KEY CONCEPTS

MATRICES

1. Definition : Rectangular array of mn numbers . Unlike determinants it has no value.

 a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n   a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n 
   
 a 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n   a 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n 
A =  : : : :  or  : : : : 
   
a m1 a m2 ...... a m n   a m1 a m 2 ...... a m n 

Abbreviated as : A =  a i j  1  i  m ; 1  j  n, i denotes the row and

j denotes the column is called a matrix of order m × n.

2. Special Type Of Matrices :

(a) Row Matrix : A = [ a11 , a12 , ...... a1n ] having one row . (1 × n) matrix.
(or row vectors)
 a 11 
 

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 a 21 
(b) Column Matrix : A=  :  Si having one column. (m × 1) matrix
(or column vectors)  
 a m1 
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om  n)
An m  n matrix all whose entries are zero .
 0 0  0 0 0
A =  0 0  is a & B =  0 0 0
.B
3  2 null matrix is 3  3 null matrix
 0 0   0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
1 2 3 4
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2 5 1 1
  2 5
1 1
(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n. 
3 6
 
(f) Square Matrix : (Order n) 2 4

If number of row = number of column  a square matrix.

Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aj i are called Conjugate Elements .
 a 11 a 12 
e.g.  
 a 21 a 22 
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The qty  ai i = trace of the matrice written as , i.e. tr A
 Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denote as
ddia (d1 , d2 , ....., dn) all elements
except the leading diagonal are zero
 1 3  2  1 0 0
   
A = 0 2 4 ; B =  2  3 0
    diagonal Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
0 0 5  4 3 3
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular  d1 0 0 
0  1 if i  j
ai j = 0  i > j ai j = 0  i < j
 d2 0  aij =  
 0 if i  j
Note that : Minimum number of zeros in  0 0 d 3 
a triangular matrix of Note: (1) If d1 = d2 = d3 = a Scalar Matrix
order n = n(n–1)/2 (2) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 1 Unit Matrix
Note: Min. number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n(n – 1)
"It is to be noted that with square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the elements of A in the
same order."
3. Equality Of Matrices :
Let A = [a i j ] & B = [b i j ] are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order . (ii) ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j.

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4. Algebra Of Matrices : Si
Addition :  
A + B = a i j  b i j where A & B are of the same type. (same order)
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative.
i.e. A+B = B+A A=mn ; B=mn
(b) Matrix addition is associative .
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Note : A , B & C are of the same type.
(c) Additive inverse.
.B

If A + B = O = B + A A = m n
5. Multiplication Of A Matrix By A Scalar :
a b c  ka k b kc 
If A = b c a ;k A =  k b kc ka 
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c a b   kc ka kb 
  
6. Multiplication Of Matrices : (Row by Column)
AB exists if , A = m  n & B= np
23 33
AB exists , but BA does not  AB  BA
 A  prefactor
Note : In the product AB , 
 B  post factor

 b1 
b 
2
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) & B=  : 
 
 b n 
1n n1
A B = [a1 b1 + a2 b2 + ...... + an bn]
n
 
If A = a i j m  n & B = bi j   n  p matrix , then (A B)i j = 
r 1
ai r . br j
 Properties Of Matrix Multiplication :
1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative .
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
A =  0 0 ; B =  0 0  ; AB =  0 0  ; BA =  0 0 
       
 AB  BA (in general)
 1 1   1 1   0 0
2. AB =  2 2   1 1 =  0 0   AB = O   A = O or B = O
     
Note: If A and B are two non- zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of
zero. Also if [AB] = O  | AB |  | A | | B | = 0  | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 but not the converse.
If A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA  A and B commute each other
(ii) AB = – BA  A and B anti commute each other
3. Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :
If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
4. Distributivity :
A (B  C)  A B  A C 
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A  B) C  A C  BC

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5. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :
For a square matrix A , A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .

6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL :
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Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m  N.

If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the
.B
polynomial f (x).
DEFINITIONS :
(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
Note that An = A  n > 2 , n  N.
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(b) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m  N, if

Am = O , Am–1  O.
(c) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix is which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K,
is a periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(d) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix.
Note that A = A–1 for an involutary matrix.
7. The Transpose Of A Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)
Let A be any matrix . Then , A = ai j of order m  n
 AT or A = [ aj i ] for 1  i  n & 1  j  m of order n  m
Properties of Transpose : If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,
(a) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
IMP. (b) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB.
(c) (AT)T = A
(d) (k A)T = k AT k is a scalar .
General : (A1 , A2 , ...... An)T = A Tn , ....... , A 2T , A1T (reversal law for transpose)
8. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :
 
A square matrix A = a i j is said to be ,
symmetric if ,
ai j = aj i  i & j (conjugate elements are equal) (Note A = AT)
n ( n  1)
Note: Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
and skew symmetric if ,
ai j =  aj i  i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are additive inverse
of each other) (Note A = –AT )
Hence If A is skew symmetric, then
ai i =  ai i ai i = 0  i
Thus the digaonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero , but not the converse .
Properties Of Symmetric & Skew Matrix :
P  1 A is symmetric if AT = A
T
A is skew symmetric if A =  A
P  2 A + AT is a symmetric matrix
A  AT is a skew symmetric matrix .
Consider (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A = A + AT
A + AT is symmetric .

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Similarly we can prove that A  AT is skew symmetric .
Si
P  3 The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and
the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix .
Let AT = A ; BT = B where A & B have the same order .
(A + B)T = A + B
Similarly we can prove the other
.B
P  4 If A & B are symmetric matrices then ,
(a) A B + B A is a symmetric matrix
(b) AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix .
P  5 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
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1 1
A= (A + AT) + (A  AT)
2 2
P Q
Symmetric Skew Symmetric

9. Adjoint Of A Square Matrix :

 a11 a12 a13 
 
Let A=  
aij =  a 21 a 22 a 23  be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the
a a 33 
 31 a 32
 C11 C12 C13 
 
cofactors of [ai j ] in determinant A is =  C 21 C 22 C 23  .
C 
 31 C32 C33 
 C11 C 21 C 31 
 
Then (adj A) =  C12 C 22 C32 
C 
 13 C 23 C33 
V. Imp. Theorem : A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A = |A| In , If A be a square matrix of order n.
Note : If A and B are non singular square matrices of same order, then
(i) | adj A | = | A |n – 1
(ii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(iii) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A), K is a scalar
Inverse Of A Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix) :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A 1 . Thus
A 1 = B  A B = I = B A .
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A 1 A (adj A) = A 1 In 
In (adj A) = A 1 A In
(adj A)
 A 1 =
|A|
Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A 0.
Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices ofthe same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1. This is reversal

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law for inverse. Si
Note :
(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (a) (A 1) 1 = A ; (b) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k  N
(iii) If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA
(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .
.B

1
(v) | A–1 | =
|A|
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 1 0   0 1
6. If AB = A and BA = B, then B2 is equal to
1. If I =  0 1  , J   1 0  = and B = (A) B (B) A
   
(C) I (D) 0
 cos  sin  
  sin  cos   then B is equal to
  7. If A = diag (2, –1, 3), B = diag (–1, 3, 2),
(A) I cos  + J sin then
(B) I cos– Jsin A2 B equal to
(C) I sin+ Jcos (A) diag (5, 4, 11)
(D) –I cos+ Jsin (B) diag (–4, 3, 18)
(C) diag (3, 1, 8)
2. The number of different orders of a matrix (D) B
having 12elements is
(A) 3 (B) 1 8. If the matrix AB is a zero matrix, then
(C) 6 (D) None of these (A) A = O or B = O
(B) A = O and B = O
x2  x x  0 1 0 2 (C) It is not necessary that either A = O or
3.     then x is B=O

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 3 2   x  1 x   5 1 
(D) All the above statements are wrong
equal to
(A) –1
(C) 1
(B) 2
Si
(D) No value of x
9.
2 1
Which relation true for A =  1 2  , B =
 

1  5 4 0   1 4
2    1 1 
 
4. If A =   and B =  0 2 1 , then
(A) (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2
.B
 3   1 3 2 
(B) (A – B)2 = A2 – 2AB + B2
 5 8 0  (C) AB = BA
 
(A) AB   0 4 2 (D) None of these
 3 9 6 
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(B) AB = [–2 –1 4] 10. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n

such
 1
  that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which
(C) AB   1  of the
 1 
following will be always true ?
(D) AB does not exist (A) AB = BA
(B) either of A or B is a zero matrix
1 3 2  x 
(C) either of A or B is an identity matrix
   (D) A = B
5. If [1 x 1] 0 5 1   1  = [0] then x is
0 3 2 2 2 1 4 1
11. A =  7 4  & B =  7 2 then BTAT is
   
1 1
(A)  (B) (A) a null matrix
2 2
(C) 1 (D) –1 (B) an identity matrix
(C) scalar, but not an identity matrix
(D) such that Tr (BT AT) = 4
12. If A is a non–singular matrix and AT denotes 2 4
(C)  3 5 (D) None of these
the transporse of A, then  
(A) |A| |AT| (B) |A.A|T  |A|2  1 3 1 0 
(C) |AT. A|  |AT|2 (D) |A| + |AT|  0 18. Given A =  2 2 ;I  0 1  . If A– I is a
   
singular matrix then
13. If A is a skew – symmetric matrix and n is (A)  (B) 
an even
(C)  (D) 
positive integer, then An is
(A) a symmetric matrix 19. From the matrix equation AB = AC, we
(B) a skew–symmetric matrix conclude
(C) a diagonal matrix B = C provided
(D) None of these (A) A is singular
(B) A is non–singular
14. Which one of the following is wrong ? (C) A is symmetric
(A) The elements on the main diagonal of a (D) A is a square
symmetric matrix are all zero

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(B) The elements on the main diagonal of a
20. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is
skew – symmetric matrix are all zero
(C) For any square matrix A, 1/2 (A + A') is
symmetric
Si (A) I – A
(C) A
(B) A– I
(D) A + I

(D) For any square matrix, 1/2 (A – A') is  0 0 1

 
skew – symmetric 21. Let A =  0 1 0  . The only correct
 1 0 0 
 1 2
.B
15. If A =  2 1  , then adj equal to statement about the matrix A is
 
(A) A is a zero matrix
1 2   2 1
(A)  2 1  (B)  1 1 (B) A = (–1) I, where I is a unit matrix
   
(C) A–1 does not exist
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1 2   1 2 (D) A2 = I
(C)  2 1 (D)  2 1
   
22. A and B be 3 × 3 matrices . Then AB = 0
implies
 3 3 4
  (A) A = 0 and B = 0
16. If A =  2 3 4 , then value of A–1 is equal (B) 0
 0 1 1 
(C) |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
to (D) A = 0 or B = 0
(A) A (B) A2
(C) A3 (D) A4 23. Which of the following statements is incor-
1 2 1 0 rect for a square matrix A. (|A| 0)
17. Let A = 3 5 and B =  0 2 and X be a (A) If A is a diagonal matrix, A–1 will also
   
matrix such that A = BX is equal to be a diagonal matrix
(B) If A is symmetric matrix , A–1will also
1 2 4 1  2 4 be a symmetric matrix
(A) 2  3 5 (B) 2  3 5 
  
 (C) If A–1 = A  A is an idempotent matrix
(D) If A–1= A A an involutary matrix 29. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is -
0 1 [AIEEE-2005]
24. If A =  0 0  . I is the unit matrix of order 2 (A) A + I (B) A
 
and a ,b are arbitrary constants,. then (aI + (C) A – I (D) I – A
bA)2 is equal to 1 0  1 0 
(A) a2 I + b2A (B) a2I = abA 30. If A = 1 1  and I =  0 1  , then which
   
(C) a2I + 2abA (D) None of these one of the following holds for all n  1, by
1 3  the principle of mathematical induction -
25. If A = 3 4 and A2–kA –5I2 = 0, then the [AIEEE-2005]
 
n
value of k is (A) A = nA – (n – 1) I
(A) 3 (B) 5 (B) An = 2n–1 A – (n – 1) I
(C) 7 (D) –7 (C) An = nA + (n – 1) I
(D) An = 2n–1A + (n – 1) I
26. If a matrix A is such that

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3A3 + 2A2 + 5A + I = 0, then A–1 is equal 31. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n
to- such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then
(A) –(3A2 +2 A +5)
(B) (3A2+2A + 5)
Si which of the following will be always true
– [AIEEE 2006]
(A) AB = BA
(C) (3A2–2 A–5)
(B) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
(D) none of these
(C) Either of A or B is an identity matrix
.B
0 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2  (D) A = B
   4 c 
27. If A = 1 2 3 , A-1 =  3
,  5 5  
 3 a 1  5/ 2 3/ 2 1/ 2 
 
then 32. Let A =  0  5  If |A2| = 25, then ||
 0 0 5 
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1
(A) a = 1, c = –1 (B) a = 2, c = – equals- [AIEEE 2007]
2
1 1 (A) 52 (B) 1
(C) a = –1, c = 1 (D) a  ,c 
2 2
1
(C) (D) 5
 1 1 1  5
 2 1 3
28. Let A =   and 10 B =
 1 1 1  33. If w  1 is the complex cube root of unity

 4 2 2  0 
 5 0 a 
and matrix H = 0  0  , then H70 is equal
 
  . If B is the inverse of matrix
 1 2 3  to [AIEEE 2011]
(A) H (B) 0
A, then is
(C) –H (D) H2
(A) –2 (B) –1
(C) 2 (D) 5
 1 0 0
  5a  b 
34. Let A =  2 1 0 . If u1 and u2 are column 39. If A =  3 2  and A adj A = A AT, then 5a
 3 2 1   
+ b is equal to : [AIEEE 2016]
1   0
 0   (A) 5 (B) 4
matrices such that Au1 =   and Au2 = 1  , (C) 13 (D) –1
 0  0
2 3 
then u1 + u2 is equal to [AIEEE 2012] 40. If A =  4 1  , then adj(3A2 + 12A) is
 
 1  1 equal to : [AIEEE 2017]
   
(A)  1  (B)  1   72 84  51 63
 0   1 (A)  63 (B) 84 72 
 51   
 1 1  51 84   72 63
    (C)  63 72  (D)  84
(C)  1 (D)  1    51 
 0   1

35. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices with P  Q. If  3/2 1/ 2 

r
1 1
P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of 41. If P =   and   and Q =
 1/ 2 3 / 2  0 1
(P2 + Q2) is equal to :
(A) 0 (B) –1
Si
[AIEEE 2012]
PAPT and x = PTQ2005 then x is equal to
[JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(C) –2 (D) 1
1 2005 
 1  3 (A)  0
   1 
36. If P =  1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3
.B
 2 4 4  4  2005 3 6015 
matrix A and |A| = 4, then  is equal to : (B)  
 2005 4  200 3 
[AIEEE 2013]
(A) 5 (B) 0 1 2  3 1 
(C) 4  
G

(C) 4 (D) 11  1 2  3

1  2005 2  3
37. If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that (D) 4  
 2  3 2005 
AAT = ATA and B = A–1AT, then BBT is equal
to [AIEEE 2014]
(A) I + B (B) I  1 0 0
(C) B–1 (D) (B–1)T  
42. Let P =  4 1 0  and I be the identity
1 2 2  16 4 1 
 
38. If A =  2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying the matrix of order 3. I F Q = [ qij] is a matrix
 a 2 b 
q 31  q32
equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identity such that P50 –Q = I, then q 21 equals
matrix, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal [JEEAdv.2016]
to [AIEEE 2015] (A) 52 (B) 103
(A) (2, 1) (B) (– 2, – 1) (C) 201 (D) 205
(C) (2, – 1) (D) (– 2, 1)
  2 5 50. If AAT = I and det(A) = 1, then -
1 5
43. If A – 2B =   and 2A – 3B =  , (A) Every element of A is equal to it's co-
3 7 0 7
factor.
then matrix B is equal to -
(B) Every element of A and it's co-factor
 4 5  0 6 are additive inverse of each other.
(A)  6 7  (B)  3 7 
    (C) Every element of A and it's co-factor
2 1  6 1 
are multiplicative inverse of each other.
(C) 3 2 
 (D) 0 1 
 (D) None of these
 

 cos  sin   51. Which of the following is an orthogonal

44. If A =   , then AA is equal
  sin  cos   matrix -
to -
6 / 7 2/ 7 3 / 7 
(A) A+ (B) A 2 / 7
(A)  3/ 7 6 / 7 
(C) A (D) none of these 3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7 
45. If number of elements in a matrix is 60 then
how many different order of matrix are pos- 6 / 7 2/ 7 3/ 7 
sible - 2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7 
(B) 

r
(A) 12 (B) 6 3 / 7 6/ 7 2 / 7 
(C) 24 (D) none of these
46. Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns.
Matrix B has y rows and 11 – y columns.
Si (C)
 6 / 7
2/ 7

2 / 7
3/ 7
3 / 7 
6 / 7 
Both AB and BA exist, then -  3 / 7 6/ 7 2 / 7 
(A) x = 3, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 3
6/ 7 2 / 7 3/ 7 
(C) x = 3, y = 8 (D) x = 8, y = 3 2/ 7 3 / 7 
.B
(D)  2/ 7
 6 / 7 2/ 7 3 / 7 
47. If A2 = A, then(I + A)4 is equal to -
(A) I + A (B) I + 4A 52. Let the matrix A and B be defined as A =
(C) I + 15A (D) none of these 3 2 3 1 
 and B  
G

  then the value of

2 1 7 3 
48. If the product of n matrices Det.(2A9B–1), is -
1 1   1 2   1 3  1 n  (A) 2 (B) 1
0 1  0 1  0 1  ...... 0 1  is equal to (C) –1 (D) –2
     

1 37 8  2 1  3 2  1 0 
the matrix   then the value of n is 53. If 7 4  A  5  ,
3   0 1 
then matrix
0 1    
equal to - A equals -
(A) 26 (B) 27  7 5  2 1
(C) 377 (D) 378 (A)  1 1 8  (B) 5 3 
   

7 1 5 3
49. If A is a skew symmetric matrix such that (C) 34 5  (D) 1 3 8 
   
ATA = I, then A4n–1  n  N  is equal to -
(A) – AT (B) I
(C) – I (D) AT
 0 5 60. Let three matrices A =
2
54. If A =   and (x) = 1 + x + x + ...... +
0 0  2 1  3 4 3 –4 
4 1  ; B = 2 
3
and C = 
3 
then
x16, then (A) =     –2

1 5  ABC   A( BC ) 2 
(A) 0 (B)   t r ( A)  tr    tr    tr
0 1   2   4 

1 5 0 5   A( BC )3 
(C)   (D) 1 1     ......   
0 0    8 

1 22
55. If M =   and M –M – I2 = O , then (A) 6 (B) 9
2 3 
(C) 12 (D) none of these
 equals -
(A) –2 (B) 2 0 1 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 
1 3  , A   4
 c 
(C) –4 (D) 4 61. If A =  2 1
3 ,
3 a 1  5 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2 

then -
 a 0 0 
1
56. If A   0 a 0  , then | A | | Adj A | is equal (A) a = 1, c = –1(B) a = 2, c = –

r
2
 0 0 a 

to -
(A) a25 (B) a27
Si (C) a = –1, c = 1(D) a = , c =
1
2
1
2
(C) a81 (D) none of these
a1 1 a12 a1 3
62. Let 0 = a 21 a 22 a 23 (where 0  0)
57. If A and B are square matrices of same order
.B
a 31 a 32 a 33
and AAT = I then (ATBA)10 is equal to -
(A) AB10AT (B) ATB10A and let 1 denote the determinant formed
(C) A10B10(AT)10 (D) 10ATBA by the cofactors of elements of 0 and 2
denote the determinant formed by the
cofactor at 1 and so on n denotes the
G

58. If A is a invertible idempotent matrix of determinant formed by the cofactors at n–

order n, then adj A is equal to -
1 then the determinant value of n is -
(A) (adj A)2 (B)  n

(C) A –1
(D) none of these (A) 20 n (B)  20
2

x 3 2  (C)  0n (D) 20

1 y 4 
59. Matrix A =  , if xyz = 60 and 8x +
2 2 z 

4y + 3z = 20, then A (adj A) is equal to -

64 0 0  88 0 0 
0 0  0
(A)  64 (B)  88 0 
 0 0 64   0 0 88 

68 0 0  34 0 0 
0 0 0 
(C)  68 0  (D)  34
 0 0 68   0 0 34 
 ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. A
14. A 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. D 22. C 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. C
27. A 28. D 29. D 30. A 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. B 39. A
40. B 41. A 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. C 47. C 48. B 49. D 50. A 51. A 52. D
53. A 54. B 55. D 56. D 57. B 58. ABC59.C 60. A 61. A 62. B

r
Si
.B
G