Masoneila'n No'ise Control 'Manual

NCM tE)

Nomenclature

Ct critical flow factor (varies with valve opening)

Cv actual required flow coefficient

nP :;::;: pressure drop PCP2 (bar) (psi)

d valve outlet diameter" (mm) (inches)

D downstream pipe size" (mm) (inches)

dsonic :;::;: valve outlet diameter which would cause sonic velocity (mm) (inches)

dBA 'A' weighted sound level (decibel)

'11 acoustical efficiency

f = frequency (Hz)

G = gas specific gravity at 15.6°C (60 OF) and 1013 mbar abs. (14.7 psia) calculated incornparison with air = 1

Gf gas specific gravity at flowing temperature and 1013 mbar abs. (14.7 psia) calculated in comparison with air;;;:; 1

288 52.0

Gf=G--=r Gf=G-,=-

coefficient of incipient cavitation fluid Mach number

number of steps of a multi-stage valve PI = upstream pressure (bar abs.) (psia]

P2 ;:; downstream pressure (bar abs.) (psia)

vapor pressure of liquid at upstream flowing temperature (bar sbs.l (psia)

sound power level (dB)

= gas flow rate at15.6"C (60°F) and 1013 mbar abs. (14.7 psia) (std.m3/h) (seth)

= sound pressure level (dB) measured 1 m downstream of the valve and at a distance of 1 m from the pipe

= sound pressure level (dB) at distance R (meters) (feet)

pipe attenuation factor (dB) acoustical efficiency factor (dB)

gas correction factor (dB) valve inlet pressure factor (dB)

steam superheat temperature factor (dB) fluid temperature factor (dB)

flow capacity (CvCf) factor (dB)

pipe wall thickness (rnm) (inches)

flow absolute temperature (OK) (OR)

(OK = 273 + °C) (OR = 460 + OF)

= degree of superheat temperature (oC) (0 F) = (gas, liquid, steam) flow rate (t/h) (lb/h) = compressibility factor (see Masoneilan

book for Control Valve Sizing)

PWL Q

SL

SLa SLe SLg SLp = SLs SLT = SLv zr

t

T =

Tsh W Z

• Except fo~ special cases, use nominal sizes

Table of Contents

A first approach to the selection of valves and cartridges can be made from the information and methods of catcutation given in this manual. However, the final solution to be adopted will be decided only after a complete studv by our expert engineers, who will take into account the effects of other related factors such as the arrangement of pipework, the possible presence of reflecting surfaces and so on.

control valve noise: introduction ...........•. aerodynamic noise prediction : conventional valves aerodynamic noise prediction: valve outlet velocity . atmospheric vent noise prediction •••••••..•..• hydrodynamic noise prediction .............•

reduction of aerodynamic control valve noise ....• 11

13

aerodynamic noise prediction : low-noise equipment control valve, LO-DB valve, plate and cartridge sizing formulas

. ~ . . . . . .• , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ._,

examples of practical applications •......•.•.•• critical flow factor Cf .. , ..........•••••••• commercial pipe wall thickness ....•.•••••••••

Masoneilan reserves the right to change, without previous notice, certain data given in this manual.

@ 1977 Masoneilan International, Inc.

• English UnUs

• Melric Units

Page 1 3 7 9

10

17 18 22 23

control valve noise : introduction

Noise pollution will soon become the third greatest menace to the human environment after air and water pollution. Since noise is a by-product of energy conversion, there will be increasing noise as the demand for energy for transportation, power, food and chemicals increases.

In the field of control equipment, noise produced by valves has become a focal point of attention triggered in part by enforcement of the Occupational Safety and Health Act which currently limits the duration of exposure to noise in industrial locations to the following levels:

duration of exposure, (hours)

90 95 100 105 110 115

8 4 2 1 1/2

% or less

Acoustic Terminology

What is Noise?

Noise is unwanted sound.

Sound

Sound is a form of vibration which propagates through elastic media such as air by alternately compressing and releasinq molecules of the media. Sound can be characterized by its frequency, spectral distribution, amplitude and duration.

Sound Frequency

Sound frequency is the number of times that a particular sound is reproduced in one second, i.e., the number oftimes that the sound pressure varies through a complete cycle in one second. The human response analogous to frequency is pitch.

Spectral Distribution

The spectral distribution refers to the arrangement of energy in the frequency domain. Subjectively, the spectral distribution determines the quality of the sound.

Sound Amplitude

Sound amplitude is the displacement of a sound wave relative to its "at rest" position. This factor is proportional to loudness.

Sound Intensity

Sound intensity is defined as the energy transmitted per unit area in the direction of propagation. This factor is also proportional to loudness.

Sound Power

The sound power of a source is the total acoustic energy radiated by the source per unit of time.

Sound Power Level

The sound power level of a sound source, in decibels, is 10 times the logarithm to the base lOaf the ratio of the sound power radiated by the source to a reference power. The reference power is usually taken as 111"12 watt.

Sound Pressure Level: SPL

The sound pressure level, in decibels, of a sound is 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the pressure of the sound to the reference pressure. The reference pressure is usually taken as 2xl ITs pascal (N/m2).

Decibel: dB

The decibel is a unit of level which denotes the ratio between two numerical units on a logarithmic scale. In acoustic terms, the decibel is generally used to express either a sound power level or a sound pressure level relative to a chosen reference level.

Human Response to Noise

Frequency

Given a sound pressure, the response of the human ear will ,depend on the frequency of the sound. Numerous tests indicate that the human ear is most sensitive to sound in the frequency region between 500 and 6000 Hz and particularly between 3000 and 4000 Hz.

Sound Weighting Networks

A weighting network biases the measured sound to conform to a desired frequency response. The most widely

control valve noise introduction

used network for environmental noise studies, the Aweighting network, is designed to bias the frequency spectrum to correspond with the frequency response of the human ear.

Changes in sound level

increase in human subjective
sound level response 2~
3 dB Just perceptible
5dB Clearly noticeable
10 dB Twice as loud
20dB Much louder Major Sources of Control Valve Noise

Mechanical Vibration

Mechanical noise is caused by the response of internal components within a valve to turbulent flow through the valve. Vortex shedding and turbulent flow impinging on components of the valve can induce vibration against neighboring surfaces. Noise generated by this type of vibration has a tonal characteristic. Possible cures for this type of noise include reduction of guide clearances, larger stem sizes, change in plug mass, or sometimes reversal of flow direction. Mechanical vibration is not normally encountered in control valve service.

Aerodynamic Noise

Aerodynamic noise is a direct result of the conversion of the mechanical energy of the flow into acoustic energy as the fluid passes through the valve restriction. The proportionality of conversion is called acoustical efficiency and is related to the valve pressure ratio.

Hydrodynamic Noise

Liquid flow noise, cavitation noise, and flashing noise can be generated by the flow of a liquid through a valve and piping system. Of the three noise sources, cavitation is the most serious because noise produced in this manner can be a sign that damage is occurring at some point in the valve or piping.

2

• •

20
cc 10
~
Cii
;>
CIl 0
_J e

J ~-10

CIl ....

c,

-g -20 :l

~

~ -30

s

Q)

a:: -40

-50



v ~ ......... r'\
V
V
/
/ a It')

8

§

It')

§

a

§

N

§

Frequency {Hz]

IEC Standard A-Weighting Curve for Sound Level Meters

Figure 1

Comparison of Intensity, Sound Pressure Level, and Common Sounds

relative
energy decibels example
intensity .
1 x 1014 140 Proximity to jet aircraft
1 x 1013 130 Threshold of pain
1 x 1012 120 Large chipping hammer
1 x 1011 110 Near elevated train
1 x 1010 100 Outside auto on highway
1 x 109 90 Voice - shouting
1 x 108 80 Inside auto at high speed
1 x 10' 70 Voice - conversational
1 x 106 60 Voice - face-to-face
1 x lOS 50 I nside general office
1 x 104 40 I nside private office
1 x 10" 30 Inside bedroom
1 x 102 20 Inside empty theater
1 x 101 10 Anechoic chamber
1 0 Threshold of hearing aerodynamic noise predidion : conventional valves

Definition

Aerodynamic noise is an intrinsic by- product of compressible flow throttling process within a control valve. Basically, for subcritical conditions where the jet velocity at the vena contracta is below sonic, control valve noise is generated by the intense turbulence created in the shear layer downstream of the vena contracta. For critical conditions, additional noise is induced by the interaction between the turbulence and the shock waves developed by the critical flow velodty.

In control valve applications, noise, once generated, propagates virtually unattenuated in the downstream piping. For this reason, it is important to limit the noise generation as opposed to reducing the noise with special pipe lagging systems.

Method for Estimating Aerottynamic Valve Noise Conceptually, the valve noise radiated into an environment in a closed system is first generated by the valve and transmitted into the downstream piping. This acoustic energy is then re-radiated into the surrounding environment by inducing or "driving" the pipe walls. Fortunately, the sound intensity is reduced dramatically through this process. The aggregate quantity of sound energy generated, denoted by the sound power, can be given in terms of the valve operating conditions as follows:

PWL a: log [CvCtP1T/TV2]

8im llartv, for the reduction in sound intensity provided by the pipe walls.

TL IX - log [Pz D3 TI/2 t3]

Because both terms are mathernaticallv similar, the expression for radiated sound level, e~ernal to the piping system, can be given by the following relationship: <D

For all gases except steam :

SL = 1010g[28CvCtPIP2D27]T/t3]+Slg For steam:

SL = 10 log [1.1 x 104 c.c.e, Pz DZ 1/ (1 + .0007 Tsh)6 It3] Where:

SL Sound level in dBA measured 3 feet downstream

and 3 feet frorruplpe surface

Cv Actual required flow coefficient

Cf Critical flow factor at actual lift

D Downstream pipe diameter [in.I

PI = Upstream pressure (psia)

Pz = Downstream pressure (psial 1/ = Acoustical efficiency

T = Absolute temperature (0 R) T sh = Superheat temperature (F) t = Pipe wall thickness (in.) SLg ,,; Gas property factor

In metric units, for all gases except steam:

8L = 10iog [2.6 x 105 CvCtP,P2021/T/t3]+Slg

_ EnllU.h Unit. _ ,,...,Ie Unit.

For steam :

SL = 10 log[5.Bx 107CvCfPIP2D21/(l +.00126Tsh}6/t3J

Where:
SL =
c, =
Cf =
D =
PI ;;;;;;
P2 =
11 =
T =
Tsh ""
t =
SLg = Sound level In dBA measured 1 meter downstream and 1 meter from pipe surface

Actual required flow cqefficient

Critical flow factor at actual lift

Downstream pipe diameter (mm)

Upstream pressure (bar abs.l

Downstream pressure (bar abs.l

Acoustical efficiency

Absolute temperature (OK)

Superheat temperature (oCI

Pipe wall thickness (mm)

Gas property factor

Gas Property Factor SLg

Gas SLg
Acetylene -.5
Air 0
Ammonia 1.5
Carbon Dioxide -3.0
Carbon Monoxide 0
Ethane -2.0
Ethylene -1.5
Helium -9
Hydrogen -9
Methane 2.0
Nitrogen 0
Oxygen -.5
I Propane -4.5
Natural Gas .5 Attenuation Factor SLa {Not equal to TLI

Pipe Schedule I
Pipe Size 40 80 160
(in.)
1 26.5 22.5 18
1.5 28.5 24.5 20
2 30.5 26 20
3 29.5 25 20.5
4 31 26 20.5
6 32 26.5 20
8 33 27 19.5
10 33 27 18.5 I
12 33.5 26.5 18.5
14 33.5 26.5 18
16 33 26.5 18
18 32.5 26 17.5
20 32.5 25.5 17
24 32.5 25 16.5 @ See" Noise Created by Control Valves in Compressible Service" by C. Reed, Masoneilan International, Inc.

3

aerodynamic noise prediction : conventional valves

A simplification of this method, using a graphical solution, is available as follows:

For all gases except steam:

SL= SLe + SLp + SLT + SLv + SLg + SLa For steam:

SL = SLe + SLp + SLv + SLa + SLs

Graphs and tables for each factor can be found on the following pages. When noise levels for Masoneilan low-noise valves are requ ired, the same. procedure can be used, except the value of 11 or SLe must be obtained from the charts on pages 14 and 15 for the particular valve trim desired.

The results of calculations have been found to ·be accurate to ± 5 dBA when measured in accordance with ISA-RP 59.2.

Peak Frequency

Because valve noise is typically broadband in nature throughout the audible frequency range, the frequency distribution measured outside the piping system will be determined by the pipe transmission characteristics. These acoustic transmission characteristics are associated with the higher-order acoustic modes. Consequently, it can be determined that the resultant peak frequencies, measured outside a pip!ng system which is acoustically excited by a control valve, will be located in the frequency bands containing :

25000 41000

f = ~ and f = ---:rro

where D is the nominal pipe diameter (in.)

6.35 x 105 1 X 106

f= andf=---

11'0 frD

where D is the nominal pipe diameter [rnrn)

Sound Radiation

Sound radiates from a piping. system in the form of a cylindrical acoustic source. That is, the sound level reduces by 3 dBA for each doubling of distance from the pipe.

(distance in ft.) SL(dist.l = SL -10 log --3---

SL(distJ = SL - 10 log {distance in rn.)

Erroneous interpretation of measured valve noise data is possible if the ambient noise levelis close to or higher than the expected valve sound level. In these circumstances, the measurement and data interpretation guidelines given in ISA-RP 59.2 are recommended. It is not advisable to extrapolate valve radiated noise without precise previous knowledge of the acoustic characteristics of the surrounding space (room constant) as well as the acoustic power output of other sources.

4

10.2
9
.8
7
6
5
4
3
2
"'"
~ 10"
Ii 9
:!i! B
= 7
w
1 6
'; 5
iI 4
.a.
3
2 10" 9 8 7 6 5



-
I :..- ..
b?
~ V
C,=0.6 /; K ....... CI=1.0
'\
Cj=O. 7,(/; /
1'0 I I
I II I I
I r-t.
I I <, I
I I C,=O.9
1
~
lL
!"C,=o.B
~ ,



I 1.5 2

3 4 5 6 7 B 910

15 20

p]iP2

Acoustical Efficiency: Conventional Valves P,/P2 > 1.5

Figun:2

Acoustical Efficiency 11 Pj/P2 ~ 1.5

P,1P2 11
ct-1 Ct-0.9 Ct -0.8 Ct-0.7 Ct -0.&
1.50 7 x 1 0-5 1 Ax 10-4 2.1 )(10-4 2.4x 10-4 3.8 )(10-4
1 . .40 5.2x 10-5 9.2x 1 0-5 1.5)( 10-4 2.2x 10-4 3.0x. 1 0-4
I 2.8)(10-5 5Ax 10-5 9.2 x 10-5 1 Ax 10-4 2.1><10-4
1.30
1.25 1.9x10-5 3.8xlO-5 6.8 x 1 0-5 1.1 x 1 0-4 1.6x 10-4
1.20 1.2x10-5 2.5)( 10-5 4.7 ><10-5 7.8x10-5 1.2x 1 0-4
1.15 6.4 x 10-6 lAx, 1 0-5 2.9 x 10-5 5.0X 10-5 8.'Ox 1 0-5
1.10 2.6x 10-6 6.6)( 10-6 1.4x10-5 2.7x 10-5 4.6x 10-5
1.05 5.4 x 10-7 1.7x 10-6 4.2x 1 0-6 9.1 X 10-6 1.7x10-5
1.01 1.4 x 10-8 6.6.x. 1 0-8 2.4x 1 0-7 7.1>< 10-7 1.7 x 10-6 -10

I
C,""'O.7 Let-o.6
\ -
~ ~ ~ \
Ct=1.0
W \
C,=O.9
V 'CI=O.8 ..J.

~ -20 s

:

~ -30 Ii

U

=

LlJ -40

B !

8 -50 C

-60 1.05

1.5

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0 7.0 6.0 9.0 10

15

20

Preaure Ratio PJ/PZ

SLe factor: Conventional Valves Figura 3

o

L.-~
I---i-"'"""C/L-
_.,. ~ ..... V --1/
I ~ ...... ./
. :, , ~~ V,...... ....... V ....
- I / ~ I
~ .... 1""""
, ~ ~/Vv
_.... ......
~
.... ~ vV..--/",
~ ". ~
.,..,. io"""'" v.... ./
- ~ /" /f""V ........
V ./
/ ,/ V .... I
........ ~
~~ r V !
/ ... V I
I ~ /Vv
L/
V /"" ~I"" , , I
V ./ ~~
-: ...", V
V
, 80

80

60

70

5Lp

40

60

st,

20

50

40

30

20

30 40 50607080 100

200 300 400 600 BOO 1 000

Valve Inlet Preaure (psi .• )

Valve Inlet Pressure factor: SLp Fillure 4

20

2000 3000 4000 6000

_ Engll.h Unite _ Metric Unlit

5

aerodynamic noise prediction : conventional valves

40

25


I
!
I , ~
I i
I '_" ~
~ ~
v
~
~
.,..
~ v
V
... I
I I
I I
I 35

20

150

200

300 400500 600 800 1000

2000

Absolute Tempenlture °Rankine when used in English system °Kelvin when used in Metric system

Fluid Temperature Factor: SLT

FilJlre 5

20 Sly

O~ __ ~~ __ ~~~~ __ ~~~ __ ~ __ ~~~~IL:' ~ ~ __ -L __ ~~~~~

2 3 4 66 7 8 9 10 16, 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 100

Actual F,ll)wCa~ity eye,

200 300 400 600 800

Flow Capacity Factor: SLy FilJlre6

6

aerodynamic noise prediction : conventional valves

20

80 100

Stllllm Superheat Temperature tel

300

400 500 '600

800

30

40

50 60

~r----+------~----+---+---r----T---T------------+-------~---+---T--~--~

SL.

Steam Temperature Factor: SI-.

Figura 7

valve outl'et velocity

Noise can be generated by a control valve both in the throttling area by the valve trim and in the valve outlet when fluid velocities are high. Valves should be sufficiently large so that sonic outlet velocities are avoided.

The following equations indicate the valve outlet diameter which will produce sonic outlet velocity. For noise sensitive app.lications, or where vibration is of concern, the actual outlet diametershould be larger than dsonic·

Gas

Steam

W(l + .0007 T sh) P-.z

dsonic ;; 0.12

Where:

dsonlc= Valve outlet diameter which would causa sonic velocity, in.

W IF'low rate, Ib/h

Pz Downstream pressure, psia

T = Flowing temperature, oR (460 + of)

_ Enllll.h Unit. • M.lrlc Unll.

T sh Steam superheat (OF)

G = Gas specific gravity (air = 1.0)

Q Gas flow rate at 14.7 psia and 60 OF., seth

Note: Actual valve outlet diameter should be larger than dsonic

METRIC UNITS

Gas

\/CNGT \~

dsonic = 0.25 V ----p;- = 7.24 VP; VG"

Steam d10nic = 31.1

W(l + .00126 T shl P2

Where:
dlIOnic =
W =
P2
T =
Tsh =
G =
Q = Valve outlet diameter which would cause sonic velocity. mm

Flow rate. t1h

Downstream pressure, bar abs. :Flowing temperature, OK (273 + DC) Steam superhea,t (0 C)

Gas specific gravity (air = 1.0)

Gas flow rate at 15.6°C and 1013 mbar abs., std.m3/h

Note: Actual valve diameter should be larger than dsonic

7

aerodynamic noise' predlicti:on: valve outlet vel1oc.ity

The valve outlet vel'ocity becomes increasingly important when low-noise val:ves are utilized ... Theacoustlcel advantage of the unit can be reduced or eliminated if excessive outlet velocities are: present.

The foUowing procedure can be used to determine outlet velocity effects:

Calculate the valve outlet Mach number

1. If M < 113 Mach, equi,valentto d >..[3 dsonb the sound generated at the outlet cao be considered negligibl.e,. and no further calculatlcns are required.

2, If M ~ 1, equivalent to d .~ dsoniC, a larger valve size or a to·DBstat,ic restrictor must be used ..

3. If 1/3 < M <1 calcutate the sound level associated with this Mach number and compare it with the sound level computed for the valve trim (see pages 3·7. 14,15), If the difference is higher than 7 dB, the final SL is the higher one .. lit the difference is less than 7 dB high,er, the final Sl is the loqat ithrnicsurn of both sound levels (use graph page 16).

Not!! : It is! moreadvisable, fromtha point o·f' view of acoustics, to calculate dsonic (refer to page 71 or M than the mean fluid velocity.

The peak frequency of vailve outlet noise Can be determined In the same manner as va live noise (see page 4), The followiing two equations (Mach number and valve outlet noise level} are' used lin conjunction to determine valve outlet noise level.

Mach Number '(English Units]

2.94 X 110-5 Q v'GT 3,85 X 10""" W {f. 'GT

Gas M = .. ·z = II .2

1'2 d P·z d

Valve Outlet Noise '(English Units)

All, gases except steam :

For steam;

8

Where

o - Downstream pipe, diameter (ln.)

M Mach number at flow conditions

SL A-weighted sound Ieve], dBA

SL.g - Gas properry factor, dB

t = Wan thicknessof outlet pipe, in.

P1 = Downstream pressure (psia) d = Valve outlet diameter On .. )

T Absolutetempera,ture (' R)

Tsh Superheat temperature tF)

Gas

Mach Number ,(Metric Unitsl

Steam

. 1380 W (1 + .00.126 Tlhl

M= 2

P2 d

Valve· Oudet Noise (Metric Units)

An gases except steam :

For steam :

[ 208 P~ d2!D2MI (1 + .00126 TIh~6]

Sl= 101 log 3

t-

Where:

D -

M = SL - SLg = t

P2 - d =

T Till =

Downstream pipe diameter (mrn] Mach number at. flow conditions A·weighted sound Ilevel, dBA

Gas property f.actor, dB

wan thickness of outlet pipe, mm Downstream preSSIJre (bar abs.) Valve outlet diameter :Imml Absolute tempera,ture lOKI Superhealt tempera:ture 1°C',

aerodynamic noise prediction : atmospheric vents

Noise radiated from atmospheric vents can be estimated, using thefoUowing procedure. For simplicity,. it is assumed that theva.lvesound levell outside the piping system has been calculated (see pages 3-7,14, 151.

Step 1

Calculate the base vent sound level at the requ ired distance as follows;

For all gases except steam :

[3.2 x Hrltl .. P1. D1.T II1.A 2].

Sl@R =SL*-10 log ~ .

SLg 2

In metric units, for alii gases, except st.eam :

For steam :.

where:
SL@R =
SL =
D =
P2
T
A =
t
T., =
SLg = A-weighted sound level at distance R

Sound level computed for valve 3' (1 m) downstream and 3' (1 ml from the pipe wall Downstream pipe diameter (in.) (mm) Downstream pressure {psia) (bar abs.) Absolute temperature (oAl (OK)

Distance to point of interest (tt.) (meters.) Pipe wall thickness (in.) [rnrn]

Superheat temperature (OF) (oC)

Gas correction factor (see page 8)

Step 2

Add the directivity factor (see figure 8 below).

It should be noted that the above calculations are based on spherical radiation of sound energy only. At large distances or with low noise valves and elements, much lower sound levels would be expected due to atmospheric molecular absorption, and other propagation-related effects .

• If LO-DB expansion plates or cartridges are used, only the final system sound level Isee page 16, Case I,step 3b, and Case II. step 1) is considered.

-10 dB(J)

OdB

1

Vertical Vent Stack

(I) For distances approachlnq 500ft (160 rn) or more, US8' 90· Directivity Factor (-to dB)

Directivity Index Figu ... 8

• £r>1I11.h UnU. I Met,leUnll.

9

hydrodyn,amic noise prediction

Noise produced by the flow of a liquid through a valve and associated piping is called hydrodynamic noise, which can originate from the following three sources:

1. Liquid Flow Noise is produced by the direct excitation of the valve and piping system caused by the interaction of the flow turbulence with the internal surfaces of the valve and piping.

2_ Cavitation Noise is produced by the collapse of vapor bubbles downstream of the valve orifice .. As the liqu,id passes through the orifice, the sudden accel'eration and resultant drop in pressure can cause vapor bubbles to form in the liquid if the vena contracts pressure drops below the liquid vapor pressure. Pv' Downstream of the valve restriction where pressure recovery takes place, the vapor bubbles implode generating ooise .• and lin some cases, causing serious damage to the valve and downstream piping.

3. Flashing Noise occurs during throttling process when a portion of the liquid vaporizes without subsequent bubble collapse .. This happens when downstream pressure is equal to or lower than the liquid vapor pressure. Although this phase is not covered by this prediction method, flashing noise is substantially quieter than that of cavitating liquid.

Method for Estimating Hydrodynamic Noise

The following parameters are required to predict hydro' dynamic noise:

1. Valve style, valve size, and pipe schedule.

2. Required c,

3. Upstream 'Pressure, 'PI

4. Pressure drop, I::.P

5. Fluid vapor pressure, Py

6. Coefficient of incipient cavitation. Kc (see page 21).

7. Critical flow factor, Ct

To predict control valve hydrodynamic noise. first determine whether actual b,P is greater than I::.Pincipiem or 6Paitical. I::.Pincipient is the pressure drop at which cavitation bubbles will begin to appear. I::.Paitical is the pressure drop at which full cavitation will occur. b,Pincipient and 6Pcritical may be determined by the follow.i,ng, equations:

2

6Pincipient = KC(PI- Pvl 6Pcritlcal = Cf (PI - Pvl

Where:

Kc Coefficient of Incipient cavitation.

Cf Critical flow factor

PI Upsrream pressure, psia (bar a,bs.)

Pv = Fluid vapor pressure, psia (bar abs.]

If the required pressure drop is less than or equal to 6Pincipient, use the following equation to predict hydrodynamic noise.

English Units

SL = 10 log Cv + 20 log 6P - 30 log (t) + 5 Metric Units

SL = 10 log Cv + 20 log 6P- 30 log (t) + 70.5 Where:

SL = A·weighted sound level, dBA, 3 ft. (1ml downstream and 3 ft. (1 m) from the pipe.

t Pipe wall thickness, in. (mm)

10

If the pressure drop is greater than 6Pinc:lpient but less than or equal to I::..Pcri1k:aI. use the following formula to predict hydrodynamic noise.

.English Units

SL = 10 log Cv + 20 log I::.P

[&-KC]

+ 5 Ct2 -Kc log (P2 - PII) - 30 log (t) + 5

Metric Units

SL = 10 log Cv + 20 log6P

[ p I::.~ P - Kc]

+ 5 1 7 V .'" I Ilog 14.5 (P2 - Pvl - 30 log(tl+ 70.5

Cf - Kc

If the pressure drop is greater than b,PcridcaI and P2>Py, subtract the following term from the above formula only if it is positive. See paragraph below entitled "How to Avoid Cavitation" ..

English Units

5 log (6P-I::.Pcritical)

Metric Units

510g (6P-6Pcritical) + 6

Confidence levels similar to those used in the aerodynamic noise prediction method have not yet been established for the hydrodynamic noise equations listed above.

How to Avoid Cavitation

Operation of control valves under cavitating conditions is not recommended due to potential structural damage to the valve and associated piping'. Referrin.g to the relation· ships

I::.'Pncipient = Kc (PI - Py) I::.PCfitical = cl (Pi - Pv)

the obvious remedy is to reduce the pressure drop across the valve as far below 6Pcri1ical as possible, preferably below I::.Pinc:lipient. Another solution, changing flow direction, can also bring marked improvement if it results in an. increase in Cf and Kc (reversing flow direction in a single port globe valve at 40 % opening from ~ flow-to-close ~ to .• flow-to-open H increases the Cf from .85 to .93 and Kc from .55 to ,67). The third solution is toselect a valve type that has high Cf and Kc values such as cage valves or valves fitted with LO-DB trim. These trims will reduce the cavitation potential, and in the case of the 40000 and 41000 Series, control cavitation damage.

For ext'remeJ,y hligh pressure drop, a Ma.soneilan valve with multiple velocity-headless trim such as the 7.8000 Series is recommended. For this application substitute the following to the appropriate equation:

6Pvalw PI - P2

I::.PIast·..,.,... = -- = --

.• _".. iN N

P 1 last stage = P 2 + t,P last stage Cf last stage = 0.95

P2 last stage = P2 Kc last stage "" 0.70

mm 25 40 50 80 100 160
Valve Size inches 1 1% 2 3 4 6
ANSI Class 1500 & 2500 1600 900 600
N (number of stages) 6 5 5 4 I 5 4 3 • English Unit. _ Metric Unit.

reduction of aerodynam'ic control valve noise

Reduction of control valve aerodynamic noise can be achieved by either source treatments (preventing the noise generation) or path treatments (pipe insulation, silencers, or increasing pipe schedule). Because sound, once generated, propagates v,irtually unattenuated in downstream pipe, source treatment often becomes the preferable method. In addition, very high sound levels inside piping systems can damage the pipe and mechanical components located downstream by inducing excessive vibration.

Source Treatment

The generation of noise can be controlled by utiUzing trim components specially designed for low-noise production. There are basically two methods employed in reducing noise genera,ted in the valve trim:

1. u.. of _II, properly lpeced fluid it,.

The size of the fluid jets determines the relative size of the fluid eddies created by the turbulent flow. By reducing the size of thetluid jets, (and consequently the si'ze of the eddies), the efficiency of conversion between mechanical and acoustical power is reduced. Of even greater significance, the smaller eddies shift the acoustic energy generated by the flow to the higher frequency regions where transmission through the pipe walls is sharply reduced. In addition, the hig'herfrequency sound, if raised above 10,000 Hz, is de-emphasized by both the A-weighting filter network and the human ear.

The spacing of the flu id jets affects the location of the point downstream at which the' fluid jets mutuallly interfere. This is important because the characteristic sound generated by the shock waves emitted by the supersonic eddies is produced at some specific angle of directivity and distance downstream. The mutual interaction of the fluid jets at the proper location downstream thereby reduces the shock-eddy interaction that is largely responsible for valve noise under critical flow conditions.

2. Adiabatic flow with friction

The principle of-Adiabatic Flow with Friction" is to reduce pressure much like the pressure loss which occurs in a long pipeline. This effect is produced by letting the fluid pass through a number of restrictions providing a tortuous flow pattern. The shape of the plug and seat ring create a, ma.ximum arnourrtoffrieticn and pressure loss.

The ·flow area of the valve trim is gradually increased toward the downstream section. This compensates for the change in the gas density with pressure and insures a nearly constant fluid velocity throughout the complete throttling process.

1

Ideal Adiabatic Aow with Friction

~l __ L ~2

Multistep Intemal Friction Device

Conventional Single Orifice Valve

Entropy - S -

Figure 9

In conventional orifice type valves, internal energy is convertedl into velocity (Ikinetic energy). ]n:lis results in a sharp decrease in enthalpy. Downstream turbulence, accompanied by shock waves, reconverts this velocity into thermal energy with a permanent increase in entropy level (corresponding to the pressure change PI. - P2 ). These same shock waves are the maljor source of undesirable throttling noise. In the LO-DB valve, hQwever, the velocity change is minimized and the enthallpy level remains nearly constant.

Most Masoneilan lO·OB valves utilize both of the above methods to [imit noise generation to the minimum levels possible. When controlling noise using source treatments such as LO·OB valves, it is imperative that the fluid velocity at the valve outlet is limited to avoid regenerating noise at this poteotlal source. Because low noise va.lves are inherently quieter (less efficient noise generators), due to their special trim desig.ns, the noise generated by the outlet, if not properly llimited, can easily dominate over the noise generated by the trim, rendering the low-noise trim virtually ineffective. There are two methods used to control outlet velocity. First, the downst.ream pressure can be increased by using Masoneilan LO-OB plates and cartridges. This method .• from Bernoulli's La.w, decreases the velocity at the valve outlet by increasing the pressure immediately

11

reduction of aerodynamic control valve noise

j
I ,
I
! ,
,
I' I ,
I Minerll wool or fiberglass ,~
,
(published data) ;-
I <, ~' I
'I I I
I I ,-
Maximum practical limit of a pipe insulation system _,
I due to installation restrjctlons and aoousttc "short ~: I
circuits" such as the valve bonnet and top works. ,.". "
, '" :::.-.--
I ,I I ~
V
I I L I ,
~ ----
~ ~ ,I Calcium silicate I
/ I i' I
I I I downstream of the valve. The second method is simply to choose a valve size that is adequate to insure the proper outlet velocity. See Outlet Velocity on pages 7 and 8 for detailson proper selection.

Path Treatments

There are three basic methods of incorporating path treatments into control valve systems:

1. Silencen

Silencers can be effective in reducing control valve noise provided they are installied directly downstream of the valve. However, there are several technical problems often encountered in their use. First. to be effec· tive, they require low flow velocities which often makes them impractical,especially for use in high capacity systems. Second, the acoustic elements are not always compatible with the flowing medium, and third, the operating conditions may be too severe ..

2. Increale in Pipe Schedule

An increase in the wa,1I thickness of downstream piping can bean effective means, to reduce control vatve noise.

25

20

ii
-a
- 15
c
0
:;::
U
::I
i
II:
4!
III
i 10 5

o

1.0

However, since noise, once generated, does not dissipate rapidly with downstream pipe length. this method must normally be used throughout the downstream system. See SLal table on page 3 for relative bsnefrts of changes in pipe schedule.

3. Pipe insulation

This method, like that of increasing pipe thickness. can be an effective means to reduce radiated noise. However, three restraints must be noted. First, as with the pipe schedule method, insulation must be used through· out the downstream system. Second, the material must be carefully installed to prevent any "voids" in the material which could seriously reduce its effectiveness. Third, thermal lnsuletion normally used on piping systems is limited in its effectiveness in reducinq noise. Unfortunately,. more suitable materials often are not acceptable at high temperature, since their binders may burn out, radically changingl their acoustical and thermal qualities. I n application, noise reduction of acoustical insulation reaches a practical limit of 11·12 dBA due to acoustical "leaks" from the valve bonnet and top works [seefigure 1 0 below).

3.0

4.0

2.0 Insulation Thickness linJ

Additional Noise Reduction From Typical Pipe Insulation Systems Figu ... l0

12

aerodyna!mic noise prediction : low-noi:se equipment

77000 Series LO-OB valve

LO-OB cartridge

LO-OB plate

40000 and 41000 Series valves with LO-OB trlm

FI ow-to- open

40000 Series valve

with LO-OB trim and diffuser Flow-to-dose

21000 Series valve with LO-OB trim

78000 and 18011 Series valves

13

aerodynamic noise prediction : low-:noise equipment

Control Valves

Masoneilan offers a wide range of LO-DB control valves for use with compressible fluids on virtually any service condition. Each product has been designed to meet the needs of a specific range of applications both from an acoustic and fluid-handling standpoint (see illustrations on page 13.1.

Estimation of Sound Lavel

Noise levels for these valves can be determined through use of the same methodology as that described lin the sec· tion on Aerodynamic Noise Prediction :Conventional Valves (page 31. except the appropriate value for rt (mathematical method), or SLe (graphical method), should be used from fig. 11: &. 1'2.

When using low-noise valves. additional care must be exercised in the selection of the required valve size due to the ex;,t velocity considerations. Because of the quieter operation of low- noise valves, the noise generated at the valve outlet can easily dominate over the. trim generated noise unless the valve outlet diameter is properly sized. Consequently, the outlet noise generation and sizing techniques given on pages 7 and 8 should be strictly adhered to.

-20r--------,---------,.-------------~--------,_------,_----_r----._--~--_.--~

-

m

'0

-;'-30 ~

rn

21000 LO·D!l3

77000 Trim A

(Add 6 dB for Trim Band 78011 =-====-=t:::-:~--["1:::::~;;::;;;::::::-_r--r_-_r-.,.....,

Use conventional valve prediction technique for Trim C)

I

-rol~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _L ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~

1.05

1.5

2

3

V.IYe Pr...,,. Rmo P11P2

4

5

6

7

B

9

lO.oa Valve SL. Function figu ... 11

14

10'
9,
e
7
6
5
4
S' 3
i 2
~'
III'
I
i!: 10-'
~ 9
e
7
6
5
4
3
2 I, , ,
I _j_ ,
I I I I II I I I II I I I
f--- 21000 Series LO.oB valves: /'
11 I I I I I I I !I\ ..... 1
nocx) Series, Trim A I fY
I
I- High Pressure Valves ~ 1.....-
t- (Add '6 dB for Trim Band
I~ 7801 L Use conventional' ./
val:ve prediction techllique:1 lL
t- .... . ~~
for Trim CIt--+- . ~
! I r-.. ' ~
: ,I' ... I(
,I I I '
.I I V
'I -:7
,/
I 1 I V'
'I If I I I' I
I
I J I "
'I VI V I I I I
u
I Ji/ ! I II !
.,
II 'I II I
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1 'I , V II
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, I II , I
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III II I I I
I I I I I
II III 1 I
, "
III ill I I I' I
,
rl ! I I Ii I
,
I I 1 I 1
I
'l If I , I I I
40000, 41: 000 Series
I LO-OB Va'ives
II, I I
II' I
I I ~ r
II I I I
rl I I ,
II I , I
II I I I
I
I I , , I
I
/ i I
I I 2

3

2

1:0.1

1.0 L5, 2.0 3.0 4 5 6 7 e '9 10 1520

Acoustical Efficiency Function: LO·:OB Valves F,igu", 1'2

2

I :1 I,
I I V
I
1 1/
.. I I/V
I LO-DB Plates}
I i>'
I I , /
I III ! v
i I!I / ,
, ! V I / :
I / . -,I
I
1 I 1I
I
I , 1 I
I I L
I 1.1 !f_
I Y 'I
Vi I
1
V , I
, V
I
II
I ,
I J
I I
I
L I
/ It" r-, LO-DB Cartridges
) 1 1
J I . I i
/ V II I
j I
I
/ III I
, :1 I ,
I I , I 1 II I
, I
, 1 ,
I I
• ! I I I to·' 9 8 7

6 5

j ~

I

<at HI'!

9

e 7

6

2

5

3

2

10- 1.0

1.52,0

3.0 4 5 6 7 ,8 910

PrftIu ... R.do P lIP,

1520

Acoustica'l iE.fficiency .Function :.

LO-DB Plates and Cartriclges

f;igu1'8 ·13

ILO-DB EX.pansionPlatesand Cartridges

LO·DB, expansion pila.tes.and cartridges are muiltistage, mulliti·port devicesspecificaHy designed to absorb the largest part of the pressure drop Which, would otherwise exi!t across the control va live. Thiis ,effectively reduces the amoun!t of noise generated by up to 20. dB.

LO·OB platesand cartridges are availab'lein sizes from 3"t,036" and from 2" through 24" respectively. They are mounted downstream of a control, valve to raise the outlet pressure of the valve. This has a twofold effect.

IF,irst,its'lliftsa portion of the pressure reductlontothe LO·DB plate or cartridge r,educing the total noise generated ...

15

aerodynamic noise prediction low'·noi,se equipment

Second, by increasi,ng the valve downstream pressure, it decreases the valve outlet Mach number and its associated noise.

Both of these devices restrict the generabon of noise and are not to be confused with silencers, a path treatment (see page 12).

Estimation of Sound Level

Aerodynamic noise generated by a low noise static restrictor (LO·DB plates and cartridges) can be calculated mathernaticallv by using the' same procedure employed to estimate control valve noise levels. The 11 curve specifically for restrictor under consideration must be used in the noise calculation and will be found in Fig. 13.

When a singl.e valve and one or more restrictorsare in series, the method for calculating the overall noise will vary somewhat depending upon how the valve and the restrictors are connected (i.e. reducer or length of pipe). The following methods are to be used to calculate system noise.

Case I (Mathematical Method Only)

Valve and Downstream Restrictors are Close Coupled by Heducer"

The effect of a reducer is to attenuate noise to a greater extent than a straight length of pipe. By close coupling the valve and static restrictors, the dominant noise source in the vicinity of the valve will be downstream of the final static restrictor ..

1. C*uI .. 1118 AS1)dylWnic: VII"" Noi. as outlined on page J.

a. Fi.nd the Value of 11 for the Valve.

Using the pressure ratio across the valve and the appropriate curve, find 11 for the valve in question.

b. Calculate the Sound Level of the Valve.

Using the '17 previously found, let"P~", "r" and"O" of the appropriate equation equal pressure, pipe wall thickness, and pipe diameter respectively, downstream of the final restnctor.

2. Calc:ullte the Noi .. G.n .... t8d by Each of the Stati.c: R_tricton.

a. Find the Value of '17 for the Static Restrictor in Ouestion. Use the pressures, .immediately upstream and immediately downstream of the restrictor to determ i, ne pressu re ratio. See F igu re 13 on Page 1 5 and find the appropriate value of '17.

b. Calculaterhe Sound Level of the Restrictor.

Use the correct formu la on Page J, with .oPl" equal to restrictor upstream pressure and "P:z". "t", and .. 0" equal to pressure, pipe waH thickness, andpipe diameter respectively. downstream of the fina'i restrictor.

• Recommended installation

16

3. Find the total .sound l,V'II for 111. V.ln'lndRestrict.or CombiNtion

a. Subtract Insertion Loss from Component Sound Levels.

From the sound levels calculated in step 1 and 2, subtract 6 dB for each restrictor downstrean of the noise source.

b. Determine Final Sound Level by Logarithmic Addition.

Logarithmically add the above results to obtain the estimated sound level rad.iated by the piping down· stream of the final restrictor,

Please note that the close coupling of the valve and LO-OB plates or cartridges produces the lowest predicted noise leveL

Case II

Valve and Downstream Static Restrictors are Separated by a Length of Pipe (Not Close Coupled).

T. calculate Sound level Downstream of Final iRestrictor as in Case I.

2. calculate Sound Level Radiated by the Length of Connecting Pipe ..

J. Compare Sound Levels from Connecting Pipe and Downstream of Final Restriction.

The connecting pipe is an effective noise .sourcewhich should be examined to determine overall system performance.

3.0
'ii 2.5
>
CD
...
-
..
CD 2.0
!'
OIl
....
0
- 1.5
"0
CD
"0
"0
ce: 1.0
II
.c
2
ID 0.5
"C'
0 1\
,\
\ i
~
" r-,
I
! <,
<, r-,
<, I-+--
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 12

14

16

Dec:itMI Diff.,...ce a.t--. Two Sound LeV'll • IdBI

Decibel Addition Figu,.,4

conventional v~lve,LO-IDB,valve., pilate and ,cartridge siziing formulas

gas and vapor service

ENGLISH FORMULAS:

M'ETRIIC FORMULAS:

For Gas Volumetric Flow

ay'G'fZ

c, =. ". --3'

834 CrP1 Ily- 0.148y .l

For Gas Volumetric Flow av'GTZ

Flow by Weight

IFlow bV Weight

w

54.5W

C" =, -c,-P-1-yfGf-;:::;G""f;-:"(Y-. ---O-.1-'4--S-v;;-:"3.1

For Saturated Steam

w

c, =. '. 3

1.83 Cf'Pl (Y - 0 .• t48y)

For Satu rated Steam 83.7W

C" = c,P1 Iv - 0'.148y3)

For Superheated Steam

For Superheated Steam

W (1 + 0.0007 Ish)

Cv = - ..... - .. - 3 -

1.83 CfP,ly -O.148y )

83.7 (1 + 0.00126 T sn) W

c, = CtPtCv -O.148y3)

Where:

(For 77000 Trims A and B, 78011 Series valves, and LO-DB plates and cartr1idges)

(For a'll other valves]

wilth a maximum value of y = 1.50 .At this value, Y - O.148y3 = 1.0

Where:

Valve flow coefficient

Where:

Cv Valve flow ,coefficient

Ct = Critical flow factor

G = Gas spec.ific gravity (air = 1 .01)

Gf = Specific gravity @flowing temperature 288

= GX,.

PI = Upstream pressure, bar ebs,

P2 = Downstream pressure, bar abs.

fl.P Pressure drop PI - P2, bar

a = Gas flow rate at 15,.6 °c & 1013 mbar abs.,

std .m3/h - - - - - - -

T = Flowing temperature, OK. (273 + DCI T... "" Steam superheat. "c

W = Fllow rate, tih

·Z = Compressibility factor

Critical flow factor

'Gas specific gravity (air = 1.0)

Specific gra,vity @flowing temperature

520

= G x -T-

PI Upstream pressure, psia

P2 = Downstream pressure, psia bP Pressure drop PI - 1P2 j psil

o = Gas flow rate at 14,.7 psia and 60 OF .• sc.fh T - Flowing temperature, OR, (460 + '''iF),

T sh = Steam superheat, 0 F

W Flow rate,lb/h

*Z = Compressibijitv factor

* See Masoneil'an Handbook for Control Valve Sizing

• English Units _ U.lrl'c Unll,

17

examples of ..

practical appllcatlons" in metric units

1. Aerodynamic Noise

Specification Sheet for Required Information.

English Metric
System System
Fluid
Required flow rate. a
orW scfh or lb/h std.m3/h or t/h
Flowing temperature. T oR (460 + of) oK (273 + °C)
Gas specific gravity. G (air = 1) lair == 1) ,
Valve inlet pressure. PI psia bar abs,
Valve downstream
pressure, P2 psia bar abs.
Downstream pipe size inches mm
Pipe schedule schedule N° schedule N°
or Downstream pipe
thickness, t in. mm
Degree of superheat. T sh °c
(steam only) of Example 1. Given:

Fluid Q

T

G

=

air

25000 std.rrr' /h 293 oK (20°C)

1

=

=

PI = 18 bar abs,.'

Pz = 6 bar abs.

Downstream pipe = 100 mm (4") Schedule 40 Valve style desired: 41512 La-DB

Step 1

Calculation of required Cv (refer to page 17) :

Where:

Z = compressibility factor = 1 (See Masoneilan Handbook for Control Valve Siving)

Cf -= 0.94

1.63 • {M> 1.63. {12

y = ci vv: = 0.94 \f 18 = 1.42 < 1.5

25 000 x ..J 1 x 293 x 1

Cy = 257 x 0.94 x 18 x [1.42 - 0.148 x (1.42)31

= 98.78

Value acceptable for a 100 mm (4") 41512 LO·DB valve for which Cy max. = 145

Step 2

Aerodynamic Noise Calculation (Mathematical Method) :

From the section on Aerodynamic Noise Prediction: Con·

(I) Some examples of calculations performed with a pocket calculator are given in the Masoneilan CVS·Pak booklet

18

ventional Valves, the general expression for aerodynamic noise generation by control valves is :

Where:

t = 6.02 mm (refer to page 23)

SLg (from gas property factor table) = 0

11 (from Fig. 12 for 41 000 LO·DB valves at 3 pressure ratio) = 4.5 x 10-6

SL = 10 log [2.6 x lOs x 98.78 x 0.94 x 18 x6 x (10012 x 4.5 X 1(f6 x 293/ (6.02)3] + 0

= 81,97 dBA

Step 2a (alternative)

Aerodynamic Noise Calculation [Graphlcal Method) :

From page 4. the general graphical expression for aerodvnamic noise generation by control valve is :

SL :: SLe + SLp + SLT + SLv + SLg + SLa

Using the graphs from pages 5·7 for SLp. SLT. Sly. SLg and SLa• and SLe from page 14 for 41000 La-DB valves:

SL =-44+51 +24.5+19.5+0+31 = 82dBA

Note : Some discrepancy between mathematical and graphical methods is expected due to interpretation of graphs.

Step 3

Outlet Velocity Considerations:

Since a LO-OB valve is used, the outlet velocity should be restricted to avoid possible regenerated noise.

Therefore it is necessary to calculate the outlet noise to insure non-degradation of the LO-OB trim. The actual flow Mach number at the valve outlet can be computed from page 8.

M 0.0620y'GT
= P2 d2
= 0.062 x 25 000 v' 1 x 293 0.44
6 x (100)2 Using this information, the outlet noise can be calculated from equations on page 8.

[ 2.8 pi d2 02 M8 T]

SL :: 10 log t3 + SLg

= 10 log fiB)( 621)( (100)2 X (100)2 x (o.44fx 293]

[ (6.02)3 + 0

= 72.79 dBA

Being more than 7 dBA lower than the valve noise level, this value is negligible and the total noise of the valve can be estimated at 82 dBA.

If the outlet noise had been over 82 - 7 = 75 dBA it would have been necessary either to add both noises (see page 16) or to choose a different solution (l,e. a larger valve body or a downstream La-DB cartridge).

Example 2. Given:

Fluid W

T

G

P1 P2

=

Superheated Steam 25 t/h

813 oK (540 °Cl hence Tsn = 174°C (Not required for steam)

200 bar abs.

30 bar abs.

=

=

=

Downstream pipe = 100 mm (4") Schedule 160 Valve style desired: 77000 Series LO·DB

Step 1

Calculation of Required Cv (refer to page 17) :

where Cf = 0.99

1.40 \ {170

= 0.99 V 200 = 1.30< 1.5

83.7 x (1 + 0.00126 x 174) x 25

c, = 0.99x200x[l.30-0.148x(1,30)3] = 13.22

A 50 mm x 100 mm (2" x 4") 77000 LO-DB valve Trim A whose Cv max. = 15 is suitable

Step 2

Aerodynamic Noise Calculation (Mathematical Method) :

From pages 3 & 4 the general expression for aerodynamic noise generated by control. valves in steam service is :

SL;;;;lO log[5.8 x 10' CvCfPI P2 D211( 1 + 0.00126 TSh)6 Ie] Where:

t = 13.49 mm (refer to page 23)

11 (from Figure 12 at 6.67 pressure ratio) = 1.2 x 10-4

SL = 10 log [5.8 X 107 x 13.22 x 0.99 x 200 x 30 x (100)2 xl ,2 x 10-" (1 + 0.00126

x 174)6/(13.49)3] = 98.64 dBA

Step 2a (alternative)

Aerodynamic Noise Calculation (Graphical Method) : From page 4, the general expression for aerodynamic noise generation by a control valve in steam service is :

SL = SLe + SLp + SLy + SLa + SLs

Using the graphs and tables on pages 5-7 for SLp. SLy. SLa and SLs and the curve from page 14 for SLe

SL = - 33 + 72 + 11 + 20.5 + 28.5 = 99 dBA

Step 3

Outlet Velocity Considerations

The Outlet Mach number is calculated as follows (see page 8) :

1380 W (1 + 0.00126 Tsh I

M = . Pz d

1380 x 25 x (1 + 0.00126 x 174) 1

= 0.14 <-3

- 30 x (100)2

The outlet velocity is less than 1/3 Mach, the noise generated at the outlet will be negligible, and no additional calculations are required.

Example 3. Conventional valve with LO-DB cartridges close-coupled

Given:
Fluid Superheated Steam
W == 35 tlh
tl = 320°C
Pl = 20 bar abs.
Pz = 2 bar abs. Valve style desired: 48-41421 (150 rnm) (6") Valve Conditions:

Cv= 400 P1 = 20 bar abs. Pz = 13.96 bar abs. c, = 214.62

Cartridge No.1 Conditions: 200 mm (8") (0.8 factor)

Cf = 0.94

tl = 320°C t2 = 313°C

Tsn = 108°C Tsn=118°C

Cv= 264

PI = 13.96 bar abs. Pz = 4.99 bar abs.

Cf = 1 tl=313°C t2 = 303°C

T sh = 118.oC Tsn = 151°C

Cartridge No.2 Conditions :300 mm (12")

Cv= 780

PI = 4.99 bar abs. Pz = 2 bar abs.

Cf = 1

tl = 303°C t2 = 300°C

Tsn = 151°C Tsn=180°C

For sirnpllcitv, T sn = 150 °c will be used to calculate SL Piping downstream of final cartridge = 300 mm (12") Schedule 40

Step 1

a. Calculate Valve Sound Level

From P1/P2 = 20/13.96 = 1.43 and Cf = 0.94, 11 is determined by the following double interpolation:

c, 1.0 0.94 0.9
Ptl 2
1.50 7.0 x 10-5 1.4 X 10-4
1.43 5.74 x 10-5 8.68 X 10-5 1.064 X 10-4
1.40 5.2 x 10-5 9.2 x 10-5
11 ;;;; 8.68 X 10-5 19

SL", 10 log [5.8 X 107CyCfPtP2 0271(1 + 0.00126 Tsh)6/t3] SL;;;;;; 10 log [5.8 X 107 X 214.62 x 0,94 x 20 X 2

X (300)2 X 8.68 X WoOs (1 + 0.00126

X 150)6/(10.31)3] = 99.74 dBA

b. Outlet Velocity Considerations

= 1380 W (1 + 0.00126 T sh) with T $11'= 118°C

M P2 d2

=

1380 X 35 X (1 + 0.00126 x 1181 1

13.96 x (150)2 = 0.18 <3'

The outlet velocity is less than % Mach, no additional calculations are required (refer to page 8)

Step 2

Calculate noise generated by each of the static restrictors

a. For cartridge No.1 Pl 13.96

- = --= 2.BO 11 = 5 X 10-6

P2 4.99

SL = 1010g[5.8x 107 K 264x 1 x 13.96x2x (300)2 X 5 X 10-6 (1 + 0.00126 x 150)6/(10.31)3]

= 86.95dBA

1380 X 35 X (1 + 0.00126 X 151)

M = 4,99 x (200)2

'" 0.29 <.!..

3

No additional calculations are required

T sh = 151 °c hence

b. For cartridge No.2

Pt 4.99

- = -' -= 2.50 11 = 3.9 X 10-6

P2 2

SL = 10 log [5.8 x 107 x 780 x 1 x 4,99 x 2 x (300)2 x 3,9 X 10'.6 (1 + 0.00126 x 150}6/(1 0.31)3] =86.11dBA

T _ 0 _ 1380 x 35 x (1 + 0.00126 x 180)

sh - 180 C hence M - 2 X (300)2

1

= 0.33~3

No additional calculations are required

Step 3

Calculate the total sound level for the valve and restrictor combination

a. Subtract insertion loss from each component

Two cartridges are installed downstream the valve:

99.74 - (2 x 6) = 87.74 dB One cartridge is installed downstream the first cartridge: 86.95 - 6 = 80.95 dB

20

No insertion loss for the final cartridge:

=86.11 dB

b. Total sound level downstream of final cartridge By logarithmic addition of noises:

2. Hydrodynamic Noise

SLtotal = 90.52 dBA

Specification Sheet for Required Information.

Fluid Required c,

Valve inlet pressure, Pl Valve downstream pressure, P2

Fluid vapor pressure, Py Downstream pipe wall thickness, t

Valve style and size desired

Kc for valve selected Ct for valve selected

Example 1. Given:

Fluid

Required Cv =

PI =

P2 =

Pv =

Downstream pipe wall thickness, t =

Valve style and size desired

=

English Metric
System System
psi a bar abs,
psi a bar abs.
psia bar abs.
in. mm water 90

48 bar abs. 31 bar abs.

2 bar abs. (upstream temperature : 120°C)

5.49 mm (80 mm - 3" - pipe.

Schedule 40 - refer to page 23)

47~21124 (SP Globe : Flow-toopenl80mm (3") Cymax.= 110

0.91 (see fig. 16) Cv '" 82 % c, max.

.0.65 (see fig. 15)

Step 1

Ca Icu late Ll.Pincipient a nd liP critical

Ll.Pincipient = Kc (PI -Pv) = 0.65 (48-2) = 29.90 bar Ll.Pcritical = Ct2 (PI -Py) = (0.91)2 (48-2) == 38.09 bar

Step 2

Noise Level Calculation

Ll.P = p.-P2 = 48 -31 = 17 bar Since liP';;; liP incipient

SL == 10 log Cv + 20 log liP -30 log t + 70.5

SL = 10 log 90 + 20 log 17 - 30 log 5.49 + 70.5 SL = 92.5 dBA

Example 2. Given:

Same conditions as example 1, except P2 = 14 bar abs.

Step 1

Calculate l1Pincipient and l1Paitical Same as in example 1 above

Step 2

Noise Level Calculation

l1P = PI - P 2 = 48 - 14 = 34 bar Since l1PinciPient < l1P 0;:;; l1Pcritical

SL = 10 log Cy + 20 log l1P

[ fj,p ]

'PP-Kc

+ 5 I ~ y log 14.5 (P2-Py) - 30 log t + 70.5

Cf - Kc

Sl, = 10 log 90 + 20 log 34

[4!~2 - 0.65 ]

+ 5 (0.91)2 _ 0.65 log 14.5 (14-2) -30 log 5.49 + 70.5

SL == 104.1 dBA

Example 3. Given:

Same conditions as in example 2, except P2 = 7 bar abs,

Step 1

Calculate l1Pincipient and fj,Pcritical Same as in example 1 above

Step 2

Noise Level Calculation

l1P == PI -P2 == 48 - 7 = 41 bar Since l1P > fj,Paitical and P2 > Py

10 log Cy + 20 log fj,P

[ l1P ]

P1-P - Kc

+5 Cl~Kc·· log14.5(P2 -Py)-30Iogt+70.5

= 10 log 90 + 20 log 41

[~-0.65 ]

+ 5 (0.91)2 _ 0.65 log 14,5 (7-2) -30 log 5.49 +70,5

= 112.7

[5 log (fj,p - fj,P critical) + 6 )

= [5 log (41 -38.09) + 6] = 8.3 >0 hence: Sl = 112.7 - 8.3 == 104.4 dBA

1.0

./ /'
~
V
/__
1/
L 0.9

'0.8

0.7 Cf 0,8

0.5

0.4

Cl3

o

0.8

0.1

0.2 0.3

0,6

0.7

Coefficient of Incipient Cavitation (Generalized)

Figure 15

21

critical flow factor-Cf

1.00

0.60

~
t:::::: r-- -0- -CD I--
~ --.. r--
r-, ~
~
~ ~ ~ r- CD
-
'" ~ ~7 ~ .... (5)
!/ ~ l0 '" r- ~
~.
II V '" ...... ~
~ r--.....
~J I® <, ...... ~ ~
J r-, r--. "'--
V J r-- -
I)
·v 0,90

0.80

0.70

0.50

a

20

40

60

80

100

Parcantate of Rated Cy

Variation of Cf with Valve Opening Figure 16

(1) DP Globe; V·Port (6) Carnftex : Flow-to-close

(2) 40000 Series _'" through 16'1 (7) Butterfly (MiniTork)

(150mm through 400 mml (8) Control Ball

(3) SP Globe: Flow-to-open (9) Split Body: Ftow-to-close

11000 Series: Flow forward (101 DP Globe: Contoured

(4) Camflex: Flow-to-open (111 SP Globe: Flow-to-<:Iose

(5) Split Body: Flow-to·open

Control Valves c, (at 100 % €:v)
21000 Series with LO-DB trim 0.95
40000 Series(11/z" through 4")
(40 mm through 100 mm) 0.94
41000 Series (2" through 6")
(50 mm through 150 mm) 0.94
40000 and 41000 Series with
LO-DB trim 0.94
77000 Series - trims A and B 0.99
-trim C 0.85
78011 Series 0.99
LO·DB Anti-Noise Cartridge 1 2.2

Commerci'al pipe wall thickness (A!NS:I 836.10)

a
Nominal Pipe Size Thickness t
inches mm inches mm
14 350 0.250 6,.35
0
- 16 400 0.250 6,35
~ 18 450 0.250 6,35
:::J
'D
Q.) 20 500 0.250 6,35
.J::
o
(f) 24 &00 0.250 6,35
30 750 0.31:2 1 7,92
,
B 200 0.250 6,35
101 250 0.250 6,35
0 12 3001 0.250 6,35
'" 14 350 0.312 7,92
~.
::J 16 400 0.312 7,92
'D
<l)
.J:: 18 450 0.312 7,92
o
(f)
20 500 0.375 9,53
24 600 0.375 9,53
3D 750 0.500 12,70
B 2.00 0.277 7,04
10 250 0.307 7,80
0 12 3.00 0.330 8,38
C'J 14 350 0 .. 375
_l!l 9,.53
::J 16 400 0 .. 375 9,53
'U
Q)
.J:: 18 450 0.438' 11,13
CJ
(f)
20 500 0.500 12,70
2.4 GOD 0.562 14,27
3D 750 0.625 15,88
% 12 0.109 2,77
J~ 20 0.113 2,87
1 25 0.133 3,38
1 \01 32 0.140 3,56
1 % 40 0.145 3,68
,2 50 0.154 3,91
2 % 65 0.203 5,16
0 3 80 0.216 5,49
..,..
_l!l 4 100 0.237 6,02
:J 6 150
'U 0.280 7,11
ill
.J:: 8 200 0.322 8,18
o
(f)
10 2501 0 .. 365 9,27
12 300 0.406 l' 0,31
14 35O! 0.438 11,13
16 400 0.500 12,70
18 450 0.562 14,27
20 500 0.593 15,06
24 600 0.687 17.45 * Standard wall pipe same as Sched. 40 through 1:0" 1250 mml size, 1'2" 1300 mml size data follollllS.

12

300

0,375

9.53

_ English Unit. _ Metric I1nll.

Nominal Pipe Size Thickness t
inches mm inches mm
Yz 12 0.147 3,73
ii4 20 0.154 3,91
1 25 0.179 4,55
114 32 0,191 1 4,85
1 y; 40 0.200 5,08
2 50 0.218 5,54
. 2% 65 0.276 7,01
.
0 3 80 0.300 7,62
eo
~ 4 1100 0.337 B,56
::J
'U 6 150 0.432 10,97
ill
..c 200
CJ 8 0 .. 500 12,70
(f)
10 250 0.593 15,06
12 300 0,687 17,45
14 350 0,750 19,05
16 400 0,843 21,41
18 450 0.937 23,80
2m 500 1.03 26,16
24 SOD 1.22 30,99
Y: 12 0 .. 187 4,75
314 20 0.218 5,54
1 25 0.250 6,35
1 \01 32 0,250 6,35
1 If! 40 0.281 7,14
2 50 0,343 B,71
2 % 65 0.375 9,53
0
<J) 3 80 0.438 11,13
~
_l!l 4 100 0.531 13,49
::J
'0 6 150 0,718 18,24
III
s: 8 200
0 0.906 23,01
(f)
10 250 1.13 28,70
12 300 1.31 33,27
14 350 1.41 35,81
16 400 1.59 40,39
18 4'50 1.7B 45,21
2D 500 1.97 50,04
24 1600 2.34 59,44
% 12 0.294 7,47
% 20 0,30B 7,82
rn 1 25 0.358 9,09
c
2 1% 32 0,382 9,70
U5
~ 1. % 40 0.400 10,16
x 2 50 0.436 11,07
LU
<1l' 2% 65 0.552 14,02
z
:::J 3 80 0.600 15,24
a
Cl 4 1100 0.674 17,12
6 150 0.864 21,94
I 2,00
8 0 .. 875 22,22 ** Extra strong pipe same as Schoo. 80 through 8" [200 mm) siza, 10" 1250 mml and 12." (300 mml size data follOIlllS.

10 12

250 300

0,500 0,500

12,.70 12,70

23

Con:version of "normal" values (ct, Go and ~o) into "standard" ones (0, G and ~)

The formulas given in this manual must be used with volumetric flow a (or specific gravity G] at 60 OF (15.6 °CI and 14.7 psia (1013 mbar abs.l ("standard" values). If these values are known at 32 OF (O°CI and 14.7 psia (1013 mbar abs.1 : 00 and Go ("normal" values) they must be converted into a and G from the following formulas:

a = 1.057 00 and G = Go

Likewise, if the gas specific gravity is given at flowing temperature and 14.7 psia (1013 moor abs.) but calculated in comparison with air at 32 OF (O°CI - "normal" values - instead of 60 ° F (15.6 °C) . "standard" values - the following conversion must be made:

Gf = 1.057 Gfo

These three formulas are valid with both English and Metric Units.

24

• Engll.h Unit.

• Melrlc Unll.

Notes

, .

Masoneilan the world-wide specialist in low noise control valves

References

1. "Why Limit Outlet Velocities in Reducing Valves", H. D. Baumann, I nstruments and Control Systems, September 1965.

2. "Multistep Valve Design Cuts Throttling Noise", H. D. Baumann, I nstrumentation Technology, October 1969.

3. "The Development of .a Low Noise Constant Area Throttling Devjce", K. M. Hynes, I.S.A. paper 839 - 70. October 1970.

4. "On the Prediction Aerodynamically Created Sound Pressure Level of Control Valves", H.D. Baumann, ASME paper WA/FE - 28 December 1970.

5. "Control Valve Sound Pressure Level Prediction", H. D. Baumann, Instruments and Control Systems, February 1971..

6. "Control Valve Noise : Cause and Cure", H. D.

Baumann, Chemical Engineering, May 1971.

7. "World's Largest Gas Field Uses Special Valve to Reduce Line Pressure", M. L. Freeman, Oil and Gas Journal, May 1971.

8. "Designing Valves and Downstream Devices as Low Noise Packages", H.W. Boger, Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning, October 1971.

9. "Masoneilan Handbook for Control Valve Sizing".

Masoneilan International, Inc. Norwood, Mass.

Masoneilan

Division of Dresser Produits Industriels

10. "Comment redu ire Ie bruit enqendre par des vannes de reglage", H.D. Baumann, Mesures, vol. 34, n° 10, octobre 1969.

11. "Calcul du niveau de bru it d'origine aerodvnamique des vannes de reglage", H.D. Baumann et P. Smagghe, Mesures, vol. 36, nO 4, avril 1971.

12. "Comment lutter centre Ie bruit produit parlesvannes de reglage", R. Villier, Informations Chimie, novembre 1971.

13. "Des vannes speciales a faible niveau de bruit pour Ie gaz de ~r,oningue", P. Smagghe et R. Villier, Energie Fluide, avril 1972.

14. "Reglage des debits d'eau a haute pression et haute temperature", P. Smagghe et L. Rouesnel, Xlle Journees de I'Hydraulique (Paris 1972), Question I, Rapport 10.

15. "Comment determiner Ie bruit d'une vanne de reglage", C. Reed et R. Villier, Mesures, vol 41, n° 11, novembre 1976.

16. "Comment choisir les vannes de reglage".

Masonei lan, 107, Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92521 Neuilly Cedex.

17. "Uber den Schallpegel von Stellventilen, dessen Ursache und Behebung". H.D. Baumann, Regelungs· technische Praxis und Prozess Rechentechnik, Oktober und Dezember 1971.

18. "Masoneilan . Handbuch fUr die Berechnung von Regelventi len", Masoneilan G. m. b. H., 4000 Dusseldorf 1, Kunlwetterstrasse 49.

IMasoneilanEkMi4

4, place de Saverne - 92971 Paris La Defense Cedex - Telephone: 33 1 49 04 90 00 - Fax :33 1 490490 10 - Telex: 620046 F

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