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Course Title Irrigation Engineering

Irrigation
Course Number WREE 4101
Module Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
ECTS Credits 5
Contact Hours Lecture 2, Tutorial 3

Engineering
(per week)
Objectives & •To understand the concepts of irrigation engineering
Competences to be •To know about the relationship between soil, water and
plant, optimization of water for irrigation and the
Acquired design criteria for irrigation canals

WREE-IV Successful students:

• Describe the water requirement of various crops,
• Design irrigation canals in actual field conditions
• Expected to use software based on this course

Course Description/Course Contents Course Description/Course Contents….Cont’d

 1. Introduction (5 hrs)  4. Canal irrigation system (12 hrs)
 Definition, necessity, benefits, ill-effects  alluvial and non alluvial canals
 Scope of Irrigation Engineering  design of irrigation channel
 Water resources and Irrigation In Ethiopia  5. Irrigation structures (12 hrs)
 2. Soil water plant relationship (9 hrs)  diversion
 Physical and chemical properties  conveyance and distribution
 Soil water availability  field distribution system
 Hydraulic conductivity  6. CROPWAT – software (10 hrs)
 Infiltration and permeability  7. Surface irrigation methods(7hrs)
 Water movement in soil  Design of border irrigation
 3. Water requirement of crops (9 hrs)  Design of basin irrigation
 Duty and delta  Design of furrow irrigation
 Estimation of crop water requirement  8. Land levelling (9 hrs)
 Net irrigation requirement and Gross irrigation requirement  Land preparation
 Irrigation efficiency  Small scale land leveling
 Depth and frequency of irrigation.  Traditional approach
 Cut/fill ratio

Course Description/Course Contents…Cont’d Pre-requisites WREE2081–surface hydrology, WREE2072–Open Ch.

Hydraulics
Status of Course Major
Teaching & Learning Lectures, Discussion, Assignments
9. Pressurized irrigation systems (7 hrs) Methods
 Design of sprinkler irrigation Evaluation  Mid exam (30 %),
 Design of trickle irrigation  Final exam (50 %),
 Uniformity coefficient  Continuous assignments (20%)
Attendance  Minimum 80 % attendance
 Clogging and filtration
Requirements
Literature 1. Irrigation and Drainage Performance Assessment:
Practical guidelines by Marinus
GijsberthusBos,D.J.Mmolden,m.A.S.
2. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures; by
Santosh Kumar Garg (Hardcover - 2006).
3. Irrigation practice and irrigation engineering: Part
1, use of irrigation water and irrigation practice by
Bernard A Etcheverry (Hardcover - 2000).

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Outline
Chapter One • Definition
• Objectives
• Necessity
• Benefits
Introduction • Ill-effects
• Irrigation: Globally and Ethiopia
• Requirements for successful irrigation
• Sources of irrigation water
• Irrigation classification

7 Irrigation

Objectives:
INTRODUCTION
• Supply water totally or partially (main)
• Definition: • Leaching:
– to wash out salts
- the application (artificial) of water
– quality of water
- supplement natural precipitation
• Control of wind erosion
- provide optimum environment for crop
• Improving consistency of a soil
• Movement of water by people to plants – good operating medium
• Regulating heat stress
– quality products (perishable horticultural crops)

Objectives:….Cont’d Necessity of irrigation

• Adequate quantities of water throughout
• Carrier of chemicals – continuous & reliable supply of water
–fertigation, • Factors that govern necessity:
– Insufficient rainfall
–chemigation – Uneven distribution of RF
• Stratification of harvesting periods – Perennial crops (sugarcane).. Supplemental
– Development of agriculture in arid (semi)
–manipulation of marketing periods area

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PROBLEMS AND RISKS(ILL-EFFECTS)

Benefits of Irrigation
• Objectives….  Outbreak of water borne diseases
• Food source (famine)…Egypt If not properly managed
• Yield  Water logging problem (High water table)
– Double cropping(3x)… 100 to 400% Over irrigation
– 18% of irrigated land :40% of global food Lack of drainage
• Income…..  Salinity and Sodicity
– Cash crops (high value crops) Salinization :
– Employment
Salt added with water
• Hydropower
Not enough irrigation (leaching)
• Fishery
• Navigation Lack of drainage
Sodification affects soil structure

PROBLEMS AND RISKS….Cont’d PROBLEMS AND RISKS…Cont’d

 Relatively expensive  Groundwater over exploitation
 Construction  pump technology, subsidy
 Operation and Maintenance  difficult to control
 Tail end Problem  Social differentiation
 Seepage  Small and big landowners and landless
 Stealing  Gender issues
 Excess water  Livelihoods and Ecosystems
 Ground water pollution  Large dams
 leaching of fertilizers  Intensive large scale irrigation

Irrigation: Globally and Ethiopia

Scope of irrigation
• The Tigris –Euphrates Valley 6000yrs ago
– Soil science - soil physical and chemical properties • India & the far –East for nearly 5000yrs
– Agronomy - crops to be grown
– Hydrology – rainfall/runoff characteristics of an area • 70% of all water withdrawn worldwide
– Hydraulics - types of flows, open channels etc …Agriculture
– Surveying - layout operations, land leveling etc
• 18% of the cultivated area is irrigated,
– Social science - the surrounding community
– supplying 40% of the global food production
• may accept it or not
– Economics - cost-benefit analysis
• Has increased from 50 mha (million hectares)
in 1900 to 277+ Mha (2003)

17 Irrigation

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Countries with more than 33% of agric. area under

Arable land and irrigation irrigation
• In 2000:
– 42% of arable land in Asia was irrigated,
– 31% in the Near East and North Africa,
– 14% in Latin America and the Caribbean,
– 4% in Sub-Saharan Africa

Irrigation…Ethiopia Distribution of Irrigation Potential by Basin

1. Wabishebele Basin 205,395ha
• Water Resources Potential of Ethiopia 2. Abbay Basin(Nile) 719,088ha
– Ethiopia has 12 river basins 3. Genale Dawa Basin 1,074,720ha
4. Tekeze Basin 124,288ha
– Surface water resources potential 5. Awash Basin 230,610ha
….123bm3 6. Mereb Basin 7381ha
• (Baro Akobo, Abbay, Tekeze and Omo Ghibe 7. Rift Valley Basin 63,720ha
basins contribute 80% - 90%) 8. Baro Akobo Basin 486,299ha
– Ground water resources potential ……2.6bm3 9. Omo Ghibe 70,275 ha
??? 10. Danakil 88,246ha
11. Ogaden -----
12. Aysha 4300ha

Irrigation … Ethiopia Irrigation … Ethiopia

• Traditional irrigation … very old • On going irrigation projects
– small schemes and …. simple river diversions – Kesem & Tendeho Irrigation Projects (90,000 ha)
• “Modern" irrigation…. early 1950s – Ethiopian Nile Irrigation & Drainage Projects
• Arjo- Dedesa- Abay basin (14,300 ha )
– commercial irrigated sugar estate • Humera_Tekeze basin (43,000 ha )
• HVA-Ethiopia (the Dutch company) • Gumara-lake Tana/Abay (14,000 ha)
• Potential irrigable land = 3.7Mha – Lake Tana sub basin irrigation project
• Area irrigated till 1991: 176,015 ha, • NE lake Tana 62,457 ha,..Rib,Megech and Anger(20,000)
• In 1998: 197,250 ha – Koga Irrigation Project.
• Abay basin (7,000 ha)
• 2004/5: 0.25Mha. Estimated (MoWR)
– Lake Abbaya Sub-basin Irrigation Project
• 6.7 % of the potential • Gelana, Gidabo and Billate (31,920 ha. )

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Irrigation … Ethiopia Problems in irr. Dev’t

• On going irrigation projects
– Ziway Irrigation Project • Lack of maps
• Rift Valley Lakes Basin (15,500 ha) – Demarcation of dev’t potentials, river basin
– Wabi Shabele Basin Irrigation Project boundaries, detail study, etc.
• Gololcha ,Errer, Iliyon and Buldaho (52,920 ha) • Available scale; 1:250,000,
– Raya Valley Pressurized Irrigation • 1: 50,000 1; 20, 000 are needed. (1: 10, 000)
• Danakil dry basin (ground water)/18 000 ha • Lack of hydrological data
– Kobo-Girana – Most rivers are not gauged (except Major
• Danakil, partly Awash (17,000 ha) rivers)
– Wolkyte Irrigation Project • Lack of resources
• Tekeze basin (40,000 ha)
– Skilled manpower not adequate
– Wolenchiti (15(8),000 ha) finished???
– Inadequate capital.
– Gode……

Problems in irr. Dev’t…Cont’d Requirements for successful irr.

• Land capability
• Operation & maintenance – Capacities & limitations of each soil
– Poor condition: • Moisture storage
• Administration of supply, • Water
• Maintenance & Repair – Enough to meet the needs of the crops
– Mainly due to: – Water supply =f (climate, area, crop type)
• Lack of trained manpower, • Adequate labor
• Maintenance tools – requires more labor than rain-fed agriculture

Considerations in planning Irri. systems

Req’ts for successful irr…Cont’d
i) Location:
• Climate – investigate available resources in the area
– Very important factor • Climate,
• Adequate capital • Adequate water in quality and quantity,
• Land with good agricultural potential (soil)
– Initial capital to install, operate & maintain
• Good topography,
• Others: • Availability of labor (sophisticated or not),
– Effective agronomic practices (soil & water) • Land tenure,
• Marketing,
– Control of plant diseases
• Transport facilities etc.

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Considerations in Planning….Cont’d Considerations in Planning….Cont’d

ii) Crops to be grown: Others
– available resources as well as marketability • Systems of Applying Water:
– Surface (90% worldwide),
iii) Water Supply: – Sprinkler(5%),
• Sources of water – Trickle and Sub-irrigation(5%)
– Quantity and quality iv) Water demand
• Engineering works (e.g. pumping) – Water requirement of a crop
• Conveyance System: • Evapo-transpiration + others
– Gravity e.g. open channels v) Project management
– Closed conduits e.g. pipes. – How to manage the irrigation system
• Water measuring device (weirs, orifice , flume)

Sources of Irrigation Water

Water Quality
• Surfaces sources
– Streams/rivers • Water quality can be affected by:
– Lakes, sea – Presence of salts [Na+]
– Reservoirs – Presence of boron
– Water from organization (drainage, waste)
– Organic matter and other suspended
– Snow
solids
• Sub-surfaces (Ground water) • Algae, fungi, plant material
– Wells
– Spring
• Volume and quality should be studied

IRRIGATION CLASSIFICATIONS
• Size (small, medium and large)
• Application method (surface, sprinkler, drip)
• Source (surface, ground water or conjunctive)
• Conveyance (gravity or lift)
• Type (full or supplementary)
• Supply or demand based
• Control (upstream or downstream)
• Water scheduling (continuous or rotation)
• Payment (area based or volumetric based)
• Productive or protective