+a )
. ZS1 ZRB =
VRB a2 (2I1 ZL1 ) + a2 + a I1 ZS1
=
( ) =
2a2
. ZL1 +
(a
2
+a )
. ZS1
IRB a2 - a I1 ( ) (a 2
-a ) (a
2
+a ) IRB a2 - a I1 ( ) (a 2
-a ) (a
2
+a )
2 . 1 240 ° 1180 ° 2 1 2 . 1 240 ° 1180 ° 2 1
= . ZL1 + . ZS1 =  - 30 ° . ZL1 +  - 90 ° . ZS1 = . ZL1 + . ZS1 =  - 30 ° . ZL1 +  - 90 ° . ZS1
3  - 90 ° 3  - 90 ° 3 3 3  - 90 ° 3  - 90 ° 3 3

=> ZS1 Is a Variable => ZS1 Is a Variable

Factor Factor

Relay Will Not Measure The Same Impedance Under All Relay Will Not Measure The Same Impedance Under All
Conditions If V/N And I Are Used Conditions If V/N And I Are Used

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 25 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 25

Correct Measurement for B-C Fault Correct Measurement for B-C Fault
by Using VB–V
VC & IB-IIC by Using VB–V
VC & IB-IIC

VB-VC = (a2-a) . (2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1) + (a-a2)I1ZS1 VB-VC = (a2-a) . (2I1ZL1 + I1ZS1) + (a-a2)I1ZS1
( 2 - a)I
IB - IC = 2(a )1 ( 2 - a)I
IB - IC = 2(a )1
ZRB = (VB-VC)/ (IB - IC) = ZL1 + ZS1/2 - ZS1/2 ZRB = (VB-VC)/ (IB - IC) = ZL1 + ZS1/2 - ZS1/2
= ZL1 = ZL1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 26 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 26
Input Quantities for Phase to Earth Faults Input Quantities for Phase to Earth Faults

FAULT VRESTRAINT IOPERATE FAULT VRESTRAINT IOPERATE

A-E VA ? IA ? A-E VA ? IA ?

B-E B-E

C-E C-E

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 27 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 27

Neutral Impedance Replica Vectorial Neutral Impedance Replica Vectorial

Compensation Compensation

R li impedance
Replica i d circuit
i it :- R li impedance
Replica i d circuit
i it :-

IRA Z1 IRA Z1
IZN Z1 = Phase replica impedance IZN Z1 = Phase replica impedance
Z1 ZN = Neutral
N t l replica
li iimpedance
d Z1 ZN = Neutral
N t l replica
li iimpedance
d

Z1
IRA passes through Z1 Z1
IRA passes through Z1
IRN passes through ZN IRN passes through ZN
IRN ZN IRN ZN
N ZT = Z1 + ZN N ZT = Z1 + ZN

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 28 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 28
Neutral Impedance Compensation Neutral Impedance Compensation

For a single phase to ground fault the total earth loop For a single phase to ground fault the total earth loop
impedance is given by : (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)/3 = ZT impedance is given by : (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)/3 = ZT

ZT = (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)/3 = Z1 + ZN ZT = (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)/3 = Z1 + ZN

ZN = (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)/3 - Z1 ZN = (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)/3 - Z1
= (2Z1 + Z0)/3 - Z1 = (2Z1 + Z0)/3 - Z1
= - Z1 + Z0 = - Z1 + Z0
3 3 3 3
= KN Z1 = KN Z1

where KN = (Z0 - Z1) where KN = (Z0 - Z1)

3Z1 3Z1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 29 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 29

Neutral Impedance Replica Compensation Neutral Impedance Replica Compensation

F Over
•For O Head
H d Lines
Li : F Over
•For O Head
H d Lines
Li :

Therefore : Therefore :

• For underground cables : • For underground cables :

Z0  Z1 Z0  Z1
 VECTORIAL COMPENSATION MUST BE USED  VECTORIAL COMPENSATION MUST BE USED
KN = Z0 - Z1 = KN N KN = Z0 - Z1 = KN N
3Z1 3Z1
• For a single phase to ground fault, • For a single phase to ground fault,
the fault impedance becomes : the fault impedance becomes :
Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn*Ir)
Ir) Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn*Ir)
Ir)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 30 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 30
Neutral Impedance Replica Vectorial Neutral Impedance Replica Vectorial
Compensation Compensation
Vectorial compensation allows for ZN  ZPH which is especially Vectorial compensation allows for ZN  ZPH which is especially
i
important
t t for bl distance
f cable di t protection
t ti where
h ZN < ZPH and
d ZN i
important
t t for bl distance
f cable di t protection
t ti where
h ZN < ZPH and
d ZN
is sometimes negative. is sometimes negative.

jX jX
ZPH ZPH
ZN ZN

ZE ZE = Earth-loopp impedance
p ZE ZE = Earth-loopp impedance
p
for  - earth fault on a for  - earth fault on a
R
cable R
cable

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31

PART 1 : Basic Principles PART 1 : Basic Principles

PART 2 : Coordination PART 2 : Coordination

PART 3 : R,
R X Diagram PART 3 : R,
R X Diagram
PART 4 : Usual Characteristics PART 4 : Usual Characteristics

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32
 Coordination of Distance protection Coordination of Distance protection

X X

R R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 33 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 33

Coordination of Distance protection Coordination of Distance protection

X X

R R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 34 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 34
Zones of Protection Zones of Protection
Time Time

Z3A Z3C Z3A Z3C

T3 T3

Z2A Z2C Z2A Z2C

T2 T2

Z1A Z1C Z1A Z1C

A Z1B B C D A Z1B B C D
T2 T2
Z2B Z2B

Z1A = 80% of ZAB (inst.) Z1A = 80% of ZAB (inst.)

Z2A = 120% of ZAB ((~300ms
300ms to 600ms) Z2A = 120% of ZAB ((~300ms
300ms to 600ms)
Z3A(FORWARD) = 120% of {ZAB + ZCD} (~600ms to 1,5 sec.) Z3A(FORWARD) = 120% of {ZAB + ZCD} (~600ms to 1,5 sec.)
Z3A(REVERSE) or Z4 or ZP = 10-25% of ZAB or 50% of the Z3A(REVERSE) or Z4 or ZP = 10-25% of ZAB or 50% of the
shortest
h reverse line
li shortest
h reverse line
li
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 35 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 35

Zones of Protection Zones of Protection

jX jX

D Z3A D Z3A

C Z2A C Z2A
B B
Z1A Z1A

A A
R R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 36 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 36
Zone 1 Zone 1
 FAST OPERATION  FAST OPERATION
Trips
p circuit breaker without delayy as soon as Trips
p circuit breaker without delayy as soon as
fault within Zone 1 reach is detected. fault within Zone 1 reach is detected.

 REACH SETTING  REACH SETTING

Cannot be set to 100% of protected line or may Cannot be set to 100% of protected line or may
overreach into next section. overreach into next section.
Overreach caused by possible errors in :- Overreach caused by possible errors in :-
CTs CTs
VTs VTs
ZLINE information ZLINE information
Relay Measurement Relay Measurement

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 37 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 37

Zone 1 Zone 1

Possible Possible
Overreach Overreach
IF ZONE 1 = ZL IF ZONE 1 = ZL

ZL ZL
F F
Possible incorrect tripping for fault at ‘F’ Possible incorrect tripping for fault at ‘F’

 Zone 1 set to  0
0.8Z
8ZL  Zone 1 set to  0.8Z
0 8ZL

ZONE 1 = 0.8ZL ZONE 1 = 0.8ZL

ZL ZL

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38
Zone 1 Settings for Teed Feeders Zone 1 Settings for Teed Feeders

Z1C = 0.8ZAC Z1C = 0.8ZAC

A A

C C

Z1A = 0.8ZAB Z1A = 0.8ZAB

Z1B = 0.8ZBA Z1B = 0.8ZBA

B B

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39

Zone 2 Zone 2
Zone 2 on adjacent
Z dj t line
li sections
ti are nott normally
ll time
ti Zone 2 on adjacent
Z dj t line
li sections
ti are nott normally
ll time
ti
graded with each other graded with each other
Z2G
G Z2H Z2G
G Z2H

Z1G Z1H Z1G Z1H

G
‘G’ ‘H’
H G
‘G’ ‘H’
H
F F

 Overlap only occurs for faults in first 20% of following line.  Overlap only occurs for faults in first 20% of following line.
 Faults at ‘F’ should result in operation of Z1H and tripping of circuit breaker ‘H’.  Faults at ‘F’ should result in operation of Z1H and tripping of circuit breaker ‘H’.
If ‘H’ fails to trip possible causes are :- If ‘H’ fails to trip possible causes are :-
Z1H operates but trip relays fail. Z1H operates but trip relays fail.
Z2H may operate but will not trip if followed by the same trip relays. Z2H may operate but will not trip if followed by the same trip relays.
Z1H and trip relays operate but circuit breaker fails to trip. Z1H and trip relays operate but circuit breaker fails to trip.

Fault must be cleared at ‘G’ by Z2G. Fault must be cleared at ‘G’ by Z2G.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 40 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 40
Zone 2 Zone 2
 Z1H fails to operate.
operate  Z1H fails to operate.
operate
 
Results in race between breakers ‘G’ and ‘H’ if Z2H and Z2G Results in race between breakers ‘G’ and ‘H’ if Z2H and Z2G
h
have the same ti
th time setting.
tti h
have the same ti
th time setting.
tti
 
Can only be overcome by time grading Z2G with Z2H. Can only be overcome by time grading Z2G with Z2H.
Z2G Z2G

Z2H Z2H

Z1G Z1H Z1G Z1H

‘G’ ‘H’ ‘G’ ‘H’

Problem with this :- Problem with this :-
Zone 2 time delays near source on systems with several line Zone 2 time delays near source on systems with several line
sections will be large. sections will be large.
End zone faults on lines nearest the infeed source point will be End zone faults on lines nearest the infeed source point will be
cleared very slowly. cleared very slowly.
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41

Maximum Allowable Zone 2 Reach to Maximum Allowable Zone 2 Reach to

Allow for Equal Zone 2 Time Settings Allow for Equal Zone 2 Time Settings
Z2A (EFF) MAX Z2A (EFF) MAX

Z1B (EFF) MIN Z1B (EFF) MIN

ZL1 ZL2 ZL1 ZL2

A B A B

Z2A must not reach beyond Z1B Z2A must not reach beyond Z1B

i.e. Z2A(EFF) MAX must not reach further than Z1B(EFF) MIN i.e. Z2A(EFF) MAX must not reach further than Z1B(EFF) MIN

Z1BSETTING = 0.8ZL2 Z1BSETTING = 0.8ZL2

Z1B(EFF) MIN = 0.8 x 0.8ZL2 = 0.64ZL2 Z1B(EFF) MIN = 0.8 x 0.8ZL2 = 0.64ZL2
 Z2A(EFF) MAX < ZL1 + 0.64ZL2  Z2A(EFF) MAX < ZL1 + 0.64ZL2
 1.2 Z2ASETTING < ZL1 + 0.64ZL2  1.2 Z2ASETTING < ZL1 + 0.64ZL2

Z2ASETTING < 0.83ZL1 + 0.53ZL2 Z2ASETTING < 0.83ZL1 + 0.53ZL2

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42
Zone 2 Time Settings on Long Line Zone 2 Time Settings on Long Line
Followed by Several Short Lines Followed by Several Short Lines
Z2G Z2G

Z3H Z3H

Z3J Z3J

Z2H Z2H
Z2J Z2J

Z1G Z1H Z1J Z1G Z1H Z1J

‘G’
G ‘H’
H ‘J’
J ‘G’
G ‘H’
H ‘J’
J
F F

Z2G reaches into 3rd line section. Z2G reaches into 3rd line section.

To limit remote back-up clearance for a fault at ‘F’, the time To limit remote back-up clearance for a fault at ‘F’, the time
setting
g of Z2G must discriminate with Z3H. setting
g of Z2G must discriminate with Z3H.
=> This is normally not acceptable ! => compromise => This is normally not acceptable ! => compromise
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43

Zone 3 Zone 3
 Provides back-up for next adjacent line.  Provides back-up for next adjacent line.
 Provides back-up protection for busbars (reverse offset).  Provides back-up protection for busbars (reverse offset).
 Actual Zone 3 settings will be scheme specified, i.e.  Actual Zone 3 settings will be scheme specified, i.e.
permissive or blocking schemes. permissive or blocking schemes.
 Many modern relays have more than 3 Zones to allow the use  Many modern relays have more than 3 Zones to allow the use
of three forward and an independent reverse zone. of three forward and an independent reverse zone.
Z3R / Z3R /
Z4G Z3G FWD Z4G Z3G FWD
Z2G Z2G
Time Z1G Z1H Time Z1G Z1H

G H K G H K

Typical settings : Z3FWD > 1.2 x (ZGH + ZHK) Typical settings : Z3FWD > 1.2 x (ZGH + ZHK)
Z3REV 0.1 to 0.25 of Z1G Z3REV 0.1 to 0.25 of Z1G
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 44 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 44
Distance - Applications
pp Distance - Applications
pp
Zone 3 Considerations Zone 3 Considerations
● Aug 2003 blackout in N America ● Aug 2003 blackout in N America
● A number of Zone 3 trips due to encroachment ● A number of Zone 3 trips due to encroachment
● Recommendation to increase loadability of lines ● Recommendation to increase loadability of lines
●150% load for 15 mins ●150% load for 15 mins
● Z3 settings revised to account for ● Z3 settings revised to account for
●Overloads with reduced voltage ●Overloads with reduced voltage
●Lenticular / Offset into first quadrant ●Lenticular / Offset into first quadrant
●Use of blinders / load encroachment function ●Use of blinders / load encroachment function

Sou

Sou
urce : NERC Re

urce : NERC Re
eports

eports
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45

Distance - Applications
pp Distance - Applications
pp
Zone 3 Considerations Zone 3 Considerations

Source : NERC Reports Source : NERC Reports

Illustration - Loadability Enhancement Illustration - Loadability Enhancement

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46
Zone Time Coordination - Ideal Situation Zone Time Coordination - Ideal Situation
Zone 1 :- tZ1 = instantaneous (typically 15 - 35mS) Zone 1 :- tZ1 = instantaneous (typically 15 - 35mS)

Zone 2 :- tZ2 = tZ1(down) + CB(down) + Z2(reset) + Margin Zone 2 :- tZ2 = tZ1(down) + CB(down) + Z2(reset) + Margin
e g tZ2 = 35 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 275mS
e.g. e g tZ2 = 35 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 275mS
e.g.

Zone 3 :- tZ3 = tZ2(down) + CB(down) + Z3(reset) + Margin Zone 3 :- tZ3 = tZ2(down) + CB(down) + Z3(reset) + Margin
e.g. tZ3 = 275 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 515mS e.g. tZ3 = 275 + 100 + 40 + 100 = 515mS

Note: Where upper and lower zones overlap, e.g. Zone 2 Note: Where upper and lower zones overlap, e.g. Zone 2
p sees beyond
up y Zone 1 down,, the upper
pp and lower p sees beyond
up y Zone 1 down,, the upper
pp and lower
zone time delays will need to be coordinated, e.g. zone time delays will need to be coordinated, e.g.
tZ2(up) to exceed tZ2(down). tZ2(up) to exceed tZ2(down).

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47

Zone : Starting Resistance Zone : Starting Resistance

• 1st criteria : • 1st criteria :
must be more than the max arc resistance to detect. must be more than the max arc resistance to detect.
phase to ground fault
f : => max tower resistance + arc resistance phase to ground fault
f : => max tower resistance + arc resistance

empirical formula from Van C. Warrington : empirical formula from Van C. Warrington :
28710 28710
Ra  L Ra  L
where: 1.4 where: 1.4
Ra = arc resistance
R i t ((ohms)
h ) Ra = arc resistance
R i t ((ohms)
h )
L = arc length (meters) L = arc length (meters)
I = fault current (A) I = fault current (A)
• 2 d criteria
2nd it i : • 2 d criteria
2nd it i :
must be lower than the minimum network impedance in case of highest load. must be lower than the minimum network impedance in case of highest load.
• 3rd criteria : • 3rd criteria :
must comply, if possible, with the manufacturer recommended ratio must comply, if possible, with the manufacturer recommended ratio
R_setting/Z_setting for each tripping zone (typ. 5, 10, 15). R_setting/Z_setting for each tripping zone (typ. 5, 10, 15).

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 48 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 48
 PART 1 : Basic Principles PART 1 : Basic Principles
PART 2 : Coordination PART 2 : Coordination

PART 3 : R,
R X Diagram PART 3 : R,
R X Diagram
PART 4 : Usual Characteristics PART 4 : Usual Characteristics

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49

Load Impedance Load Impedance

Voltage Voltage

Rs + X s Rline + X line Current Rs + X s Rline + X line Current

X X

Load R Load R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50
 Non resistive fault Non resistive fault
Voltage Voltage

Rs + X s Rline + X line Current Rs + X s Rline + X line Current

X X
R Fault = 0 R Fault = 0
Z1 Z1

Load R Load R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 51 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 51

Resistive fault Resistive fault

Voltage Voltage

Rs + X s Rline + X line Current Rs + X s Rline + X line Current

X X
R Fault R Fault
Z1 Z1

R R
Load Load

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52
 Tripping zone Tripping zone

Stable zone Stable zone

X X

Z1 Z1

R R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53

High
g Resistive Fault High
g Resistive Fault
Voltage Voltage

Rs + X s Rline + X line Current Rs + X s Rline + X line Current

X X
R Fault R Fault
Z1 Z1

R R
Load Load

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56
Influence of the load before the fault Influence of the load before the fault

Rs + X s Rline + X line Rs + X s Rline + X line

X X
R Fault R Fault
Z1 Z1

R R
load load

•Remember
Remember : Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn
Kn*Ir)
Ir) •Remember
Remember : Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn
Kn*Ir)
Ir)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 57 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 57

Influence of the load before the fault Influence of the load before the fault

Rs + X s Rline + X line Rs + X s Rline + X line

X X
R Fault R Fault
Z1 Z1

R R
Load Load

•Remember
Remember : Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn
Kn*Ir)
Ir) •Remember
Remember : Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn
Kn*Ir)
Ir)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 58 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 58
Influence of the load before the fault Influence of the load before the fault

Rs + X s Rline + X line Rs + X s Rline + X line

X X
R Fault R Fault
Z1 Z1

R R
Load Load

•Remember
Remember : Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn
Kn*Ir)
Ir) •Remember
Remember : Va = Zl * (Ia + Kn
Kn*Ir)
Ir)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59

Influence of the load before the fault Influence of the load before the fault

Rs + X s Rline + X line Rs + X s Rline + X line

X X
R Fault R Fault
Z1 Z1

R R
Load Load
Medium/Long lines: Medium/Long lines:
For this case, it is possible to enable a ‘Dynamic tilt’ For this case, it is possible to enable a ‘Dynamic tilt’
angle of -3°. The -3° is set to compensate for possible angle of -3°. The -3° is set to compensate for possible
CT/VT and line data errors. CT/VT and line data errors.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60
Influence of the load before the fault Influence of the load before the fault

Rs + X s Rline + X line Rs + X s Rline + X line

X X
R Fault R Fault

Z1 R Z1 R
Load Load

Application
pp limitation for short lines Application
pp limitation for short lines

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61

PART 1 : Basic Principles PART 1 : Basic Principles

PART 2 : Coordination PART 2 : Coordination
PART 3 : R, X Diagram
g PART 3 : R, X Diagram
g

PART 4 : Usual Characteristics PART 4 : Usual Characteristics

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 62 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 62
 Z2 Z2
Z2 Z2
X X

Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1

Load R Load R

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63

Self Polarised Mho Relays Self Polarised Mho Relays

●Very popular characteristic jX ●Very popular characteristic jX

●Simple ●Simple
RESTRAIN RESTRAIN
●Inherently directional ●Inherently directional
Z Z
●Operates for F1, but not for F2 ●Operates for F1, but not for F2
●Mho = 1/OHM OPERATE ●Mho = 1/OHM OPERATE

F1 F1
 
R R

Settings :- Settings :-
Z = reach setting F2 Z = reach setting F2
 = characteristic angle  = characteristic angle

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64
Offset Mho Characteristic Offset Mho Characteristic

jX jX

Z Z

 Normally used as  Normally used as

backup protection backup protection
 Operates for zero faults  Operates for zero faults
(close up faults) (close up faults)
R R
-Z’  Generally time delayed -Z’  Generally time delayed
(as not discriminative) (as not discriminative)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65

General General
~ ~ ~ ~
Z2 Z2

X X

Z1 Z1

Load R Load R

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66
Quadrilateral Characteristic Quadrilateral Characteristic

jX jX

ZL ZL
Z1 Load Z1 Load
RF RF
R R
RS RS

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67

Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2

X X

Z1 Z1
Z1 Z1

Load R Load R

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68
Lenticular Load Avoidance Characteristic Lenticular Load Avoidance Characteristic

jIX jIX

Lenticular characteristic Lenticular characteristic

created from two offset Mho created from two offset Mho
p
comparators p
comparators
Aspect ratio = a/b Aspect ratio = a/b

b b
a a

IR IR

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69

Lenticular Characteristic Lenticular Characteristic

Aspect ratios a/b Aspect ratios a/b

X Z3 X Z3
0.41 0.41
0.67 0.67
1 00
1.00 1 00
1.00
a a
b b
Load impedance Load impedance
area area

R R
Z3 reverse Z3 reverse

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70
Distance Characteristics Distance Characteristics

jX jX jX jX
jX jX jX jX
Zn Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
R R R R R R R R
MHO OFFSET MHO OFFSET
Zs Zn′ Zs Zn′
IMPEDANCE MHO IMPEDANCE MHO
CROSS-
CROSS CROSS-
CROSS
POLARISED POLARISED
MHO MHO

jX jX
Zn Zn Zn Zn
Zn Zn
R R R R R R
LENTICULAR QUADRILATERAL POLYGON LENTICULAR QUADRILATERAL POLYGON

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71
4.1B Influencing factors and case studies 4.1B Influencing factors and case studies
Distance Protection Distance Protection

Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

Issue C3 Issue C3
Last Release : June 2012 Last Release : June 2012

1 1

Program Program
PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)
PART 2 : Application for tee lines PART 2 : Application for tee lines
PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection
PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection
PART 5 : Case studies PART 5 : Case studies

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2
 PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)
PART 2 : Application for tee lines PART 2 : Application for tee lines
PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection
PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection
PART 5 : Case studies PART 5 : Case studies

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3

System Impedance Ratio ZS/Z1 System Impedance Ratio ZS/Z1

V V
R R
V V
V V
VR = VR =
ZS ZS
+1 +1
Z1 Z1
ZS ZS
= S.I.R. = S.I.R.
Z1 Z1
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4
 Strong
g network / Long
g line Strong
g network / Long
g line
VR  S.I.R. low , VR and IR high VR  S.I.R. low , VR and IR high

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5

Weak network / short line : Weak network / short line :

VR
 S.I.R. high , VR and IR low VR
 S.I.R. high , VR and IR low

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6
Distance - Applications
pp Distance - Applications
pp
Impact of SIR (typical only) Impact of SIR (typical only)

SIR = 30 SIR = 30
SIR = 1 SIR = 1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7

Distance - Applications
pp Distance - Applications
pp
Impact of SIR (IEEE Definitions) Impact of SIR (IEEE Definitions)
Short, medium and long lines Short, medium and long lines
● Short Line: SIR >4 ● Short Line: SIR >4
●Zs predominates, hence the voltage and current for close-up and ●Zs predominates, hence the voltage and current for close-up and
remote faults are similar remote faults are similar
● Long Line : SIR<0.5 ● Long Line : SIR<0.5
●Zl dominant, hence close up faults are very severe compared to ●Zl dominant, hence close up faults are very severe compared to
remote faults remote faults
Nominal voltage vs line length Nominal voltage vs line length
●At 500 KV, 10,000 MVA fault level : Long line could be >150 Km, and ●At 500 KV, 10,000 MVA fault level : Long line could be >150 Km, and
short line < 20 Km (eg: line impedance = 0.33 ohm / km) short line < 20 Km (eg: line impedance = 0.33 ohm / km)
●At 69 KV, 1000 MVA fault level : Long line could be >20 Km and short ●At 69 KV, 1000 MVA fault level : Long line could be >20 Km and short
line < 2 Km (eg: line impedance = 0.53 ohm / km) line < 2 Km (eg: line impedance = 0.53 ohm / km)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8
 Under / Overreach Under / Overreach
Remind of definition Remind of definition

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9

Under-Reach Under-Reach

Impedance presented > apparent impedance Impedance presented > apparent impedance

%age Underreach = ZR - ZF x 100% %age Underreach = ZR - ZF x 100%

ZR ZR

where ZR = Reach setting where ZR = Reach setting

ZF = Effective reach ZF = Effective reach

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 10 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 10
Underreaching Due to Busbar Infeed Underreaching Due to Busbar Infeed
between Relay and Fault between Relay and Fault

ZA ZB ZA ZB
IA IA+IB IA IA+IB

IB IB
Relay Location Relay Location

VR = IAZA + (IA + IB) ZB VR = IAZA + (IA + IB) ZB

IR = IA IR = IA

ZR = ZA + ZB + IB . ZB ZR = ZA + ZB + IB . ZB
IA IA

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11

Underreaching Due to Busbar Infeed Underreaching Due to Busbar Infeed

between Relay and Fault between Relay and Fault

Relay with setting ZA + ZB will underreach with infeed. Relay with setting ZA + ZB will underreach with infeed.

Relay with setting ZA + ZB + IB . ZB will measure Relay with setting ZA + ZB + IB . ZB will measure
IA IA
correctly with infeed present but if infeed is removed the relay will correctly with infeed present but if infeed is removed the relay will
overreach. overreach.

Maximum allowable setting dictated by load impedance Maximum allowable setting dictated by load impedance

=> Max
M idideall setting
tti for
f Z3 = ZA + ZB + IB . ZB +20%
20% margini => Max
M idideall setting
tti for
f Z3 = ZA + ZB + IB . ZB +20%
20% margini
IA IA
and comply with the zone 2 setting of the remote end relay… and comply with the zone 2 setting of the remote end relay…

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12
Under-Reach Under-Reach
IP IP

ZK ZK
IG+IP F IG+IP F

ZG IG ZG IG

RELAY RELAY

What relay reach setting is required to ensure fault at F is at What relay reach setting is required to ensure fault at F is at
boundary of operation ? boundary of operation ?

Impedance seen for fault at F Impedance seen for fault at F

= ZG + IG + IP . ZK = ZG + IG + IP . ZK
IG IG
Limit of operation is when Impedance Seen = Reach Setting Limit of operation is when Impedance Seen = Reach Setting
 Reach setting required  Reach setting required
= ZG + IG + IP . ZK = ZG + IG + IP . ZK
IG IG
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13

Over-Reach Over-Reach

Impedance measured < Actual impedance Impedance measured < Actual impedance

%age Overreach = ZF - ZR x 100% %age Overreach = ZF - ZR x 100%

ZR ZR

where ZR = Reach setting where ZR = Reach setting

ZF = Effective reach ZF = Effective reach

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14
 Mutual Coupling
g Influence Mutual Coupling
g Influence
between 2 lines between 2 lines

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15

Mutual Coupling Mutual Coupling

 Mutual coupling causes distance relays to either underreach  Mutual coupling causes distance relays to either underreach
or overreach. or overreach.

 Positive and negative sequence has no impact

impact.  Positive and negative sequence has no impact
impact.

 Zero sequence mutual coupling can have a significant  Zero sequence mutual coupling can have a significant
influence on the relay.
relay influence on the relay.
relay

 Only affects ground fault distance.  Only affects ground fault distance.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16
Mutual coupling
p g effect 1/2 Mutual coupling
p g effect 1/2
Ifault from faulty feeder Ifault from faulty feeder
Ifault contribution from healthy line Ifault contribution from healthy line

Positive induced voltage

g g
Negative induced voltage
g Positive induced voltage
g g
Negative induced voltage
g
Effect on the Effect on the
Zmeas increases =>Zmeas reduced Zmeas increases =>Zmeas reduced
faulty feeder faulty feeder
underreach effect =>overreach effect underreach effect =>overreach effect

Zom Zom Zom Zom

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17

Mutual coupling
p g effect 2/2 Mutual coupling
p g effect 2/2

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18
Mutual Coupling Example Under Reach Mutual Coupling Example Under Reach

Z2 ‘Boost’ G/F Z2 ‘Boost’ G/F

Z2 PH Z2 PH

Zmo Zmo

The measured impedance The measured impedance

will be doubled will be doubled

•Faults at bus end : Zmo has no effect since both lines have the same •Faults at bus end : Zmo has no effect since both lines have the same
mutual effect mutual effect
•Faults in the next line : the measure extra portion will be doubled •Faults in the next line : the measure extra portion will be doubled
since the relay measured only half part of the fault current since the relay measured only half part of the fault current
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19

Mutual Coupling Example Over Reach Mutual Coupling Example Over Reach

Z2 ‘reduced’
reduced G/F Z2 ‘reduced’
reduced G/F

Z2 PH Z2 PH

•Be carefull if zone 2 is extended : in case the parallel line is opened, •Be carefull if zone 2 is extended : in case the parallel line is opened,
the measurement becomes correct and could lead to verreach the measurement becomes correct and could lead to verreach

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20
Mutual Coupling Example Over Reach Mutual Coupling Example Over Reach
Z1 G/F (optional) Z1 G/F (optional)
Z1 G/F (normal) Z1 G/F (normal)

Zmo Zmo

Worst case with parallel line open and grounded : Worst case with parallel line open and grounded :
=>opposite current is induced in the grounded line =>opposite current is induced in the grounded line
 Induced voltage is negative on the fault line  Induced voltage is negative on the fault line
 measured distance is reduced byy up p to 50%  measured distance is reduced by y up
p to 50%
 overreach effect (a fault on the BB could be seen in zone 1)  overreach effect (a fault on the BB could be seen in zone 1)
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21

Mutual Coupling Effect Mutual Coupling Effect

• Solution : • Solution :
Connection of the ne
neutral
tral ccurrent
rrent of the parallel line to the rela
relay Connection of the ne
neutral
tral ccurrent
rrent of the parallel line to the rela
relay
inputs for I0 compensation inputs for I0 compensation

• Advantage : • Advantage :
Improvement of the fault location Improvement of the fault location

• But : • But :
Sometime has no effect in the worst case (// line opened and Sometime has no effect in the worst case (// line opened and
grounded,
g ou ded, specially
spec a y whene lineeC
CTs
saare
e located
ocated bebehind
d tthe
e grounded,
g ou ded, specially
spec a y whene lineeC
CTs
saare
e located
ocated bebehind
d tthe
e
grounding point (I0_par=0 !) grounding point (I0_par=0 !)

• Method often applied by utilities : • Method often applied by utilities :

- Reduction of Zone 1 at 70% and no connection of I0_par - Reduction of Zone 1 at 70% and no connection of I0_par
- adaptative setting groups (not recommanded) - adaptative setting groups (not recommanded)
- nothing considering that the risk ‘’line
line grounded+fault’’
grounded+fault is low - nothing considering that the risk ‘’line
line grounded+fault’’
grounded+fault is low

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 22 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 22
 PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)

PART 2 : Application for tee lines PART 2 : Application for tee lines
PART 3 : F
Fuse F
Failure
il D
Detection
t ti PART 3 : F
Fuse F
Failure
il D
Detection
t ti
PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection
PART 5 : Case studies PART 5 : Case studies

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 26 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 26

3 end Lines 3 end Lines

X X

Z1 Z1

R R
Load Load

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 27 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 27
3 end Lines 3 end Lines

X X

Z1 Z1

R R
Load Load

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 28 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 28

Ancilliary Functions Ancilliary Functions

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 29 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 29
Switch on to Fault (SOTF) Switch on to Fault (SOTF)

X X
X X
X X

● Fast tripping for faults existing on line energisation

energisation, even ● Fast tripping for faults existing on line energisation
energisation, even
where line VTs provide no prefault voltage memory, where line VTs provide no prefault voltage memory,
● May require the connection of the information ‘’manual CB ● May require the connection of the information ‘’manual CB
close’’, depending on the protection relay model and
close close’’, depending on the protection relay model and
close
manufacturer, manufacturer,
● It may also exist some internal criteria (depending on the ● It may also exist some internal criteria (depending on the
manufacturer)) to discriminate a reclose on fault from a manufacturer)) to discriminate a reclose on fault from a
manual close on fault (line open duration,…) manual close on fault (line open duration,…)
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 30 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 30

PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)
PART 2 : Application for tee lines PART 2 : Application for tee lines

PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection

PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection
PART 5 : Case studies PART 5 : Case studies

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31
 Loss of one phase on the line VT Loss of one phase on the line VT

Without any action, the loss of 1 phase will cause a zone 1 tripping Without any action, the loss of 1 phase will cause a zone 1 tripping

A I_load A I_load
B B

C C

TT TT
X X

Va Relay Va Relay
Vb Vb
R R
Vc Vc

Z=V/I Z=V/I

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32

Loss of one phase on the line VT Loss of one phase on the line VT

High risk of wrong network connection High risk of wrong network connection

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 33 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 33
 Detection Method Detection Method
● Requirements ● Requirements

• Must
M t have
h very fast
f t pick-up
i k t avoid
to id any iinstantaneous
t t protection
t ti trip
ti • Must
M t have
h very fast
f t pick-up
i k t avoid
to id any iinstantaneous
t t protection
t ti trip
ti
• Should detect any loss of phase at LV side wiring, even without fuse • Should detect any loss of phase at LV side wiring, even without fuse
failure failure
A A
B B

C C

Contact from the MCB Contact from the MCB

Logical input assigned to Logical input assigned to
‘’Fuse Failure’’ ‘’Fuse Failure’’
Va Relay Va Relay
Vb Vb
Vc Vc

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 34 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 34

Internal detection Method Internal detection Method

Nominal Conditions g VT
Failure on Measuring Nominal Conditions g VT
Failure on Measuring
VR IR VR IR VR IR VR IR

V0 V0
0 0 0 0
VT =0 VT =0
VT IT VT IT
VS IS VS IT IS VS IS VS IT IS
Voltages Currents Voltages Currents Voltages Currents Voltages Currents

Vo =0 Io =0 Vo =1 Io =0 Vo =0 Io =0 Vo =1 Io =0

Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * IPhase Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * IPhase Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * IPhase Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * IPhase
Fuse Failure = 0 Fuse Failure = 1 Fuse Failure = 0 Fuse Failure = 1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 35 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 35
 Internal detection Method Internal detection Method
Single phase fault Failure on Measuring VT Single phase fault Failure on Measuring VT
VR IR VR IR VR IR VR IR

3 V0 3 V0 3 V0 3 V0

0 0
VT =0 VT =0 VT =0 VT =0
VS 3 I0 IS VS IT 3 I0 IS IT
IS VS VS IS
IT IT

Voltages Voltages Currents Voltages Voltages Currents

Currents Currents

Vo =1 Io =1 Vo =1 Io =0 Vo =1 Io =1 Vo =1 Io =0

Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * Iphase Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * Iphase Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * Iphase Fuse Failure = V0 * I0 * I2 * Iphase
Fuse Failure = 0 Fuse Failure = 1 Fuse Failure = 0 Fuse Failure = 1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 36 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 36

Internal Detection Method Internal Detection Method

Consequences Consequences
● Detection Principle Limits ● Detection Principle Limits
● Internal detection based on V0 or V2 values, depending on manufacturers ● Internal detection based on V0 or V2 values, depending on manufacturers

● Cannot work for Three phases fuse failure ● Cannot work for Three phases fuse failure
●=> internal detection using a complementary ∆I criteria are implemented ●=> internal detection using a complementary ∆I criteria are implemented
such as ∆I < 10% Iload AND Line loaded such as ∆I < 10% Iload AND Line loaded
●=> Connection of the MCB alarm to the relay is recommended ●=> Connection of the MCB alarm to the relay is recommended

● Effect of a fuse failure ● Effect of a fuse failure

● Distance Protection blocking ● Distance Protection blocking
● Unblocking using a current criteria
criteria, to allow a relay operation in case of a ● Unblocking using a current criteria
criteria, to allow a relay operation in case of a
line fault during a fuse failure condition line fault during a fuse failure condition
●=> distance measurement not guaranteed ●=> distance measurement not guaranteed

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 37 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 37
 Transformer Feeders Transformer Feeders

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38

Transformer Feeders Transformer Feeders

ZT ZT
ZL ZL

21 21

Zone 1 = ZL + 0.3 to 0.5 ZT => Protection of the first Zone 1 = ZL + 0.3 to 0.5 ZT => Protection of the first
windings
g windings
g
T1 = Instantaneous T1 = Instantaneous

Zone 2 = 1.2 (ZL +ZT) Zone 2 = 1.2 (ZL +ZT)

T2 = Co-ordinate with downstream protection T2 = Co-ordinate with downstream protection

Zone 3 Zone 3
- Back
Back-up
up use as appropriate - Back
Back-up
up use as appropriate
T3 T3
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39
Low Voltage VT, High Voltage CT Low Voltage VT, High Voltage CT
ZT ZT
ZL ZL

21 21

* 1 VT may be required to account for phase shift. * 1 VT may be required to account for phase shift.
Example 1 Example 1
ZT = 10 , ZL = 1 ZT = 10 , ZL = 1
S t relay
Set l Z1 = 0.8
0 8 x (ZT + ZL) = 8
8.8
8 S t relay
Set l Z1 = 0.8
0 8 x (ZT + ZL) = 8
8.8
8
 Z1 does not reach through transformer.  Z1 does not reach through transformer.
Example 2 Example 2
ZT = 10 , ZL = 1 ZT = 10 , ZL = 1
Z1 = ZT + 0.8ZL = 10.8 Z1 = ZT + 0.8ZL = 10.8
with 20% error = 12
12.96
96 - overreach problem with 20% error = 12
12.96
96 - overreach problem

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 40 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 40

PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)
PART 2 : Application for tee lines PART 2 : Application for tee lines
PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection

PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault
P
Protection
i P
Protection
i
PART 5 : Case studies PART 5 : Case studies

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41
Directional Earth Fault Schemes Directional Earth Fault Schemes

● DEF schemes are identical to Distance schemes ● DEF schemes are identical to Distance schemes

● DEF Forward replaces Zone 2, DEF Reverse replaces ● DEF Forward replaces Zone 2, DEF Reverse replaces
Zone Reverse Zone Reverse

● No equivalent to Zone 1 as the DEF elements can not ● No equivalent to Zone 1 as the DEF elements can not
have a defined reach, hence no schemes using Zone 1 can have a defined reach, hence no schemes using Zone 1 can
be replicated (Z1 ext, PUR) be replicated (Z1 ext, PUR)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42

Directional Earth Fault Schemes Directional Earth Fault Schemes

Ea Eb Ea Eb
RF RF

21 Independent 21 21 Independent 21
signalling
i lli signalling
i lli
channel channel
67N 67N 67N 67N

 Independent signalling channels allows the use of different  Independent signalling channels allows the use of different
schemes for the distance and DEF elements,, for example
p schemes for the distance and DEF elements,, for example
p
PUR distance with POR DEF PUR distance with POR DEF

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43
400kV Jordan example
p 400kV Jordan example
p

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 44 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 44

Directional Earth Fault Schemes Directional Earth Fault Schemes

Ea Eb Ea Eb
RF RF

21 Shared Channel
21 21 Shared Channel
21

67N 67N 67N 67N

 Shared signalling channels limits the use of schemes  Shared signalling channels limits the use of schemes
for the distance and DEF elements. Both use the same for the distance and DEF elements. Both use the same
scheme logic. scheme logic.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45
 AIDED DEF AIDED DEF
WITH ONE COMMUNICATION WITH ONE COMMUNICATION
ONLY ONLY

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46

Common Communication for DIST & Common Communication for DIST &
DEF DEF
Distance and DEF element schemes identical Distance and DEF element schemes identical
Wh t is
What i the
th risk
i k for
f 2 ph/earth
h/ th faults
f lt with
ith Distance
Di t and
d DEF on permissive
i i Wh t is
What i the
th risk
i k for
f 2 ph/earth
h/ th faults
f lt with
ith Distance
Di t and
d DEF on permissive
i i
scheme ? scheme ?
DEF elements Distance elements DEF elements Distance elements
2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth

2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth

No problem for faults on the right side No problem for faults on the right side
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47
Common Communication for DIST & Common Communication for DIST &
DEF DEF
Distance and DEF element schemes identical Distance and DEF element schemes identical
What is the risk for 2 ph/earth faults with Distance and DEF on permissive What is the risk for 2 ph/earth faults with Distance and DEF on permissive
scheme ? scheme ?
DEF elements Distance elements DEF elements Distance elements
2 ph/earth
h/ th 2 ph/earth
h/ th 2 ph/earth
h/ th 2 ph/earth
h/ th

2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010

No problem for faults on the right side
48 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010
No problem for faults on the right side
48

Common Communication for DIST & Common Communication for DIST &
DEF DEF
Distance and DEF element schemes identical Distance and DEF element schemes identical
What is the risk for 2 p
ph/earth faults with Distance and DEF on p
permissive What is the risk for 2 p
ph/earth faults with Distance and DEF on p
permissive
scheme ? scheme ?
DEF elements Distance elements DEF elements Distance elements
2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth 2 ph/earth

2 ph/earth
h/ th 2 ph/earth
h/ th 2 ph/earth
h/ th 2 ph/earth
h/ th

The DEF element will trip when teleaction from The distance element will trip when teleaction The DEF element will trip when teleaction from The distance element will trip when teleaction
distance scheme received !!! from DEF scheme received !!! distance scheme received !!! from DEF scheme received !!!
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49
Common Communication for DIST & Common Communication for DIST &
DEF DEF
Distance and DEF element schemes identical Distance and DEF element schemes identical

When “shared”
shared communication channel
channel, the distance element When “shared”
shared communication channel
channel, the distance element
operation can block the DEF element operation can block the DEF element
Or Or
DEF operation must be timed delayed (200 ms min) DEF operation must be timed delayed (200 ms min)

The resistive reach of each zones should be identical The resistive reach of each zones should be identical

X Distance element start blocks the DEF but X Distance element start blocks the DEF but
Zone 1 instantaneous trip will not occur. Zone 1 instantaneous trip will not occur.

R R

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50

PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR) PART 1 : Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)
PART 2 : Application for tee lines PART 2 : Application for tee lines
PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection PART 3 : Fuse Failure Detection
PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection PART 4 : Aided Directional Earth Fault Protection

PART 5 : Case studies PART 5 : Case studies

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 51 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 51
 Example
E l 1 Example
E l 1
Distance Relay Application Distance Relay Application
Single
g Line Single
g Line

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52

Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application

Single Line Single Line
Line network : Line network :
Source 230kV Source 230kV
Pccmax=5000MVA Pccmax=5000MVA
Pccmin=2000MVA Pccmin=2000MVA

A L1 B L2 C L3 D A L1 B L2 C L3 D
X X
L1 = 80km L1 = 80km
Zone 3F Zone 3F
L2 = 100km L2 = 100km
L3 = 60km L3 = 60km
Zone 2 Zone 2
CT = 1000/1 CT = 1000/1
VT=230kV/110V Zone 1 VT=230kV/110V Zone 1
Impedances
p of the 3 lines: R Impedances
p of the 3 lines: R
Z1 = 0,089+j0.476  /km at 50Hz Zone 4R
Z1 = 0,089+j0.476  /km at 50Hz Zone 4R
Z0 = 0,426+j1.576  /km at 50Hz Z0 = 0,426+j1.576  /km at 50Hz
 Line L2 protection will be considered with a quadrilateral characteristic  Line L2 protection will be considered with a quadrilateral characteristic
use use
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53
 Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application
Single Line Single Line
Line Impedance calculation : Line Impedance calculation :
Z1L = (0,089+j0,476) x 100 Z1L = (0,089+j0,476) x 100
Z1L = 8,9+j47,6  Z1L = 8,9+j47,6 
Z1L = 48,42  / 79,41°  Using : Z= (R²+X²) and  = tan -1(X/R) Z1L = 48,42  / 79,41°  Using : Z= (R²+X²) and  = tan -1(X/R)
Z0L = (0,426+j1,576) x 100 Z0L = (0,426+j1,576) x 100
42 6 j157 6 
Z0L = 42,6+j157,6 42 6 j157 6 
Z0L = 42,6+j157,6
Z0L = 163,26  / 74,87° Z0L = 163,26  / 74,87°

Residual Compensation calculation : Residual Compensation calculation :

KZ0 = 0,787– j0,089   Using : KZ0=(Z0L-Z1L)/3Z1L KZ0 = 0,787– j0,089   Using : KZ0=(Z0L-Z1L)/3Z1L
KZ0 magnitude = 0,792 KZ0 magnitude = 0,792
KZ0 phase angle = -6,5° KZ0 phase angle = -6,5°

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 54 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 54

Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application

Single Line Single Line
Zone 1 phase reach calculation : Zone 1 phase reach calculation :

Z1reach = 0,8 x (48,42  / 79,41°)  Using : Z1 reach = 80% of Z1L Z1reach = 0,8 x (48,42  / 79,41°)  Using : Z1 reach = 80% of Z1L
Z1reach = 38,74  / 79,41
79,41° Z1reach = 38,74  / 79,41
79,41°

Zone 2 phase reach calculation : Zone 2 phase reach calculation :

Using : Z2 reach > 120% of Z1L and < Z1L + 50% of Z1L of line L3 Using : Z2 reach > 120% of Z1L and < Z1L + 50% of Z1L of line L3

Z2 reach = 1,2 (48 42  / 79

1 2 x (48,42 79,41
41°)) Z2 reach = 1,2 (48 42  / 79
1 2 x (48,42 79,41
41°))
Z2 reach = 58,10  / 79,41° Z2 reach = 58,10  / 79,41°
or or
Z2 reach = (48,42  / 79,41°) +0,5x(0,089+j0,476) x 60 Z2 reach = (48,42  / 79,41°) +0,5x(0,089+j0,476) x 60
Z2 reach = 62,95  / 79,41° Z2 reach = 62,95  / 79,41°

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 55 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 55
 Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application
Single Line Single Line
Zone 3 phase reach calculation : Zone 3 phase reach calculation :
Using : Z3 reach = 120% of Z1L of Line L2 + Line L3 Using : Z3 reach = 120% of Z1L of Line L2 + Line L3
Z3 reach = (48,42  / 79,41°) +1,2x(0,089+j0,476) x 60 Z3 reach = (48,42  / 79,41°) +1,2x(0,089+j0,476) x 60
Z3 82 2  / 79,41°
3 reach = 82,27 9 1° Z3 82 2  / 79,41°
3 reach = 82,27 9 1°

Zone 4R phase reach calculation : Zone 4R phase reach calculation :

Z4R reach = 0,2 x (48,42  / 79,41°)  Using : Z4R reach = 20% of Z1L Z4R reach = 0,2 x (48,42  / 79,41°)  Using : Z4R reach = 20% of Z1L
Z4R reach = 9,68  / 79,41° Z4R reach = 9,68  / 79,41°

Note : in case of transformer Z4R reach can be 50% to 80% of ZTR Note : in case of transformer Z4R reach can be 50% to 80% of ZTR
OR : OR :
Z4R reach = 50% of the shortest line at backward side. Z4R reach = 50% of the shortest line at backward side.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56

Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application

Single Line Single Line
Phase Resistive reach calculation : Phase Resistive reach calculation :
Using Warrington formula to calculate typical arc resistance Rarc with a Using Warrington formula to calculate typical arc resistance Rarc with a
minimum fault current of 1800A and conductor spacing of 10m minimum fault current of 1800A and conductor spacing of 10m
Rph min > 8   Using
U i R Rarc= (28710/I1.4
1 4)xL
) L Rph min > 8   Using
U i R Rarc= (28710/I1.4
1 4)xL
) L
Using CT and VT ratio to determine minimum resistive load impedance Using CT and VT ratio to determine minimum resistive load impedance
(
Rload=Vmin/Imax = 0.8Vn/1.2xIn = 0.8x(230kV/ 3)/1.2x1000A=
) 88  (
Rload=Vmin/Imax = 0.8Vn/1.2xIn = 0.8x(230kV/ 3)/1.2x1000A=
) 88 

Rph max < 70   Using Rph = 0.8 x Rload for 20% margin more Rph max < 70   Using Rph = 0.8 x Rload for 20% margin more
Rph = 70  Rph = 70 

Earth Resistive reach calculation : Earth Resistive reach calculation :

Rg = 104   Using Rg = 0.8 x Rload for 20% margin, considering Rg = 104   Using Rg = 0.8 x Rload for 20% margin, considering
Rload= Vn/In =(230kV/3)/1000A= 133  Rload= Vn/In =(230kV/3)/1000A= 133 

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 57 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 57
 Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application
Single Line Single Line
KI/KU factor calculation : KI/KU factor calculation :
This factor allows to calculate all HV impedances in LV base This factor allows to calculate all HV impedances in LV base

KI = Inp/Ins = 1000A/1A p
KU = Vnp/Vns = 230000V/110V KI = Inp/Ins = 1000A/1A p
KU = Vnp/Vns = 230000V/110V
KI = 1000 KU = 2091 KI = 1000 KU = 2091

KU/KI = 2091/1000 KU/KI = 2091/1000

KI/KU = 2,091 KI/KU = 2,091

Impedance calculation in LV base : Impedance calculation in LV base :

To be used Z(HV) = (KU/KI)xZ(LV) To be used Z(HV) = (KU/KI)xZ(LV)

Z1reach(LV) = 0,478 x 38,74  Z1reach(LV) = 0,478 x 38,74 

Z1reach(LV) = 18,52  Z1reach(LV) = 18,52 

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 58 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 58

Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application

Single Line Single Line
Time delay calculation : Time delay calculation :
tZ1 = 0 (instantaneous, no overlap with other protection) tZ1 = 0 (instantaneous, no overlap with other protection)
tZ2 =400ms (coordination interval of 300ms with other protection) tZ2 =400ms (coordination interval of 300ms with other protection)
tZ3 = 800ms (time delayed for back up requirement) tZ3 = 800ms (time delayed for back up requirement)
tZ4R = 1s (time delayed for back up requirement) tZ4R = 1s (time delayed for back up requirement)

Coordination interval calculation tci: Coordination interval calculation tci:

ttP1 = Maximum transmission trip order time ttP1 = Maximum transmission trip order time
tdP1 = Maximum CB tripping time tdP1 = Maximum CB tripping time
trP2 = Maximum reset time of measuring element trP2 = Maximum reset time of measuring element
t = Security
ts S it margin
i t = Security
ts S it margin
i

tci = ttP1+tdP1+trP2+ts = 30 + 70 + 50 + 150 = 300ms tci = ttP1+tdP1+trP2+ts = 30 + 70 + 50 + 150 = 300ms

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59
 Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application
Single Line Single Line
Typical Power Swing band calculation : Typical Power Swing band calculation :
Normally to be calculated according to the results of dynamic stability study Normally to be calculated according to the results of dynamic stability study

R and X band can be set between 10 to 30% of Rph zone 3. R and X band can be set between 10 to 30% of Rph zone 3.
Thus : Thus :
3 7 < R(LV) < 11
3.7 11.2
2 3 7 < R(LV) < 11
3.7 11.2
2
R(LV) = 7 could be suitable R(LV) = 7 could be suitable

For information, typical formula for R band calculation : For information, typical formula for R band calculation :
R=0.032 x f x Rload R=0.032 x f x Rload
To ensure that a power swing frequency of f=5Hz is detected,
detected the formula To ensure that a power swing frequency of f=5Hz is detected,
detected the formula
becomes : becomes :
R=0.16 x Rload R=0.16 x Rload

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60

Example 1 : Distance Relay Application Example 1 : Distance Relay Application

Single Line Single Line
Setting calculation conclusion : Setting calculation conclusion :

Impedance Magnitude (LV) Angle (°) Time (ms) Impedance Magnitude (LV) Angle (°) Time (ms)
Line Z1L 23,14 80 Line Z1L 23,14 80
KZ0 0 79
0,79 -6,5
65 KZ0 0 79
0,79 -6,5
65
Zone 1 reach 18,52 80 0 Zone 1 reach 18,52 80 0
Zone 2 reach 30,09 80 400 Zone 2 reach 30,09 80 400
Zone 3 reach 39 33
39,33 80 800 Zone 3 reach 39 33
39,33 80 800
Zone 4R reach 4,63 80 1000 Zone 4R reach 4,63 80 1000
Phase resistive reach 37,28 Phase resistive reach 37,28
Ground resistive reach 49 71
49,71 Ground resistive reach 49 71
49,71
Power Swing band 7 Power Swing band 7

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61
 Example 2 Example 2
Distance Relay Application Distance Relay Application
Teed Line Teed Line

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 62 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 62

Example 2 : Distance Relay Application Example 2 : Distance Relay Application

Teed Feeder Teed Feeder
Teed Feeder network : L1 = 80km Teed Feeder network : L1 = 80km
L2 = 100km L2 = 100km
L3 = 60k
60km L3 = 60k
60km
CT = 1000/1 CT = 1000/1
P1 VT=230kV/110V P2 P1 VT=230kV/110V P2

A L1 L2 A L1 L2
B B
L3 L3
P3 P3

C C

Impedances of the 3 lines: Impedances of the 3 lines:

Z1 = 0,089+j0.476  /km at 50Hz Z1 = 0,089+j0.476  /km at 50Hz

 Protection will be considered with a quadrilateral characteristic use  Protection will be considered with a quadrilateral characteristic use
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63
 Example 2 : Distance Relay Application Example 2 : Distance Relay Application
Teed Feeder Teed Feeder
Line Impedance calculation : Line Impedance calculation :
Z1L2 = (0,089+j0,476) x 100 Z1L2 = (0,089+j0,476) x 100
Z1L2 = 8,9+j47,6  Z1L2 = 8,9+j47,6 
Z1L2 = 48,42  / 79,41°  Using : Z= (R²+X²) and  = tan -1(X/R) Z1L2 = 48,42  / 79,41°  Using : Z= (R²+X²) and  = tan -1(X/R)

Z1L3 = (0,089+j0,476) x 60 Z1L3 = (0,089+j0,476) x 60

Z1L3 = 5,34+j28,56  Z1L3 = 5,34+j28,56 
Z1L3 = 29,05  / 79,41° Z1L3 = 29,05  / 79,41°

Z1L1 = (0,089+j0,476) x 80 Z1L1 = (0,089+j0,476) x 80

Z1L1 = 7,12+j38,08  Z1L1 = 7,12+j38,08 
38 74  / 79
Z1L1 = 38,74 79,41°
41° 38 74  / 79
Z1L1 = 38,74 79,41°
41°

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64

Example 2 : Distance Relay Application Example 2 : Distance Relay Application

Teed Feeder Teed Feeder
For protection P1 : For protection P1 :
Zone 1 phase reach calculation : Zone 1 phase reach calculation :
Using : Z1 reach = 80% of (ZL1+ZL3) Using : Z1 reach = 80% of (ZL1+ZL3)
Z1
Z1reach
h = 0,8
0 8 x (38 74  +29,05
(38,74 29 05  ) Z1
Z1reach
h = 0,8
0 8 x (38 74  +29,05
(38,74 29 05  )
Z1reach = 54,23  / 79,41° Z1reach = 54,23  / 79,41°
Z
Zone 2 phase
h reach
h calculation
l l ti : Z
Zone 2 phase
h reach
h calculation
l l ti :
Using : Z2 reach = 120% of (ZL1+2xZL2) Using : Z2 reach = 120% of (ZL1+2xZL2)
Z2 reach = 1,2 x (38,74  +2x48,42
2x48,42  ) Z2 reach = 1,2 x (38,74  +2x48,42
2x48,42  )
Z2 reach = 162,70  / 79,41° Z2 reach = 162,70  / 79,41°
Zone 3 phase reach calculation : Zone 3 phase reach calculation :
Using : Z3reach = 140% of (ZL1+2xZL2) or 400% (starting zone) Using : Z3reach = 140% of (ZL1+2xZL2) or 400% (starting zone)
Z3 reach = 1,4 x (38,74  +2x48,42  ) Z3 reach = 1,4 x (38,74  +2x48,42  )
Z3 reach = 189,82  / 79,41° Z3 reach = 189,82  / 79,41°
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65
 Example 2 : Distance Relay Application Example 2 : Distance Relay Application
Teed Feeder Teed Feeder
For other protection P2 and P3 : For other protection P2 and P3 :
Zone 1 phase reach calculation : Zone 1 phase reach calculation :
P2 = 80% of (ZL2+ZL3) P2 = 80% of (ZL2+ZL3)
P3 = 80% of (ZL3+ZL1) P3 = 80% of (ZL3+ZL1)

Zone 2 phase reach calculation : Zone 2 phase reach calculation :

P2 = 120% of (ZL2+2xZL1) P2 = 120% of (ZL2+2xZL1)
P3 = 120% of (ZL3+2xZL2) P3 = 120% of (ZL3+2xZL2)

Zone 3 p
phase reach calculation : Zone 3 p
phase reach calculation :
P2 = 140% of (ZL2+2xZL1) P2 = 140% of (ZL2+2xZL1)
P3 = 140% of (ZL3+2xZL2) P3 = 140% of (ZL3+2xZL2)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66

Example 3 Example 3
Distance Relay Application Distance Relay Application
Parallel Lines Parallel Lines

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67
 Example 3 : Distance Relay Application Example 3 : Distance Relay Application
Parallel Lines Parallel Lines
Parallel Lines network : Parallel Lines network :

P1 P1

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68

Example 3 : Distance Relay Application Example 3 : Distance Relay Application

Parallel Lines Parallel Lines
Line Impedance calculation : Line Impedance calculation :
Z1L1 = (0,177+j0,402) x 50 Z1L1 = (0,177+j0,402) x 50
Z1L1 = 8,85+j20,1  Z1L1 = 8,85+j20,1 
Z1L1 = 21,95  / 66,24°  Using : Z= (R²+X²) and  = tan -1(X/R) Z1L1 = 21,95  / 66,24°  Using : Z= (R²+X²) and  = tan -1(X/R)

Z0L1 = (0,354+j1,022) x 50 Z0L1 = (0,354+j1,022) x 50

Z0L1 = 17,7+j51,1  Z0L1 = 17,7+j51,1 
Z0L1 = 54,07  / 70,9° Z0L1 = 54,07  / 70,9°

Residual Compensation calculation : Residual Compensation calculation :

Magnitude KZ0 = 0,49  Using : KZ0=(Z0L-Z1L)/3Z1L Magnitude KZ0 = 0,49  Using : KZ0=(Z0L-Z1L)/3Z1L
Angle KZ0 = 7,8° Angle KZ0 = 7,8°

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69
 Example 3 : Distance Relay Application Example 3 : Distance Relay Application
Parallel Lines Parallel Lines
For protection P1 : For protection P1 :
Zone 1 phase reach calculation : Zone 1 phase reach calculation :
Using : Z1 reach = 80% of ZL1 (could be reduced to 70%) Using : Z1 reach = 80% of ZL1 (could be reduced to 70%)
Z1reach = 0
0,8
8 x 21 95 
21,95 Z1reach = 0
0,8
8 x 21 95 
21,95
Z1reach = 17,56  / 66,24° Z1reach = 17,56  / 66,24°
Zone 2 phase reach calculation : Zone 2 phase reach calculation :
Using : Z2 reach = 120% of Z1L or = Z1L + 50% of Z1L of line L4 Using : Z2 reach = 120% of Z1L or = Z1L + 50% of Z1L of line L4
Z2 reach = 1,2 x (21,95  / 66,24 °)) Z2 reach = 1,2 x (21,95  / 66,24 °))
Z2 reach = 26,34  / 66,24 ° Z2 reach = 26,34  / 66,24 °
or or
Z2 reach = 21,95  + 0,5x40x0,439  Z2 reach = 21,95  + 0,5x40x0,439 
Z2 reach = 30,73  / 66,24° Z2 reach = 30,73  / 66,24°

Setting taken into account : Z2 reach = 30,73  / 66,24° Setting taken into account : Z2 reach = 30,73  / 66,24°
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70

Example 3 : Distance Relay Application Example 3 : Distance Relay Application

Parallel Lines Parallel Lines
Zone 3 phase reach calculation : Zone 3 phase reach calculation :
Using : Z3 reach = 120% of ( Z1L of Line + 2x100% of Line L3) Using : Z3 reach = 120% of ( Z1L of Line + 2x100% of Line L3)
Z3 reach = 1,2x21,95  +1,2x2x100x0,439  Z3 reach = 1,2x21,95  +1,2x2x100x0,439 
Z2 reach 131 8  / 66
h = 131,8 66,24
24 ° Z2 reach 131 8  / 66
h = 131,8 66,24
24 °

Time delay calculation : Time delay calculation :

tZ1 = 0 (instantaneous, no overlap with other protection) tZ1 = 0 (instantaneous, no overlap with other protection)
tZ2 =250ms ((coordination with lines 3 and 4)) tZ2 =250ms ((coordination with lines 3 and 4))
tZ3 = 450ms (coordination with lines 3 and 4 for back up requirement) tZ3 = 450ms (coordination with lines 3 and 4 for back up requirement)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71
 Example 3 : Distance Relay Application Example 3 : Distance Relay Application
Parallel Lines Parallel Lines
Phase Resistive reach calculation : Phase Resistive reach calculation :
Using Warrington formula to calculate typical arc resistance Rarc with a Using Warrington formula to calculate typical arc resistance Rarc with a
minimum fault current of 1500kA and conductor spacing of 10m minimum fault current of 1500kA and conductor spacing of 10m

Rph min > 9   Using Rarc= (28710/I1.4)xL Rph min > 9   Using Rarc= (28710/I1.4)xL

Using CT and VT ratio to determine minimum resistive load impedance Using CT and VT ratio to determine minimum resistive load impedance
Rload=Vn/In = (110kV/3)/600A= 106  Rload=Vn/In = (110kV/3)/600A= 106 

Rph = 85   Using Rph = 0.8 x Rload for 20% margin Rph = 85   Using Rph = 0.8 x Rload for 20% margin
for all zones for all zones

Earth Resistive reach calculation : Earth Resistive reach calculation :

By default, residual compensation factor KZ0 is used to adjust the By default, residual compensation factor KZ0 is used to adjust the
phase fault reach setting. Possible to apply the same value for all phase fault reach setting. Possible to apply the same value for all
zones or use dedicated values per zone zones or use dedicated values per zone

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 72 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 72

Example 3 : Distance Relay Application Example 3 : Distance Relay Application

Parallel Lines Parallel Lines
Zone 1 Earth Resistive reach calculation : Zone 1 Earth Resistive reach calculation :
Use of specific compensation KZ1 when one of the 2 parallel lines Use of specific compensation KZ1 when one of the 2 parallel lines
is out of order and earthed that may cause zone 1 earth fault is out of order and earthed that may cause zone 1 earth fault
element
l t overreach.
h element
l t overreach.
h

KZ1 = 0,8x0,490 KZ1 = 0,8x0,490

KZ1 = 0,392  Using KZ1 = 80%x KZ0 KZ1 = 0,392  Using KZ1 = 80%x KZ0

Zone 2 Earth Resistive reach calculation : Zone 2 Earth Resistive reach calculation :
2 parallel lines may cause zone 2 earth fault element under reach 2 parallel lines may cause zone 2 earth fault element under reach
due to the zero sequence mutual coupling. To calculate the due to the zero sequence mutual coupling. To calculate the
percentage of under reach. percentage of under reach.

Underreach = Zadj x Ifltp / Iflt Underreach = Zadj x Ifltp / Iflt

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 73 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 73
 Example 3 : Distance Relay Application Example 3 : Distance Relay Application
Parallel Lines Parallel Lines
Zone 2 Earth Resistive reach calculation : Zone 2 Earth Resistive reach calculation :
Zadj = impedance of adjacent line covered by zone 2 Zadj = impedance of adjacent line covered by zone 2
Ifltp = fault current in parallel line Ifltp = fault current in parallel line
Iflt = total fault current Iflt = total fault current

Underreach = 8,78  / 66,24° x 0,5 Underreach = 8,78  / 66,24° x 0,5

Underreach = 4,39  / 66,24° Underreach = 4,39  / 66,24°

% Underreach = 14,3%  %Undereach = Underreach / % Underreach = 14,3%  %Undereach = Underreach /

Reach of protected zone Reach of protected zone

g
If %Underreach significant, then KZ2 = KZ0 + % Underreach x KZ0 g
If %Underreach significant, then KZ2 = KZ0 + % Underreach x KZ0

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 74 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 74
4.2 Teleprotection schemes 4.2 Teleprotection schemes
Distance Protection Distance Protection
Teleprotection Schemes Teleprotection Schemes
Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

Issue A1 Issue A1
Last Release : March 2011 Last Release : March 2011

Remind - Coordination Remind - Coordination

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2
Basic Distance Scheme Basic Distance Scheme
Z3 Z3
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1 Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3

Operation Without Operation Without

Teleprotection Teleprotection

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4
 Coordination / Generality Coordination / Generality

A B A B

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5

Coordination / Generality Coordination / Generality

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6
 Coordination / Generality Coordination / Generality

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7

Coordination / Generality Coordination / Generality

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8
Basic Distance Scheme - Disadvantages Basic Distance Scheme - Disadvantages

● Zone 1 set to 80% leaves 2 end zones ● Zone 1 set to 80% leaves 2 end zones
● Faults in end zone results in instantaneous tripping at one end and time ● Faults in end zone results in instantaneous tripping at one end and time
delayed at the other delayed at the other
● Time dela
delay ma
may lead to ssystem
stem stability
stabilit problems ● Time dela
delay ma
may lead to ssystem
stem stability
stabilit problems
● Sequential clearance leaves no dead time for high speed A/R cycle ● Sequential clearance leaves no dead time for high speed A/R cycle
(transient fault becomes permanent) (transient fault becomes permanent)
● Longer clearance times - More damages ● Longer clearance times - More damages

Advantage : Advantage :
● Cost ● Cost

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9

Channel Dependant Channel Dependant

Schemes Schemes
Unit Protection Schemes Unit Protection Schemes

● Provide high speed clearance for all faults on line (for example current ● Provide high speed clearance for all faults on line (for example current
differential) differential)
● Does not provide inherent back-up protection (for remote faults) ● Does not provide inherent back-up protection (for remote faults)
SOLUTION IS TO PROVIDE DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR BACK-UP BACK UP SOLUTION IS TO PROVIDE DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR BACK-UP BACK UP
PROTECTION OF ADJACENT LINES WITH AN AIDED TRIPPING PROTECTION OF ADJACENT LINES WITH AN AIDED TRIPPING
SCHEME FOR HIGH SPEED PROTECTION OF WHOLE LINE SCHEME FOR HIGH SPEED PROTECTION OF WHOLE LINE
● Requires
R i th
the use off an ON/OFF signalling
i lli channel
h l between
b t line
li endsd ● Requires
R i th
the use off an ON/OFF signalling
i lli channel
h l between
b t line
li endsd
(i.e. HF/VF/Fibre Optic/Radio) (i.e. HF/VF/Fibre Optic/Radio)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11

Types of Aided Tripping Schemes Types of Aided Tripping Schemes

● Acceleration ● Acceleration
● Transfer tripping ● Transfer tripping
● Direct ● Direct
● Permissive
P i i U Underreach
d h ● Permissive
P i i U Underreach
d h
● Permissive Overreach ● Permissive Overreach
● Blocking ● Blocking

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12
 Direct intertrip Direct intertrip

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13

Teleprotections / Direct intertrip Teleprotections / Direct intertrip

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14
 Teleprotections / Direct intertrip Teleprotections / Direct intertrip

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15

Direct Transfer Trip Direct Transfer Trip

Z3 Z3
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

Send Logic : Z1 Send Logic : Z1

Trip Logic : Rx Trip Logic : Rx

Tx Tx Tx Tx
Rx Rx Rx Rx

Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1 Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16
Direct Transfer Trip - Advantages Direct Transfer Trip - Advantages

● All faults anywhere along the protected line (but in Z1) can be cleared ● All faults anywhere along the protected line (but in Z1) can be cleared
instantaneously at both line ends instantaneously at both line ends
● Scheme can be advantageous for protecting 3 terminal lines due to ease ● Scheme can be advantageous for protecting 3 terminal lines due to ease
of application of application

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17

Direct Transfer Trip - Disadvantages Direct Transfer Trip - Disadvantages

● A very secure signalling channel is required :- incorrect operation leads ● A very secure signalling channel is required :- incorrect operation leads
to false tripping to false tripping
● Circuit breakers at both line ends must be closed and contribute fault ● Circuit breakers at both line ends must be closed and contribute fault
current to obtain high speed fault clearance current to obtain high speed fault clearance
● If the channel fails only the Basic scheme logic will be provided ● If the channel fails only the Basic scheme logic will be provided

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18
 Permissive Schemes Permissive Schemes

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19

Teleprotections / Conditional intertrip Teleprotections / Conditional intertrip

/ Z2 acceleration (Z2 aided
id d ttrip)
i ) / Z2 acceleration (Z2 aided
id d ttrip)
i )

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20
 Teleprotections / Conditional Teleprotections / Conditional
i t t i / Z2 acceleration
intertrip l ti i t t i / Z2 acceleration
intertrip l ti

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21

Permissive Underreach Scheme Permissive Underreach Scheme

Z3 Z3
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

Send Logic : Z1 Send Logic : Z1

Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2

Tx Tx Tx Tx
0 Rx Rx 0 0 Rx Rx 0
100 100 100 100

& & & &

Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1 Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 22 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 22
Permissive Underreach Scheme Permissive Underreach Scheme

A B ● Race between relay at D picking up A B ● Race between relay at D picking up

and signal send from relay at C and signal send from relay at C
resetting, following opening of breaker resetting, following opening of breaker
C D at C C D at C
Fault Fault
21 21
21
● If signal send from C resets before 21
● If signal send from C resets before
Send Send
Rx + Z2 relay D operates then aided tripping Rx + Z2 relay D operates then aided tripping
A B will not occur A B will not occur

● To prevent this a 100ms delay on drop ● To prevent this a 100ms delay on drop
C D C D
off of the signal send is used in the off of the signal send is used in the
Fault scheme logic Fault scheme logic
21 21 21 21

Rx + Z2 Rx + Z2

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 23 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 23

Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip

Advantages Advantages
● Only a simplex signalling channel required ● Only a simplex signalling channel required
● Scheme is very secure as signalling channel only keyed for internal fault ● Scheme is very secure as signalling channel only keyed for internal fault
(Zone 1 initiation) (Zone 1 initiation)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 24 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 24
Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip
Disadvantages Disadvantages
● If one terminal of the line is open then only Basic scheme logic will apply ● If one terminal of the line is open then only Basic scheme logic will apply
● If there is a weak infeed at one terminal then only Basic scheme logic will ● If there is a weak infeed at one terminal then only Basic scheme logic will
apply apply
● If signalling channel fails then onl
only Basic scheme logic will
ill appl
apply ● If signalling channel fails then onl
only Basic scheme logic will
ill appl
apply
● Resistive coverage is governed by Zone 1 setting (may be limited on ● Resistive coverage is governed by Zone 1 setting (may be limited on
short lines for MHO) short lines for MHO)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 25 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 25

P
Permissive
i i O Over reach
h P
Permissive
i i O Over reach
h

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 26 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 26
 Teleprotections / Permissive Teleprotections / Permissive
overreachh overreachh

Authorisation Authorisation Authorisation Authorisation

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 27 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 27

Permissive Overreach Scheme Internal Permissive Overreach Scheme Internal

Fault Z2
Z3
Fault Z2
Z3

Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

Send Logic : Z2 Send Logic : Z2

Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2

Rx Rx Rx Rx
Tx Tx Tx Tx

& & & &

Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1 Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 28 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 28
Permissive Overreach Scheme External Permissive Overreach Scheme External
Fault Z2
Z3 Fault Z2
Z3

Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

Send Logic : Z2 Send Logic : Z2

Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2

Rx Rx Rx Rx
Tx Tx Tx Tx

& & & &

Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1 Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 29 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 29

Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip

Advantages Advantages
● Provides better resistive coverage,
coverage especially on short lines
lines, where MHO ● Provides better resistive coverage,
coverage especially on short lines
lines, where MHO
elements are used elements are used
● For cases where one line terminal is open, open breaker echo logic can ● For cases where one line terminal is open, open breaker echo logic can
be used be used
● For cases of weak or zero infeed at one line terminal weak infeed logic ● For cases of weak or zero infeed at one line terminal weak infeed logic
can be used (reverse looking zone required) can be used (reverse looking zone required)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 30 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 30
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip
Disadvantages Disadvantages
● Duplex signalling channel required ● Duplex signalling channel required
● Scheme is theoretically less secure then PUR as signalling channel is ● Scheme is theoretically less secure then PUR as signalling channel is
keyed for external faults keyed for external faults
● If signalling channel fails then onl
only Basic scheme logic will
ill appl
apply ● If signalling channel fails then onl
only Basic scheme logic will
ill appl
apply

+ +
● Trip is also time delayed in case of open line at remote end and echo ● Trip is also time delayed in case of open line at remote end and echo
mode not activated mode not activated

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 31

Bl ki O
Blocking Overreach
h Bl ki O
Blocking Overreach
h

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 32
Teleprotections / Blocking overreach Teleprotections / Blocking overreach

Blocking Blocking

tp tp

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 33 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 33

Blocking Scheme - Internal Fault Z3

Blocking Scheme - Internal Fault Z3
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

Send Logic : Z3 + Z2 Send Logic : Z3 + Z2

Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2

& & & &

Rx Rx Rx Rx
Tx Tx Tx Tx

& & & &

Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1 Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 34 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 34
Blocking Scheme - External Fault Blocking Scheme - External Fault
Z3 Z3
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1

Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

Send Logic : Z3 + Z2 Send Logic : Z3 + Z2

Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2

Z3 or Bkw? & & Z3 or Bkw? & &

Rx
R Rx Rx
R Rx
Tx Tx Tx Tx

& & & &

Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1 Z1 1 Trip Trip 1 Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 35 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 35

Blocking Scheme - Advantages Blocking Scheme - Advantages

● Only simplex signalling channel required ● Only simplex signalling channel required
● Provides better resistive coverage than PUR on short lines where MHO ● Provides better resistive coverage than PUR on short lines where MHO
elements are used elements are used
● Fast tripping will
ill still be possible at closed end of line for all fa
fault
lt ● Fast tripping will
ill still be possible at closed end of line for all fa
fault
lt
positions with remote breaker open positions with remote breaker open
● Fast tripping will still be possible at strong infeed terminal for all fault ● Fast tripping will still be possible at strong infeed terminal for all fault
positions
iti where
h remote t tterminal
i lh has no or weak
k iinfeed
f d positions
iti where
h remote t tterminal
i lh has no or weak
k iinfeed
f d

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 36 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 36
Blocking Scheme - Disadvantages Blocking Scheme - Disadvantages

● Historically only 2 forward zones of protection available (unless relay has ● Historically only 2 forward zones of protection available (unless relay has
>3 Zones) >3 Zones)
● If signalling channel fails supervision must revert the relay back to Basic ● If signalling channel fails supervision must revert the relay back to Basic
scheme logic scheme logic
● ‘’Historically current sensitivity is lower as tripping elements (Z2) are ● ‘’Historically current sensitivity is lower as tripping elements (Z2) are
controlled by high set current level detectors (to ensure blocking controlled by high set current level detectors (to ensure blocking
elements (Z3/Z4) are more sensitive than tripping elements)’’
elements) elements (Z3/Z4) are more sensitive than tripping elements)’’
elements)

+ +
● Blocking signal must be sent with at least the same coverage than Z2 ● Blocking signal must be sent with at least the same coverage than Z2
start of the remote end : => Backward detection is sometime faster and start of the remote end : => Backward detection is sometime faster and
preferred. preferred.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 37 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 37

Permissive Schemes vs Blocking Permissive Schemes vs Blocking

Schemes Schemes
● Permissive less reliable - require a signal from remote relay plus local ● Permissive less reliable - require a signal from remote relay plus local
operation to trip operation to trip
● Blocking less secure - require a signal from remote relay to prevent an ● Blocking less secure - require a signal from remote relay to prevent an
accelerated trip accelerated trip
● Permissive schemes are marginally faster and more sensitive (timer plus ● Permissive schemes are marginally faster and more sensitive (timer plus
high set current elements on Blocking scheme) high set current elements on Blocking scheme)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 38
 U bl ki O
Unblocking Overreach
h U bl ki O
Unblocking Overreach
h

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 39

Teleprotections / Unblocking overreach Teleprotections / Unblocking overreach

Blocking Blocking Blocking Blocking

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010

Problem with PLC… 40 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010
Problem with PLC… 40
 Zone 1 Extended scheme Zone 1 Extended scheme
(no Teleprotection required) (no Teleprotection required)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 41

Teleprotections / Z1 Extended Teleprotections / Z1 Extended

A A

A
Fault on the line A
Fault on the line

A A

A A

Successful Successful
A
reclosing A
reclosing

A A

At the end of the timer, Zone At the end of the timer, Zone
A 1 comes back to Z1X A 1 comes back to Z1X
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 42
 Teleprotections / Z1 Extended Teleprotections / Z1 Extended
A B A B

F lt on the
Fault th line
li F lt on the
Fault th line
li
A B A B

A B A B

A B A B

A
Reclose on fault A
Reclose on fault
B B

A B A B

Protection B trips time delayed Protection B trips time delayed

A B Z2 (sequential trip) A B Z2 (sequential trip)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 43

Teleprotections / Z1 Extended Teleprotections / Z1 Extended

A A

A A

External fault External fault

A A

A A

Successful Successful
A g
reclosing A g
reclosing

A A

At the end of the timer, Zone At the end of the timer, Zone
1 comes back to Z1X 1 comes back to Z1X
A A
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 44 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 44
 Teleprotections / Z1 Extended Teleprotections / Z1 Extended
A A

A A

A
External fault A
External fault

Protection A reduces the Protection A reduces the

A reach from Z1X to Z1 A reach from Z1X to Z1

A
Reclose on fault A
Reclose on fault

A A
Protection A will not trip Protection A will not trip
because the reach has been because the reach has been
A reduced to Z1 A reduced to Z1

A A
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 45

Zone 1 Extension Scheme Zone 1 Extension Scheme

Z3 Z3
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1
Z1X Z1X

Z1X Z1X
Z1 Z1

Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3

A/R & & A/R A/R & & A/R

Z1X Z1X Z1X Z1X

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Z1 Trip Trip Z1 Z1 Trip Trip Z1

Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2 Z2 T2 . . T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3 Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 46
Zone 1 Extension - Advantages Zone 1 Extension - Advantages

● No signalling channel required (may be used as temporary replacement ● No signalling channel required (may be used as temporary replacement
for carrier aided scheme when comms. channel out of service) for carrier aided scheme when comms. channel out of service)
● Provides fast fault clearance at both ends for a transient fault anywhere ● Provides fast fault clearance at both ends for a transient fault anywhere
along the line length along the line length
● Allows the use of high speed A/R cycle ● Allows the use of high speed A/R cycle

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 47

Zone 1 Extension Scheme - Zone 1 Extension Scheme -

Disadvantages Disadvantages
● Tripping can occur for external faults (but will be followed by an ● Tripping can occur for external faults (but will be followed by an
autoreclose) autoreclose)
● Basic distance scheme logic applies following reclose (i.e. potential for ● Basic distance scheme logic applies following reclose (i.e. potential for
time delayed clearance for permanent faults) time delayed clearance for permanent faults)
● Only suitable to systems where autoreclose is used (for example can not ● Only suitable to systems where autoreclose is used (for example can not
be used on cable circuits) be used on cable circuits)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 48 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 48
MiCOM P43x example – open schemes MiCOM P43x example – open schemes
Protective Signaling Protective Signaling
Scheme Logic Scheme Logic
Scheme Send Signal Trip Signal Scheme Send Signal Trip Signal
Direct Transfer Trip Z1 Recei e
Receive Direct Transfer Trip Z1 Recei e
Receive
Underreaching Underreaching
Permissive Underreaching TT Z1 Receive & Fault detected Permissive Underreaching TT Z1 Receive & Fault detected
Z1 Z1e Z1 Z1e
Zone Extension Z1 Receive & Z1e Zone Extension Z1 Receive & Z1e
or or
Receive & Fault Forward Receive & Fault Forward
Permissive Overreaching TT Z1e Receive & Z1e Permissive Overreaching TT Z1e Receive & Z1e
Overreaching (Release Scheme) or or Overreaching (Release Scheme) or or
Fault Forward Receive & Fault Forward Fault Forward Receive & Fault Forward
Z1 Z1e Z1 Z1e
Blocking Scheme Z6 (backward) No Receive & Z1e & t Blocking Scheme Z6 (backward) No Receive & Z1e & t
or or or or
Fault Backward No Receive & Fault Forward & t Fault Backward No Receive & Fault Forward & t
DC Loop (1) Fault Backward No Receive & Z1e & t DC Loop (1) Fault Backward No Receive & Z1e & t

Reverse Interlocking (1) Fault detected No Receive & Z1e & t Reverse Interlocking (1) Fault detected No Receive & Z1e & t
Z1e Z1e

Note (1): P430/ 433/ P435/ P439 only Note (1): P430/ 433/ P435/ P439 only

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 49

Current reversal blocking Current reversal blocking

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 50
 Teleprotections / Reversal guard Teleprotections / Reversal guard
False trip could occur if no reversal guard function provided False trip could occur if no reversal guard function provided

A B A B
Z4 of relay B starts => Z4 of relay B starts =>
relay B sends a relay B sends a
blocking signal blocking signal

Z4 of relay B resets : Z4 of relay B resets :

Blocking signal is Blocking signal is
stopped stopped

If relay A still sees the fault in If relay A still sees the fault in
Z1, false tripping will occur Z1, false tripping will occur
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010
when blocking signal resets 51 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010
when blocking signal resets 51

Teleprotections / Reversal guard Teleprotections / Reversal guard

H
How reversall guard
d ffunction
ti prevents
t ffalse
l ttripping
i i H
How reversall guard
d ffunction
ti prevents
t ffalse
l ttripping
i i

Z4 of relay B starts Z4 of relay B starts

=> relay B sends a => relay B sends a
blocking signal blocking signal

Z4 of relay B resets BUT Z4 of relay B resets BUT

signal send is hold signal send is hold
during during
t reversal guard t reversal guard

Relay A do not trip Relay A do not trip

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 52
 Weak infeed Weak infeed

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 53

Weak Infeed Weak Infeed

Permissive overreach scheme Permissive overreach scheme
Problem description Problem description

No instantaneous trip !!! No instantaneous trip !!!

(Z2 starts but no carrier is received) (Z2 starts but no carrier is received)

The relay will not trip!!! The relay will not trip!!!
((A carrier is received but the relay
y ((A carrier is received but the relay
y
does not start) does not start)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 54 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 54
Weak Infeed Weak Infeed
Permissive Overreach Permissive Overreach
Weak Infeed Weak Infeed
Echo mode Echo mode

Carrier received and Carrier received and

no zone pick-up no zone pick-up

Echo Echo
(Carrier re
re-sent
sent to the (Carrier re
re-sent
sent to the
remote end relay) remote end relay)

The relay will trip in Z2 The relay will trip in Z2

aided aided
Trip of the remote end : Trip of the remote end :
1 – carrier received 1 – carrier received
Or Or
2 – Carrier received & U< criteria 2 – Carrier received & U< criteria
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 55 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 55

Weak Infeed Weak Infeed

Permissive Overreach Permissive Overreach
Weak Infeed Weak Infeed
Echo mode Echo mode

Carrier received and Carrier received and

Distance starts Distance starts

No Echo No Echo
(no carrier re
re-sent
sent to (no carrier re
re-sent
sent to
the remote end) the remote end)

The relay does not trip The relay does not trip
because no carrier is because no carrier is
received received

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 56
 Summary of Teleprotection Summary of Teleprotection
schemes schemes

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 59

Teleprotections / Summary Teleprotections / Summary

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 60
 Teleprotections / Summary Teleprotections / Summary

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 61

Questions for double line circuits Questions for double line circuits

●1
1 Ch
Channell or 3 channels
h l per relay?
l ? ●1
1 Ch
Channell or 3 channels
h l per relay?
l ?

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 62 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 62
 Teleprotection Teleprotection
Technology Technology

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 63

Power Line Carrier Power Line Carrier

Coupling Coupling Coupling Coupling

box box box box

Carrier receive Teleprotection Teleprotection Carrier receive Carrier receive Teleprotection Teleprotection Carrier receive
Carrier alarm (option) Device Device Carrier alarm (option) Carrier alarm (option) Device Device Carrier alarm (option)
(modulation) (modulation Carrier send (modulation) (modulation Carrier send
Carrier send Carrier send

Single line diagram in case of Phase – ground coupling : Single line diagram in case of Phase – ground coupling :
superposition of the HF signal on the network frequency superposition of the HF signal on the network frequency

Advantage
g : low cost Advantage
g : low cost

Disadvantage : loss of transmission during a line fault Disadvantage : loss of transmission during a line fault
on this phase or if this phase is grounded. on this phase or if this phase is grounded.
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 64
Power Line Carrier Power Line Carrier

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 65

Micro Waves Micro Waves

Coupling Coupling Coupling Coupling

box box box box

Carrier receive Teleprotection Carrier send Carrier receive Teleprotection Carrier send
Teleprotection Teleprotection
Carrier alarm (option) Device Carrier alarm (option) Device
Device Device
Carrier receive Carrier receive
(modulation) (modulation) (modulation) (modulation)
Carrier send Carrier alarm (option) Carrier send Carrier alarm (option)

Advantage : Route independant of the OHL Advantage : Route independant of the OHL

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 66
Optical Cable (OPGW) Optical Cable (OPGW)

Optical cable Optical cable

Coupling Coupling Coupling Coupling
box box box box

Carrier receive Teleprotection Carrier send Carrier receive Teleprotection Carrier send
Teleprotection Teleprotection
Carrier alarm (option) Device Carrier alarm (option) Device
Device Device
Carrier receive Carrier receive
(modulation) (modulation) (modulation) (modulation)
Carrier send Carrier alarm (option) Carrier send Carrier alarm (option)

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 67

Private RTC Link Private RTC Link

RTC link RTC link

Modem Modem Modem Modem

Carrier receive Multiplexor Carrier send Carrier receive Multiplexor Carrier send
Multiplexor Multiplexor
Carrier alarm (option) Carrier alarm (option)
Carrier receive Carrier receive
Carrier send Carrier alarm (option) Carrier send Carrier alarm (option)

Advantage : Advantage :
- l
low costt - l
low costt

Disadvantages : Disadvantages :
- Low speed Transmission - Low speed Transmission
- Need to place a dedicated underground cable, - Need to place a dedicated underground cable,
except if a public communication is used except if a public communication is used

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 68
 Teleprotection Teleprotection
Selection Guide philosophy Selection Guide philosophy

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 69

Max clearance time Max clearance time

Max clearance time at the remote end Max clearance time at the remote end

How the system should work in case of loss of communication How the system should work in case of loss of communication

Priority given to the selectivity ? Priority given to the selectivity ?

Priority given to the tripping time ? Priority given to the tripping time ?

Existing telecommunication path Existing telecommunication path

Security, redundancy in case of line fault ? Security, redundancy in case of line fault ?

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 70
 Possible Telecommunication Possible Telecommunication
Schemes depending on required Schemes depending on required
reliability reliability
( t exhaustive)
(not h ti ) ( t exhaustive)
(not h ti )

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 71

1st case : Line Differential Protection Relay connections – fiber (L < 60 km) 1st case : Line Differential Protection Relay connections – fiber (L < 60 km)
SUBSTATION X SUBSTATION X

ODF A ODF B ODF : ODF A ODF B ODF :

Optical distribution Optical distribution
Frame Frame

Line 1 Line 2 Line 1 Line 2

Protection Protection Protection Protection
P544 P544 P544 P544

Direct connection : Direct connection :

Applicable for Line differential relays (MiCOM P54x) Applicable for Line differential relays (MiCOM P54x)
when L < 60 km : when L < 60 km :
- Single mode output at relay side, (1300 nm) - Single mode output at relay side, (1300 nm)
- One channel only. - One channel only.
(Note : 1300nm up to 65km ; 1550nm up to 90km) (Note : 1300nm up to 65km ; 1550nm up to 90km)
 2nd case : Line Differential Protection Relay connections – fiber (L>60 km) 2nd case : Line Differential Protection Relay connections – fiber (L>60 km)
SUBSTATION X SUBSTATION X
FO - OHL – Line
Li 1 FO - OHL – Line
Li 2 FO - OHL – Line
Li 1 FO - OHL – Line
Li 2

SDH A SDH B SDH A SDH B

MUX A MUX B MUX A MUX B

Ch
Channel
lA Channel B Ch
Channel
lA Channel B
Line 1 Line 2 Line 1 Line 2
Protection Protection Protection Protection
Relay B Relay B Relay B Relay B

Connection through multiplexer : Connection through multiplexer :

Applicable for Line differential relays (MiCOM P54x) Applicable for Line differential relays (MiCOM P54x)
when L > 60 km : when L > 60 km :
- Multi mode output at relay side, - Multi mode output at relay side,
- Two channels are used. - Two channels are used.
- (Single mode output at SDH output side) - (Single mode output at SDH output side)

3rd Case : Distance Protection Relay connections - Teleprotection with 3rd Case : Distance Protection Relay connections - Teleprotection with
Electrical output (L > 120 km) (p1/2) Electrical output (L > 120 km) (p1/2)
SUBSTATION X SUBSTATION X
FO - OHL – Line FO - OHL – Line FO - OHL – Line FO - OHL – Line
1 2 1 2
SDH A SDH B SDH A SDH B
PLC A PLC B PLC A PLC B
Analogue TP A Digital TP A Digital TP B Analogue TP B Analogue TP A Digital TP A Digital TP B Analogue TP B
4 commands 8 commands 8 commands 4 commands 4 commands 8 commands 8 commands 4 commands

3 commands Digital TP A Digital TP B 3 commands Digital TP A Digital TP B

distributed on 8 commands 8 commands 3 commands distributed on 8 commands 8 commands 3 commands
3 paths distributed on 3 paths distributed on
3 paths 3 paths

Line 1 Line 2 Line 1 Line 2

Protection Protection Protection Protection
Relay A Relay A Relay A Relay A
Note : Note :
1. TP used for PLC A & B are located into the telecommunication 1. TP used for PLC A & B are located into the telecommunication
room. PLC channel is always used(*) room. PLC channel is always used(*)
2 TP used for SDH A & B are located into the protection panels
2. panels. 2 TP used for SDH A & B are located into the protection panels
2. panels.
Applicable for Distance relays (P443) when L > 120 km. Two Applicable for Distance relays (P443) when L > 120 km. Two
teleprotections are used before optical connection. teleprotections are used before optical connection.
All Cases : PLC & TP equipment connections for Distance protection All Cases : PLC & TP equipment connections for Distance protection
(p2/2) (p2/2)

TX PLC Micom PLC Micom RX DIP5000 TX PLC Micom PLC Micom RX DIP5000
DIP5000 Power Line DIP5000 Power Line
E d1
End T390 E
Endd1 T390 E
Endd2 E d2
End E d1
End T390 E
Endd1 T390 E
Endd2 E d2
End
Line 1 RX Line 1 Line 1 TX Line 1 Line 1 RX Line 1 Line 1 TX Line 1

Carrie Carrier Carrie Carrier Carrie Carrier Carrie Carrier

r send received r send received r send received r send received
P443 P443 P443 P443
End 1 End 2 End 1 End 2
Line 1 Line 1 Line 1 Line 1

4th Case : Distance Protection Relay connections - Teleprotection with 4th Case : Distance Protection Relay connections - Teleprotection with
Optical output (L < 120 km) Optical output (L < 120 km)

TX RX P443 TX RX P443
P443
DIP 5000 FO – OHL DIP 5000 P443
DIP 5000 FO – OHL DIP 5000
End 1 (Tx/Rx) End
E d2 End 1 (Tx/Rx) End
E d2
Line 1 Line 1 Line 1 Line 1
Line 1 RX Line 1 TX Line 1 Line 1 RX Line 1 TX Line 1

Note
N t : Note
N t :
1. Monomode at TP output side. 1. Monomode at TP output side.
Distance Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection Distance Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection
Application for Short OHL Application for Short OHL

SUBSTATION xxx SUBSTATION xxx

FO – Line 1 FO – Line 2 FO – Line 1 FO – Line 2

PLC ODF A PLC ODF B PLC ODF A PLC ODF B

Digital TP Digital TP Digital TP Digital TP Digital TP Digital TP Digital TP Digital TP

8 commands 8 commands 8 commands 8 commands 8 commands 8 commands 8 commands 8 commands
DIP 5000 DIP 5000 DIP 5000 DIP 5000 DIP 5000 DIP 5000 DIP 5000 DIP 5000

Line 1 Line 2 Line 1 Line 2

Protection Protection Protection Protection
P443 P443 P443 P443

Distance Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection Distance Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection
Application for cable Application for cable

SUBSTATION xxx SUBSTATION xxx

FO – Line 1 O - Line
FO e2 FO – Line 1 O - Line
FO e2

ODF A SDH A SDH B ODF B ODF A SDH A SDH B ODF B

OP OP
OP OP

2M Digital TP 2M Digital TP
Digital TP 2M 8 commands Digital TP 2M 8 commands
8 commands DIP 5000 8 commands DIP 5000
DIP 5000 DIP 5000

Line 1 Line 2 Line 1 Line 2

TEE & other TEE & other TEE & other TEE & other
protections protections protections protections

OP : Optical line OP : Optical line

2M : 2 MB Electrical cable 2M : 2 MB Electrical cable
Line Differential Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection Line Differential Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection
Application for cables + OHL – intertrip logic (1/2) Application for cables + OHL – intertrip logic (1/2)
From station 1 to station 2 From station 1 to station 2

TEE1 (1-3) TEE1 (1-3)

TEE2 TEE2
27/59x (O/V) (1-3) 27/59x (O/V) (1-3)
DTT A send
DTT-A DTT A send
DTT-A
50BF QA21 (Resp. QA11) 1 50BF QA21 (Resp. QA11) 1
50BF QA 31 50BF QA 31
87R (shunt) (E1-E2) 2 87R (shunt) (E1-E2) 2
Shunt Reactor trip FOTE Shunt Reactor trip FOTE
Cable Pump Trip 3 Cable Pump Trip 3

50/51R 4 50/51R 4
63-T 63-T
49-T Line Disconnector 5 49-T Line Disconnector 5
26-T 40DLx Open DIP5000 26-T 40DLx Open DIP5000

Line Shunt trip

To station 2 Line Shunt trip
To station 2
Station 1 Interlock Station 1 Interlock

DTT-B send DTT-B send

BI3 BI3
F1 F1
TEE1 (2-6) TEE1 (2-6)
TEE2 (1-6;1-7)
(1 6;1 7) BI1 TEE2 (1-6;1-7)
(1 6;1 7) BI1
27/59x (O/V) (5-7) 87LB 27/59x (O/V) (5-7) 87LB
Level 1 x Level 1 x
50BF QA21 (Resp. QA11) 50BF QA21 (Resp. QA11)
Level 2 Level 2
50BF QA 31 50BF QA 31
Pump trip 87R (shunt) (E3-E4) x Pump trip 87R (shunt) (E3-E4) x
Shunt Reactor trip 7SD522 Shunt Reactor trip 7SD522
Cable Pump Trip Cable Pump Trip

Line Differential Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection Level 1

Line Differential Protection Relay connections – Teleprotection Level 1
Application for cable + OHL – intertrip logic (2/2) Level 2 Application for cable + OHL – intertrip logic (2/2) Level 2
F1 F1
From station 2 to station 1 27/59 (2-6)
(2 6) Pump
p trip
p From station 2 to station 1 27/59 (2-6)
(2 6) Pump
p trip
p
TEE1 (14-16) TEE1 (14-16)
DTT-A Receive DTT-A Receive
1 87R (P142) (shunt) 1 87R (P142) (shunt)
A/R Initiate (from OHL) 86A (TRIP) A/R Initiate (from OHL) 86A (TRIP)
2 85RA 2 85RA
FOTE DTT-1
resett FOTE DTT-1
resett
3ph Trip 3ph Trip
3 H1-H2 94A To QA11/31 3 H1-H2 94A To QA11/31
A/R Lock-out 3ph Trip (UGC) Trip, coil 1 A/R Lock-out 3ph Trip (UGC) Trip, coil 1
4 H3-H4 4 H3-H4
PI11 A/R QA11 Blocked 87LA QA11 open
p PI11 A/R QA11 Blocked 87LA QA11 open
p
PI13 H5-H6 PI13 H5-H6
DTT-A (to coil 2) (1) (1-3)
DTT-A (to coil 2) (1) (1-3)
1 P543 85R (5-7) & 1 P543 85R (5-7) &
A/R Lock-out A/R Lock-out
2 QA31 open 2 QA31 open
BI3 BI3
3 87LB 85RB 3 87LB 85RB
R5-R6 A/R QA31 Lock-out R5-R6 A/R QA31 Lock-out
4 DTT-2 reset 4 DTT-2 reset
DIP5000 R7-R8 DIP5000 R7-R8
86B (TRIP) 86B (TRIP)
R9-R10 A/R QA11 Lock-out R9-R10 A/R QA11 Lock-out
A/R Initiate (from OHL) A/R Initiate (from OHL)
R11-R12 R11-R12
To QA11/31 To QA11/31
3ph Trip (UGC) 3ph Trip (UGC)
K5-K6 Trip, coil 2 K5-K6 Trip, coil 2
3ph Trip
94B 3ph Trip
94B
K9-K10 K9-K10
DTT B Receive
DTT-B R i 50/51R TEE2 (1-3;1-4) DTT B Receive
DTT-B R i 50/51R TEE2 (1-3;1-4)
K13-K14 27/59 (18-20) K13-K14 27/59 (18-20)
A/R QA31 Blocked 63-T A/R QA31 Blocked 63-T
DTT-B Receive Shunt trip DTT-B Receive Shunt trip
K15-K16 49-T K15-K16 49-T
26-T (1): replaced by a 4M 26-T (1): replaced by a 4M
7SD522 Line Shunt trip 7SD522 Line Shunt trip
4.3 Power swing and Out of Step 4.3 Power swing and Out of Step
Distance Protection Distance Protection

Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

Issue C3 Issue C3
Last Release : June 2012 Last Release : June 2012

1 1

Program Program
PART 1 : Power swing and Out of Step PART 1 : Power swing and Out of Step

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2
 PART 1 : Power swing and Out of Step PART 1 : Power swing and Out of Step
Blocking or Tripping logic Blocking or Tripping logic

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 3

Power swing
g conditions Power swing
g conditions

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

X X

v v

t t
Load R Load R

i, S i, S

TS ~ 0.2 to 2 s TS ~ 0.2 to 2 s

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 4
Zone 1 Mho Relay Zone 1 Mho Relay
● Will not operate
p for load or ● Will not operate
p for load or
stable power swing stable power swing
● Ø1, Ø2, Ø3, = Angles ● Ø1, Ø2, Ø3, = Angles
K between system voltages at K between system voltages at
ZS ‘K’ and ‘L’ ZS ‘K’ and ‘L’
Ø increases as power Ø increases as power
HH swing HH swing
approaches relay at G approaches relay at G
Z1 ● ‘J’ is point where power Z1 ● ‘J’ is point where power
Ø3 J Ø swing enters relay Ø3 J Ø swing enters relay
2
L 2
L
characteristic
c a acte st c characteristic
c a acte st c
O O
G Ø1 ● At ‘J’ the angle between G Ø1 ● At ‘J’ the angle between
A A
voltages at ‘G’ & ‘H’ is 90° voltages at ‘G’ & ‘H’ is 90°
ZS D ZS D
● Normal limit of angleg ● Normal limit of angleg
G between voltages at ‘G’ & G between voltages at ‘G’ &
Power Swing Locus ‘H’ for load is of the order of Power Swing Locus ‘H’ for load is of the order of
L 30°
L 30°

=> Angle criteria for power swing detection is possible => Angle criteria for power swing detection is possible

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 5

Comparison between Stability of Mho and Comparison between Stability of Mho and
Quadrilateral Impedance Elements during Quadrilateral Impedance Elements during
a Power Swing jX a Power Swing jX

Power Power
Swing Swing
Locus Locus

 

R R

Angle criteria for power swing detection is not possible Angle criteria for power swing detection is not possible
Use
U off an iimpedance
d criteria
it i for
f quadrilateral
d il t l characteristics
h t i ti Use
U off an iimpedance
d criteria
it i for
f quadrilateral
d il t l characteristics
h t i ti

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 6
Power System Stability Power System Stability

Out of Step Blocking and Tripping Out of Step Blocking and Tripping

System Stability Principle System Stability Principle

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 7

Power System
y Stabilityy Power System
y Stabilityy
● Cause : ● Cause :
● Loss
L off generator,
t line
li swithching,
ith hi lload
d rejection
j ti andd lloss off excitation
it ti ● Loss
L off generator,
t line
li swithching,
ith hi lload
d rejection
j ti andd lloss off excitation
it ti
● Fault not cleared within correct time, ● Fault not cleared within correct time,
● When power systems are heavily loaded and number of multiple outages ● When power systems are heavily loaded and number of multiple outages
occur withith a short
h t period
i d off titime. occur withith a short
h t period
i d off titime.

● Consequence : ● Consequence :
● Voltage and machine angular instability ● Voltage and machine angular instability
● Loss of synchronism between a generator and the rest of the utility system ● Loss of synchronism between a generator and the rest of the utility system
y
● Loss of synchronism between interconnected power
p systems
y of y
● Loss of synchronism between interconnected power
p systems
y of
neighboring utilities neighboring utilities

● Objective
j : ● Objective
j :
● Separate generator or system operating asynchronously to avoid ● Separate generator or system operating asynchronously to avoid
widespread outages and equipment damage. widespread outages and equipment damage.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 8
 Power System
y Stabilityy Power System
y Stabilityy
● General practice to avoid such instability : ● General practice to avoid such instability :
● Use of Undervoltage and underfrequency relays
relays, ● Use of Undervoltage and underfrequency relays
relays,
● Load shedding, ● Load shedding,
● Generator tripping, … ● Generator tripping, …

● Islanding of power systems : ● Islanding of power systems :

● => Out of Step Tripping at preselected network locations (OTS) ● => Out of Step Tripping at preselected network locations (OTS)
● => Out of Step Blocking at other locations (OSB) to avoid any ● => Out of Step Blocking at other locations (OSB) to avoid any
operation of other protections operation of other protections

● Objective / Risk : ● Objective / Risk :

● Avoid tripping of other distance, voltage or over-current protections ● Avoid tripping of other distance, voltage or over-current protections

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 9

Example
p 1 Example
p 2 Example
p 1 Example
p 2
Heavy Heavy
network Heavy network Heavy
network network

PSW blocking PSW blocking

OST tripping Long line OST tripping Long line

PSW blocking PSW blocking

pp g
OST tripping pp g
OST tripping

Local Local
generation generation
OST tripping PSW blocking Heavy OST tripping PSW blocking Heavy
network network
Small Small
hydro plant hydro plant
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 10 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 10
Power System
y Stabilityy Power System
y Stabilityy
● Time constants : ● Time constants :
● 10 to
t 20 seconds d ffor ‘’normal’’
‘’ l’’ rotor
t angle
l unstability
t bilit d
due tto ● 10 to
t 20 seconds d ffor ‘’normal’’
‘’ l’’ rotor
t angle
l unstability
t bilit d
due tto
insufficient damping of oscillations insufficient damping of oscillations
● 3 to 5 seconds for loss of instbility in case of large disturbances ● 3 to 5 seconds for loss of instbility in case of large disturbances
(0 5 to 2 h
(0.5 hertz ffor power swing
i wave fform)) (0 5 to 2 h
(0.5 hertz ffor power swing
i wave fform))
● 0,4 to 4 hertz for instable swings ● 0,4 to 4 hertz for instable swings
● Generally,y the acceleration of a system
y followingg a fault will depend
p ● Generally,y the acceleration of a system
y followingg a fault will depend
p
on the global inertia of the network as per the relation (Pm-Pa)/2H on the global inertia of the network as per the relation (Pm-Pa)/2H
in rd/s/s in rd/s/s

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 11

General theory
y General theoryy

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 12
General theory
y General theoryy

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 13

Effect of a fault on the steady state Effect of a fault on the steady state
s stem
system s stem
system

»New system impedance »New system impedance

»Effect
ect o
of tthe
e fault
au t o
on tthe
e max
a Power
o e capab
capability
ty »Effect
ect o
of tthe
e fault
au t o
on tthe
e max
a Power
o e capab
capability
ty

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 14
Effect of the fault on machine angle Effect of the fault on machine angle

Stable system Unstable system Stable system Unstable system

»Prefault condition : Pm (provided mechanical power) = Pe (Provided Electrical power, or »Prefault condition : Pm (provided mechanical power) = Pe (Provided Electrical power, or
consumption)
p ) ; (no
( loss assumption).
p ) ((P0 ; δ0)) consumption)
p ) ; (no
( loss assumption).
p ) ((P0 ; δ0))
»During fault :loss of voltage => reduction of Pe => acceleration of the machine => »During fault :loss of voltage => reduction of Pe => acceleration of the machine =>
increasing of internal angler from δ0 to δc (fault clearance time) increasing of internal angler from δ0 to δc (fault clearance time)
»Post fault : At δc, the generator will produce more electrical power than required and »Post fault : At δc, the generator will produce more electrical power than required and
more than mechanical power, not changed during fault. => deceleration of the machine up to more than mechanical power, not changed during fault. => deceleration of the machine up to
final angle δf. final angle δf.
»Criteria for stability : Area 1 & 2 must be equal, which mean that energy lost during »Criteria for stability : Area 1 & 2 must be equal, which mean that energy lost during
d
deceleration
l ti = energy gained
i dd during
i acceleration:
l ti δf mustt be
b less
l than
th δL,
δL d
deceleration
l ti = energy gained
i dd during
i acceleration:
l ti δf mustt be
b less
l than
th δL,
δL

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 15

Stability criteria, first conclusions Stability criteria, first conclusions

»First criteria : sufficient damping of the system so that δf does not reach or exceed δL »First criteria : sufficient damping of the system so that δf does not reach or exceed δL
»Second criteria : Initial power angle with sufficient margin , => system not too heavy »Second criteria : Initial power angle with sufficient margin , => system not too heavy
loaded loaded
»Third criteria : Fault is cleared as quickly as possible to reduce as much as possible »Third criteria : Fault is cleared as quickly as possible to reduce as much as possible
the difference angle δc – δ0, and therefore, the energy lost during the difference angle δc – δ0, and therefore, the energy lost during
acceleration acceleration
»Fourth criteria : reduce as much as possible the tripping time delay between both sides »Fourth criteria : reduce as much as possible the tripping time delay between both sides
of the line after fault occurrence (see under example) of the line after fault occurrence (see under example)
des

des
Voltage at both sid

Voltage at both sid

Fault on xxx – yyy 230kV line, without teleprotection scheme Fault on xxx – yyy 230kV line, without teleprotection scheme
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 16
Consequences of instability on Consequences of instability on
protective
t ti system
t protective
t ti system
t
Voltage and current during loss of synchronism, on safety lines Voltage and current during loss of synchronism, on safety lines

Current

Current
Voltage

Voltage
Maximal current and minimum voltage : Maximal current and minimum voltage :
=> Unwanted tripping of Overcurrent protection and Distance protection may => Unwanted tripping of Overcurrent protection and Distance protection may
occur. occur.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 17

Effect on distance protection : Effect on distance protection :

Impedance Trajectory Impedance Trajectory

Impedance Impedance
trajectory trajectory

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 18
Line to be disconnected Line to be disconnected

Determination of electrical zero and choice of line to disconnect for islanding of Determination of electrical zero and choice of line to disconnect for islanding of
electrical systems electrical systems

Consequence : the location of the electrical zero center depends on the Consequence : the location of the electrical zero center depends on the
impedance of each sub system and voltage magnitude of generators (and impedance of each sub system and voltage magnitude of generators (and
therefore load sign)
therefore, sign). therefore load sign)
therefore, sign).

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 19

Effect of power swing or OST on Effect of power swing or OST on

protection system protection system
»First effect : pick-up of instantaneous overcurrent relays (directional or »First effect : pick-up of instantaneous overcurrent relays (directional or
non directionnal) non directionnal)

»Second effect : Unwanted tripping of distance protection including »Second effect : Unwanted tripping of distance protection including
unblocked zone 1 unblocked zone 1

»Third effect : Unwanted tripping of distance protection which could detect »Third effect : Unwanted tripping of distance protection which could detect
a power swing in time delayed zones
zones, not blocked by a a power swing in time delayed zones
zones, not blocked by a
permissive or blocking scheme. permissive or blocking scheme.

»Fourth effect : tripping of protection at position where the current value is »Fourth effect : tripping of protection at position where the current value is
at its maximum, with high risk of circuit breaker damaging. at its maximum, with high risk of circuit breaker damaging.

»Fift effect : Loss of generators by tripping of auxiliary services due to low »Fift effect : Loss of generators by tripping of auxiliary services due to low
voltage voltage

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 20
Protection system determination Protection system determination
»First criteria : choose distance protection able to determine directionnality »First criteria : choose distance protection able to determine directionnality
even without threephase voltages even without threephase voltages

»Second criteria : Choose protective relays able to track network frequency »Second criteria : Choose protective relays able to track network frequency
in order to avoid any error in the distance, directionnal in order to avoid any error in the distance, directionnal
and impedance calculation
calculation. and impedance calculation
calculation.

»Third criteria : Choose relays which can detect stable power swing (OSB) »Third criteria : Choose relays which can detect stable power swing (OSB)
and out of step conditions (OST).
(OST) These relays must also and out of step conditions (OST).
(OST) These relays must also
be unlocked in case of faults during Out of Step Blocking. be unlocked in case of faults during Out of Step Blocking.

»Fourth criteria : Place such protection for islanding networks at a location »Fourth criteria : Place such protection for islanding networks at a location
where the final loads and generation resources will be where the final loads and generation resources will be
balanced between the two separate subsystems. balanced between the two separate subsystems.

»Fift criteria : Place OST relay at a location where three phase currents can »Fift criteria : Place OST relay at a location where three phase currents can
be interrupt easier. be interrupt easier.
=> not necessarily at electrical zero, => not necessarily at electrical zero,
=> provide inter tripping facilities
facilities. => provide inter tripping facilities
facilities.

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 21