Recent

Advances in
Standardizing
Valve Noise
Prediction
...................................................
By J. G. MacKinnon
Presented at the Society of Instrument
and Control Engineers, Tokyo,
Sept. 1984

22591 Avenida Empresa

Rancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688
949.858.1877 ! Fax 949.858.1878 ! ccivalve.com
230 | 04/00 ! ©2000 CCI ! DRAG is a registered trademark of CCI.
Recent Advances unimpeded through the downstream pipe exciting the pipe walls.
The second process is the transmission of the noise within the
in Standardizing pipe through the pipe wall to the surrounding space. Because
Valve Noise Prediction noise travels without significant loss of energy over long distances
in pipes we do not hear control valve noise coming from the valve
" J.G. MacKinnon itself. The valve is generally a very massive and rigid structure
which does not easily transmit sound. Instead noise is heard
Abstract
coming form the downstream pipe.
The Instrument Society of America’s Valve Noise Prediction Task
The theory of noise generation in control valves is derived from
Force is developing a standard valve noise prediction method based
research on free and confined jets. Actual test on control valves
on fundamental acoustic theory. Noise generation is based on theory
indicate that noise generation behaves like a confined jet with the
and testing of free and confined jets. Noise transmission through pipe
high velocity flow in the vena contracta of the valve being the jet
walls is based on the interaction of the acoustic waves inside the pipe
and the downstream pipe acting as the reservoir. To simplify the
and the pipe vibration response. A complete method of predicting valve
formulation of noise prediction formulas, noise generation
noise is presented including tables of pipe transmission losses as a
processes are divided into three modes depending on the flow
function of frequency. This method is illustrated with an example.
Mach number. Below Mach 1 the flow is definition subsonic. In

C onsiderable progress has been made over the last few years
toward the development of a valve noise prediction method
based on fundamental acoustic theory. The Instrument Society of
this mode noise generated by a turbulent shear mechanism.
Above Mach 1.4, for the fully expanded jet, shock cell turbulence
interaction dominates noise generation. Between these two
America’s (ISA) Valve Noise Prediction Task Force under the modes is a transition mode where the total noise is a complex
chairmanship of G. Reethoff is close to producing a noise combination of mechanisms.
prediction standard. The standard will be limited to aerodynamic
In the subsonic mode the sound power behaves according to the
noise produced by conventional control valves including: globe,
proportionality
butterfly, cage, and segmented type ball. Excluded are proprietary
low noise constructions and full bore ball valves. While some of W ∝ wM5C2 1
the details in the standard must still be ironed out by the The magnitude of the sound power is often conveniently tied to
committee, most of the technical approach has been established. experiments through the use of a term called the acoustic
It is this basic technical approach that I would like to discuss with efficiency factor. This factor is the ratio of the sound power to the
you today. mechanical power of the jet.
I am involved with the ISA noise committee through my w
η = ____
company’s representative on the ISA task force. I have spent some wV² 2
time studying the documents produced by the committee and 2
have attempted to formulate the material in a way that is Experiments have shown that the value of the acoustic efficiency
hopefully generated and transmitted in control valves. at the point where the jet is exactly sonic is approximately 4x10–4.
I would also like to point out that the material I will present This constant allows changing expression (1) to an equation.
today is state of the art and does not necessarily agree with any W = 2.00x10–4 wM5C2 for M≤1.0 3
present control valve suppliers published prediction methods.
In the high sonic mode where noise is dominated by shock cell
Most of the present prediction methods are based on tests and
turbulence interaction the sound power is given by the
theory that existed in the 1970s and while they may be
expression:
considered accurate over the range of tests they can be expected to
have large errors outside the test range. Indeed, one recent paper W = 2.07x10–3wc2 (M2–1)½ for M≥1.41 4
indicated that as much as 30 dB exists between published Noise generation in the transition mode between these two
prediction methods. The new prediction methods based on the modes is complex. While it may be theoretically possible to
ISA efforts can be expected to be published by some valve predict the noise generation, from a practical standpoint, the
suppliers within the next year or two. noise is simply approximated by interpolating between the two
Generation modes. The interpolation form tentatively chosen by the
Instrument Society of America is:
Noise generation and transmission from valves can be broken
down into two processes. The first is the noise generation in the W = 2.00x10–4wM6.8c2 for 1.0 < M < 1.41 5
turbulence downstream of the valve. This noise travels essentially
2 Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction | 230 ©2000 CCI. All rights reserved.
This equation meets the values of the high sonic and subsonic handbooks. Table 1 is extracted from the ISA handbook of
mode at their common borders. The three modes and the control valves. For the supersonic modes “a” retains its value at
dependency of sound power on the jet Mach number is illustrated the critical point. This value is found from equation 8 and the
in Figure 1. critical pressure ratio of the valve found from:

Predicting the sound power is done by solving the appropriate

equation 3, 4, or 5. The mass flow rate can be determined from
P_1_
__
P2 { [ ( ) ]}
_2___ ____
crit = 1 – FL2 1 – __
k+1 k–1
_k _ –1 10

conventional valve sizing methods. The speed of sound is

This equation is derived in Appendix A.
determined from the fluid conditions in the downstream pipe.
  The calculation proceeds by calculating the critical pressure ratio
c = √ k R u T/m 6 using equation 10. If the actual pressure ratio is greater than this,
Calculating the Mach number is somewhat more involved. The use the critical ratio in equation 8 to calculate “a,” otherwise use
freely expanded Mach number is found from the expression: the actual pressure ratio. Finally, use equation 7 to calculate the

{ [( ) ] }
2 P1 k–1
M= _____ ___
k–1 P2a k
____ –1 ½ 7
Mach number. The pressure ratio P1 /P2 in this equation is always
the actual pressure ratio.

The parameter “a” is used to account for the recovery Sound Pressure
characteristics of the valve so that the product P2 a is equal to the To develop expressions to calculate the transmission loss
vena contracta pressure when the flow is subsonic. In terms of the through pipe walls and to predict sound levels in the traditional
familiar pressure recovery term, FL , used in valve sizing: units, the sound power must be converted to sound pressure.
Assuming that the sound field is uniformly distributed across
1
FL² P2 (
P 1 – __
a = _____ + __1_
1__
FL² ) 8 
the pipes diametral area the acoustic pressure P² is related to
the sound power by:
Where by definition:
 wρ c 11
P² = _______
(P –P
FL = ___1_____2_
P1 – Pvc ) ½ 9 π r²
TABLE 1 " VALVE RECOVERY FACTORS
Values for FL depend on the style of valve. They are often Body & Trim Type Flow Direction FL
supplied by the manufacturer, otherwise they can be found in Single Seat Globe
Contoured Open .9
FIGURE 1 " MODES OF NOISE GENERATION
Contoured Closed .8
1×10 –2
V Plug Either .9
Cage Open .9
Cage Closed .8
Double Seat Globe
Contoured - .85
1×10 –3 V Plug - .9
Shock Cell Ball
Turbulence Standard Bore - .55
Interaction Characterized - .57
Butterfly
60° Open - .68
W/wc²

1×10 –4 90° Open - .55

Since the acoustic pressure can vary over several orders of

Transition
magnitude it has traditionally been converted to a term that
varies logarithmically called the sound pressure level. This
1×10 –5 conversion is made using the equation:

Turbulent
Shear
( )
P²
LP = 10 Log __


___
Po²
12

Where LP is measured in decibels (dB). Po2 is simply a reference

1×10 –6 quantity. Its value is 4x10–10 pascals². Combining equation 11
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 and 12 yields the expression:
Fully Developed Mach Number

©2000 CCI. All rights reserved. 230 | Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction 3
 LP = 89 +10 Log W+10 log p +10 log c – 20 log r 13 The ISA has proposed a curve that approximates the shape of the

Where the fluid density can be determined using the gas relation: frequency spectrum. A relationship based on the one proposed
by the ISA noise committee is:
P2m___
ρ = ______ 14
ZRuT

The fluid density for steam can also be found in many

[ ( ) ][ ( ) ]
_f_i_ ²
Lfi = –10 log 1 + __
2fp
_fi_
1 + __
2fi
4
–7.9 15

published steam tables. Lfi is used to correct the overall sound pressure level for the
sound pressure in the one third octave band whose center
Frequency Spectrum
frequency is fi . Summing Lfi over the entire frequency spectrum
The transmission loss through the pipe wall is a complex results in a value of zero. That is:
function of the frequency of the noise, also “A” weighting factors
0 = 10 log [Σ10 Lfi /10]
used to develop the dBA scale are frequency dependent. For
these reasons it is necessary to breakup the sound pressure into The peak frequency depends on the valve geometry i.e., the
its frequency spectrum and analyze the noise in each frequency effective jet diameter and the noise generation mode. For the
band. After correcting for transmission loss and weighing the subcritical and the transition modes the peak frequency is given
sound pressure, the frequency components are summed to the by:
final overall noise level produced by the valve. 0.2 Mc
fp = ___________ 16
Tests have confirmed theory that the frequency spectrum of D
control valve noise decreases as the fourth power of frequency For the high sonic mode the peak frequency is given by:
well below the peak frequency and decreases as the inverse square
0.4c
of the frequency well above the peak. Near the peak the spectrum fp = __________________
__ 17
1.25D(M² – 1)½
flattens out. Figure 2 illustrates the spectrum.
where D is the diameter of the jet. The diameter can be
calculated using:
FIGURE 2 " FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

0
CvFl
(
D = 0.0046 ________ ½
n ) 18

–5
where n is the number of separate flow passages (eg., n = 2 in a
–10 double seated valve).
–15 Transmission Loss
–20 The transmission of sound through the pipe wall is an
–25 extremely complex phenomena and beyond the scope of this
paper. For our purposes it is sufficient to note that the
–30
transmission loss is a function of the pipe geometry, Mach
Lfi (dB)

–35 number of the flow in the pipe, frequency of the sound, and
–40 pressure in the downstream pipe. At this time it is probable that
the Instrument Society of America will publish tables of
–45
transmission loss depending on pipe size and schedule,
–50 frequency of the noise, and the speed of the gas in the
–55 downstream pipe. These values must be corrected for
downstream pressure according to the equation:
–60
–65 TLci = TLi +10 log [(P__/101000+1)2.616+0.0315f
___it
2______________________
5.232 + 0.0315fit ] 19

–70
1/ 1 1 1/ 1/ 1/ where TLi is the uncorrected transmission loss. Preliminary
64 /32 /16 8 4 2 1 2 4 8 16 32 64
Frequency ratio fi / fp
values for TLi extracted from the draft of the ISA standard are
given in Appendix B.

Appendix B lists values for Mach numbers in the downstream

pipe of 0 and 0.3. (Note that this is not the jet Mach number.)

4 Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction | 230 ©2000 CCI. All rights reserved.
For Mach numbers between these two points the transmission From these basic parameters the following simple
loss terms can be interpolated. The Mach number in the determinations can made.
downstream pipe can be calculated from the equation: Ratio of Specific Heats, k For Air 1.4
w
M2 = ___________ 20 Molecular Weight, m For Air 29
πpr²c
Flow Rate, w From ISA 31.1
Distance Term Handbook of
Control Valves (3)
Beyond the pipe the sound level falls off with distance. The
Sound Velocity, c From Equation 6 347 m/s
term correcting for distance is:
Pipe Inner Radius, r From Pipe Tables .1014 m
(
R +__r_
LR = 10 log _____
r ) 21
Pipe Wall Thickness, t
(eg. Ref. 3)
From Pipe Tables .00818 m
where R is the distance from the pipe wall to the point of (eg. Ref. 3)
interest (Refer to Figure 3). Number of Flow Paths, n For Double Seat 2
Recovery Factor, FL Table 1 .9
FIGURE 3 " PIPING GEOMETRY
Downstream Fluid Density, From Equation 14 11.6 kg/
m³
Downstream
Pipe Calculate critical pressure ratio from Equation 10:
t Receiver
P_1_
__ 10
crit = 1.618
r P2

The actual pressure ratio is 2 so we use 1.618 for the pressure

ratio term in Equation 8.

a = 0.855
A Scale
Finally, the sound level must be weighted according to the “A” The fully expanded jet Mach number is calculated from
scale. The values of LAi are given in Appendix C as a function of Equation 7:
one-third octave frequency band. Combining all these factors M = 1.172
leads to the frequency dependent “A” weighted sound pressure
This places us into the transition mode. The sound power for
level at a point outside the pipe downstream of the control
this mode is found using Equation 5:
valve.
W = 2203 watts
Lpi = Lp + Lfi – TLci – LR – LAi 22
The sound power is determined from Equation 13:
The overall “A” weighted sound pressure level is:
Lp = 178 dB
SPL = 10 log [Σ10 Lpi /10] 23
The diameter of the jet is found from Equation 18:
The summation should be made over the frequency bands from
25 Hz to 20000 Hz. D = 0.0392 m

Example The peak frequency is found from Equation 16:

fp = 2074 Hz
The following example will illustrate the noise prediction method.
Calculate the Mach number in the downstream pipe from
Valve Size, Style 4”, Double Seated Globe V Plug
Equation 20:
Inlet Pressure, P1 4 x 106 Pa
Mz = 0.2392
Outlet Pressure, P2 2 x 106 Pa
Calculate the distance correction term from Equation 21:
Temperature, T 300 K
Fluid Air LR = 10.4

Valve Capacity, CV 162 To proceed the sound pressure must be broken into its frequency
Distance from Pipe, R 1m components. The following table lists the values of Lfi from
Equation 15, TLi extracted from Appendix B for both Mach 0 and
Pipe Size 8 inches
Mach .3, TLi found by interpolating these values and TLci
Pipe Schedule 40
©2000 CCI. All rights reserved. 230 | Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction 5
calculated from Equation 19. Also shown on this table are the SPL = 107.4 dBA
values of Lpi calculated using Equation 22.
Conclusion
Tran Tran Tran Tran
Spectrum Loss loss Loss Loss This effort by the ISA noise committee represents the first real
Freq. Factor M=0 M=0.3 MM=0.2392 Corrected SPL attempt to base a noise prediction method on fundamental

25 –72.6 84.6 79.5 80.5 90.6 49.0 acoustic theory. Hopefully, if this method attains wide
acceptability, differences between various manufacturers high
31 –68.9 82.6 77.5 78.5 88.6 49.5 prediction methods will be eliminated and industry confidence
40 –64.4 80.6 75.5 78.5 88.6 49.5 in the predicted values will be achieved. The final standard may
differ to some extent from the procedure outlined here. Caution
50 –60.6 78.6 73.5 74.5 84.6 52.6
is urged in using this procedure and the reader is advised to
63 –56.6 76.6 71.5 72.5 82.6 54.7 watch for the publication of the ISA standard.

80 –52.4 74.6 69.5 70.5 80.5 57.2 NOMENCLATURE

100 –48.5 72.6 67.5 68.5 78.5 59.7 a Recovery correction factor (dimensionless)

125 –44.7 70.6 65.5 66.5 76.4 62.6 c Sound velocity in vena contracta (m/s)

160 –40.4 68.6 63.5 64.5 74.3 66.3 Cv Valve sizing coefficient (dimensionless)

200 -36.5 66.6 61.5 62.5 72.3 69.7 D Vena contracta diameter (m)
250 -32.6 64.6 59.5 60.5 70.2 73.4
Fi Frequency band center frequency (Hz)
315 –28.7 62.6 57.5 58.5 68.0 77.5
fp Spectrum peak frequency (Hz)
400 –24.6 60.6 55.5 56.5 65.9 85.0
FL Pressure recovery factor (dimensionless)
500 –20.9 58.6 53.5 54.5 63.7 86.3
k Ratio of specific heats (dimensionless)
630 –17.2 56.6 51.5 52.5 61.4 90.8

800 –13.9 54.6 49.5 50.5 59.2 95.3 LAi “A” scale weighting factor (dB)

1000 –11.5 52.6 47.5 48.5 56.9 99.2 Lfi Frequency correction term (dB)

1250 –10.0 54.8 49.1 50.3 58.3 98.8 Lp Sound pressure level (dB)
1600 –9.2 61.3 51.6 53.6 61.2 96.2
Lpi Frequency dependent sound pressure level (db)
2000 –9.1 54.7 51.0 51.7 58.9 98.4
LR Distance correction term (dB)
2500 –9.4 54.0 56.0 55.6 62.3 94.6
M Jet Mach number (dimensionless)
3150 –9.9 60.0 53.1 54.5 60.7 95.7
M2 Downstream pipe Mach number (dimensionless)
4000 –10.8 59.9 58.4 58.7 64.4 91.4

5000 –11.8 57.4 55.6 56.0 61.2 94.1 m Molecular weight (kg/kg-mole)

6300 –13.1 56.3 54.3 54.7 59.4 96.1 n Number of flow paths (dimensionless)

8000 –14.6 57.9 56.6 56.9 61.0 93.1 P1 Valve inlet pressure (Pa)
10000 –16.2 59.4 57.3 57.7 61.4 92.5
P2 Valve outlet pressure (Pa)
12500 –17.9 59.6 57.7 58.1 61.3 92.7
Pvc Vena contracta pressure (Pa)
16000 –19.9 61.5 59.1 59.6 62.3 92.0
P² Sound pressure (Pa2)
20000 –21.7 66.9 64.6 65.1 67.4 87.8
Po² Reference sound pressure (Pa2)
Finally perform a logarithmic summing of the frequency
dependent sound pressure level values according to Equation R Distance from pipe to point of interest (m)
23. The predicted sound pressure level is:

6 Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction | 230 ©2000 CCI. All rights reserved.
r downstream pipe inner radius (m) Z Compressibility factor (dimensionless)

RU Universal gas constant (8315 joules/kg mole K) η Acoustic efficiency (dimensionless)

T Downstream fluid temperature (K) ρ Downstream fluid density (kg/m³)

t Pipe wall thickness (m) References

1. G.Reethoff; Control Valve and Regulator Noise Generation,
TLi Pipe base transmission loss (dB) Propagation, and Prediction – A Review, Proceedings Noise-Con 83,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1983.
TLci Corrected pipe transmission loss (dB) 2. A.K. Shea: A Comparative Study of Sound Level Prediction Methods
for Control Valves, Proceedings Noise-Con 83, Massachusetts
V Fluid velocity in vena contracta (m/s) Institute of Technology, March 1983.
3. J.W. Hutchinson: Instrument Society of America, Handbook of Control
W Sound power (watts) Valves, 2nd Edition, 1976.

w Mass flow rate (kg/s) 4. DS 75.17 Control Valve Aerodynamic Noise Prediction Method,
Instrument Society of America (unpublished draft).

Equation 9 can be algebraically transformed into an equation

Appendix A giving the inlet to outlet pressure ratio in terms of the vena
contracta to inlet pressure ratio.
DERIVATION OF EQUATION 10

Equation 10 combines the critical pressure ratio to induce

P__
__
P2 { ( P
1 = 1 – F 2 1 – __
L )]
__vc_ –1
P1
A2

choking in an orifice found in many textbooks covering

Substitution of (A1) into (A2) yields Equation 10:
compressible fluid flow:

P
__
P2 | ( ) 2 _ ____
__1 crit = ______
1+ k k–1
_k _ A1
P_1_
__
P2 { [ ( ) ]}
_2___ ____
crit = 1 – FL2 1 – __
k+1 k–1
_k _ –1 10

With the valve recovery factor (Equation 9 in text).

(P –P
FL = ___1_____2_
P1 – Pvc ) ½ 9

Appendix B
TRANSMISSION LOSS VALUES IN ANSI STEEL
PIPES —DB— STANDARD AIR MACH NO = 0.0
THIRD OCTAVE CENTER FREQUENCY, Hz
25 31 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 600
1 40 105.0 103.0 101.0 99.6 97.6 95.6 93.6 91.6 89.6 87.6 85.6 83.6 81.6 79.6 77.6
1 80 110.0 108.0 106.0 104.0 102.0 100.0 98.9 96.9 94.9 92.9 91.9 88.9 86.9 84.9 82.9
1 160 112.0 110.0 108.0 106.0 104.0 102.0 100.0 98.9 96.9 94.9 92.9 90.9 88.9 86.9 81.9

2 40 96.6 94.6 92.6 90.6 88.6 86.6 84.6 82.6 80.6 78.6 76.6 74.6 72.6 70.6 68.6
2 80 101.0 99.3 97.3 65.3 93.3 91.3 89.3 87.3 85.3 83.3 81.3 79.3 77.3 75.3 73.3
2 160 104.0 102.0 100.0 98.4 96.4 94.4 92.4 90.4 88.4 86.4 84.4 82.4 80.4 78.4 76.4

3 40 95.7 93.7 91.7 89.7 87.7 85.7 83.7 81.7 79.7 77.7 75.7 73.7 71.7 69.7 67.7
3 80 97.6 95.6 93.6 91.6 89.6 87.6 85.6 83.6 81.6 79.6 77.6 75.6 73.6 71.6 69.6
3 160 98.9 96.9 94.9 92.9 90.9 88.9 86.9 84.9 82.9 80.9 78.9 76.9 74.9 72.9 70.9

4 40 90.8 88.8 86.8 84.8 82.8 80.8 78.8 76.8 74.8 72.8 70.8 68.8 66.8 64.8 62.8
4 80 96.5 94.5 92.5 90.5 88.5 86.5 84.5 82.5 80.5 78.5 76.5 74.5 72.5 70.5 68.5
4 160 97.0 95.0 93.0 91.0 89.0 87.0 85.0 83.0 81.0 79.0 77.0 75.0 73.0 71.0 69.0

6 40 88.6 86.6 84.6 82.6 80.6 78.6 76.6 74.6 72.6 70.6 68.6 66.6 64.6 62.6 60.6
6 80 90.1 88.1 86.1 84.1 82.1 80.1 78.1 76.1 74.1 72.1 70.1 68.1 66.1 64.1 62.1
6 160 92.3 90.3 88.3 86.3 84.3 82.3 80.3 78.3 76.3 74.3 72.3 70.3 68.3 66.3 64.3

©2000 CCI. All rights reserved. 230 | Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction 7
 25 31 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 600
8 40 84.6 82.6 80.6 78.6 76.6 74.6 72.6 70.6 68.6 66.6 64.6 62.6 60.6 58.6 56.6
8 80 93.5 91.5 89.5 87.5 85.5 83.5 81.5 79.5 77.5 75.5 73.5 71.5 69.5 67.5 65.5
8 160 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0

10 40 82.3 80.3 78.3 76.3 74.3 72.3 70.3 68.3 66.3 64.3 62.3 60.3 58.3 56.3 54.3
10 80 93.3 91.3 89.3 87.3 85.3 83.3 81.3 79.3 77.3 75.3 73.3 71.3 69.3 67.3 65.3
10 160 88.0 86.0 84.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0

12 40 80.7 78.7 76.7 74.7 72.7 70.7 68.7 66.7 64.7 62.7 60.7 58.7 56.7 54.7 52.7
12 80 82.9 80.9 78.9 76.9 74.9 72.9 70.9 68.9 66.9 64.9 62.9 60.9 58.9 56.9 54.9
12 160 88.0 86.0 84.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0

14 40 77.9 75.9 73.9 71.9 69.9 67.9 65.9 63.9 61.9 59.9 57.9 55.9 53.9 51.9 49.9
14 80 83.4 81.4 79.4 77.4 75.4 73.4 71.4 69.4 67.4 65.4 63.4 61.4 59.4 57.4 55.4
14 160 86.4 84.4 82.4 80.4 78.4 76.4 74.4 72.4 70.4 68.4 66.4 64.4 62.4 60.4 58.4

16 40 78.6 76.6 74.6 72.6 70.6 68.6 66.6 64.6 62.6 60.6 58.6 56.6 54.6 52.6 50.6
16 80 80.7 78.7 76.6 74.7 72.7 70.7 68.7 66.7 64.7 62.7 60.7 58.7 56.7 54.7 52.7
16 160 85.4 83.4 81.4 79.4 77.4 75.4 73.4 71.4 69.4 67.4 65.4 63.4 61.4 59.4 57.4

18 40 75.9 73.9 71.9 69.9 67.9 65.9 63.9 61.9 59.9 57.9 55.9 53.9 51.9 49.9 59.9
18 80 80.8 78.8 76.8 74.8 72.8 70.8 68.8 66.8 64.8 62.8 60.8 58.8 56.8 54.8 56.6
18 160 84.6 82.6 80.6 78.6 76.6 74.6 72.6 70.6 68.6 66.6 64.6 62.6 60.6 58.6 56.6

20 40 75.9 73.9 71.9 69.9 67.9 65.9 63.9 61.9 59.9 57.9 55.9 53.9 51.9 49.9 48.8
20 80 78.3 76.3 74.3 72.3 70.3 68.3 66.3 64.3 62.3 60.3 58.3 56.3 54.3 52.3 53.6
20 160 84.9 82.9 80.9 78.9 76.9 74.9 72.9 70.9 68.9 66.9 64.9 62.9 60.9 58.9 60.2

24 40 73.0 71.0 69.0 67.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 48.1 52.3
24 80 76.4 74.4 72.4 70.4 68.4 66.4 64.4 62.4 60.4 58.4 56.4 54.4 52.4 62.7 56.8
24 160 80.8 78.8 76.8 74.8 72.8 70.8 68.8 66.8 64.8 62.8 60.8 58.8 56.8 57.3 64.7

TRANSMISSION LOSS VALUES IN ANSI STEEL

PIPES –DB-STANDARD AIR, MACH NO = 0.0
THIRD OCTAVE CENTER FREQUENCY, Hz

800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000 10K 12.5 16K 20K
1 40 75.6 73.6 71.6 69.6 67.6 65.6 63.6 61.6 59.6 57.6 55.6 59.9 61.8 63.9 65.9
1 80 80.9 78.9 76.9 74.9 72.9 70.9 68.9 66.9 64.9 62.9 60.9 61.5 64.4 66.5 68.5
1 160 82.9 80.9 78.9 76.9 74.9 72.9 70.9 68.9 66.9 64.9 62.9 60.9 74.3 69.4 71.4

2 40 66.6 64.6 62.6 60.6 58.6 56.6 54.6 52.6 55.1 56.1 61.6 61.1 63.7 62.7 64.7
2 80 71.3 69.3 67.3 65.3 63.3 61.3 59.3 57.3 59.4 58.3 58.0 64.2 65.2 66.5 64.1
2 160 74.4 72.4 70.4 68.4 66.4 64.4 62.4 60.4 58.4 64.1 66.2 68.1 72.8 69.9 72.9

3 40 65.7 63.7 61.7 59.7 57.7 55.7 56.3 56.1 56.1 60.1 62.7 63.0 62.1 63.5 66.3
3 80 67.6 65.6 63.6 61.3 59.6 57.6 55.6 59.0 56.0 62.9 64.7 65.8 62.7 68.1 70.1
3 160 68.9 66.9 64.9 62.9 60.9 58.9 56.9 62.2 64.2 66.2 81.2 69.1 69.8 71.3 77.9

4 40 60.8 58.8 56.8 54.8 52.8 58.9 57.7 57.7 52.6 62.1 62.4 58.9 60.5 61.3 66.9
4 80 66.5 64.5 62.5 60.5 58.5 56.6 97.5 56.8 61.9 63.7 64.6 63.3 65.0 65.1 70.2
4 160 67.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 61.9 63.9 65.9 69.7 68.4 70.7 70.4 69.9 75.7

6 40 58.6 56.6 54.6 53.8 52.3 54.1 53.6 60.2 60.0 58.3 59.6 58.8 59.3 62.1 66.9
6 80 60.1 58.1 56.1 54.1 56.1 55.5 60.1 63.3 63.4 61.5 65.9 63.5 63.9 66.9 71.3
6 160 62.3 60.3 58.3 56.3 69.1 62.5 64.5 66.5 67.5 68.7 69.9 68.8 71.1 72.2 77.5

8 40 54.6 52.6 54.8 61.3 54.7 54.0 60.0 59.9 57.4 56.3 57.9 59.4 59.9 61.5 66.9
8 80 63.5 61.5 54.2 55.4 55.8 59.3 61.9 62.4 61.6 62.9 63.1 63.9 64.7 67.0 71.8
8 160 60.0 58.0 56.0 60.6 62.5 64.5 70.2 67.7 69.1 69.3 69.3 71.7 71.7 74.4 79.4

10 40 52.3 54.3 61.8 54.1 53.7 52.4 59.1 57.1 53.6 56.6 57.7 59.0 60.6 62.4 67.1
10 80 63.3 53.9 54.8 55.7 58.9 61.6 61.9 59.7 61.3 62.1 63.6 64.9 66.1 68.2 72.9
10 160 58.0 56.0 60.3 62.5 64.4 74.3 66.9 69.3 69.3 68.8 71.6 72.0 74.0 75.7 81.1
8 Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction | 230 ©2000 CCI. All rights reserved.
 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000 10K 12.5 16K 20K
12 40 50.7 49.6 52.5 54.3 52.0 57.5 56.9 55.7 56.8 56.4 58.5 60.4 60.9 62.8 68.1
12 80 52.9 54.1 54.6 53.1 60.3 62.4 60.3 64.2 60.6 62.0 64.4 65.2 66.9 68.9 73.8
12 160 58.0 61.5 61.7 63.8 65.8 66.7 67.8 69.9 67.9 70.5 71.9 73.8 74.8 77.0 81.2

14 40 58.3 58.0 54.5 54.0 53.2 58.9 55.6 55.7 56.2 57.3 58.9 60.6 61.2 63.5 69.4
14 80 56.0 54.9 55.8 54.0 62.0 62.1 58.3 61.3 62.4 63.2 65.0 65.7 67.5 69.5 76.0
14 160 56.4 60.3 62.3 64.4 68.4 67.4 69.1 69.6 69.0 71.0 72.1 73.2 74.8 77.2 82.5

16 40 49.4 52.4 54.1 52.1 57.6 57.0 54.4 55.8 56.4 58.7 59.8 61.4 62.0 65.2 73.1
16 80 54.0 54.7 54.0 59.9 62.7 60.3 60.1 61.5 62.8 63.8 65.2 67.3 68.2 70.8 80.6
16 160 61.9 57.2 61.3 65.5 66.6 68.0 69.1 67.7 70.4 71.4 73.6 75.2 76.4 78.6 86.1

18 40 55.7 55.8 53.9 53.8 58.5 55.7 54.2 56.0 57.7 58.5 60.8 62.3 63.0 67.9 84.6
18 80 66.4 56.4 54.9 62.2 62.3 58.9 60.7 61.0 63.4 64.5 65.8 68.0 68.9 74.1 101.0
18 160 60.5 56.7 64.3 66.7 66.9 69.0 69.0 69.4 71.4 71.6 74.9 75.7 76.6 81.4 104.0

20 40 52.2 56.1 51.7 56.9 56.3 55.2 55.0 56.3 58.5 59.5 61.1 62.3 64.1 71.8 78.9
20 80 54.9 56.3 57.8 62.7 60.0 60.2 61.1 62.8 63.8 65.4 67.2 68.6 70.4 80.7 83.7
20 160 58.5 61.4 65.2 66.5 67.2 69.5 67.6 70.5 71.4 73.0 74.0 76.7 77.5 85.7 89.3

24 40 62.0 53.2 54.0 56.6 56.0 56.2 55.2 57.6 58.7 59.8 61.6 63.1 68.4 100.6 80.2
24 80 58.3 56.7 62.4 60.4 61.8 60.9 62.2 63.8 64.9 66.1 67.7 69.6 76.2 83.2 85.1
24 160 58.8 64.8 65.5 66.1 69.6 67.6 69.6 71.5 72.4 74.4 76.3 77.5 82.4 88.9 90.8

TRANSMISSION LOSS VALUES IN ANSI STEEL PIPES —DB—

STANDARD AIR, MACH NO. = 0.3
THIRD OCTAVE CENTER FREQUENCY, Hz

25 31 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 600

1 40 106.0 104.0 102.0 99.8 97.8 95.8 93.8 91.8 89.8 87.8 85.8 83.8 81.8 79.8 77.8
1 80 108.0 106.0 104.0 102.0 100.0 98.5 96.5 94.5 92.5 90.5 88.5 86.5 84.5 82.5 80.5
1 160 115.0 113.0 111.0 109.0 107.0 105.0 103.0 101.0 99.5 97.5 95.5 93.5 91.5 89.5 87.5

2 40 98.3 96.3 94.3 92.3 90.3 88.3 86.3 84.3 82.3 80.3 78.3 76.3 74.3 72.3 70.3
2 80 99.8 97.8 95.8 93.8 91.8 89.8 87.8 85.8 83.8 81.8 79.8 77.8 75.8 73.8 71.8
2 160 103.0 101.0 99.5 97.5 95.5 93.5 91.5 89.5 87.5 85.5 83.5 81.5 79.5 77.5 75.5

3 40 93.3 91.3 89.3 87.3 85.3 83.3 81.3 79.3 77.3 75.3 73.3 71.3 69.3 67.3 65.3
3 80 94.5 92.5 90.5 88.5 86.5 84.5 82.5 80.5 78.5 76.5 74.5 72.5 70.5 68.5 66.5
3 160 99.0 97.3 65.0 93.0 91.0 89.0 87.0 85.0 83.0 81.0 79.0 77.0 75.0 73.0 71.0

4 40 95.5 93.5 91.5 89.5 87.5 85.5 83.5 81.5 79.5 77.5 75.5 73.5 71.5 69.5 67.5
4 80 92.3 90.3 88.3 86.3 84.3 82.3 80.3 78.3 76.3 74.3 72.3 70.3 68.3 66.3 64.3
4 160 95.1 93.1 91.1 89.1 87.1 85.1 83.1 81.1 79.1 77.1 75.1 73.1 71.1 69.1 67.1

6 40 85.3 83.3 81.3 79.3 77.3 75.3 73.3 71.3 69.3 67.3 65.3 63.3 61.3 59.3 57.3
6 80 87.0 85.0 83.0 81.0 79.0 77.0 75.0 73.0 71.0 69.0 67.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0
6 160 93.1 91.1 89.1 87.1 85.1 83.1 81.1 79.1 77.1 75.1 73.1 71.1 69.1 67.1 65.1

8 40 79.5 77.5 75.5 73.5 71.5 69.5 67.5 65.5 63.5 61.5 59.5 57.5 55.5 53.5 51.5
8 80 84.8 82.8 80.8 78.8 76.8 74.8 72.8 70.8 68.8 66.8 64.8 62.8 60.8 58.8 56.8
8 160 88.0 86.0 84.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0

10 40 94.9 92.9 90.9 88.9 86.9 84.9 82.9 80.9 78.9 76.9 74.9 72.9 70.9 68.9 66.9
10 80 82.6 80.6 78.6 76.6 74.6 72.6 70.6 68.6 66.6 64.6 62.6 60.6 58.6 56.6 54.6
10 160 87.6 85.6 83.6 81.6 79.6 77.6 75.6 73.6 71.6 69.6 67.6 65.6 63.6 61.6 59.6

12 40 77.7 75.7 73.7 71.7 69.7 67.7 65.7 63.7 61.7 59.7 57.7 55.7 53.7 51.7 49.7
12 80 79.8 77.8 75.8 73.8 71.8 69.8 67.8 65.8 63.8 61.8 59.8 57.8 55.8 53.8 51.8
12 160 92.7 90.7 88.7 86.7 84.7 82.7 80.7 78.7 76.7 74.7 72.7 70.7 68.7 66.7 64.7

14 40 78.5 76.5 74.5 72.5 70.5 68.5 66.5 64.5 62.5 60.5 58.5 56.5 54.5 52.5 50.5
14 80 81.1 79.1 77.1 75.1 73.1 71.1 69.1 67.1 65.1 63.1 61.1 59.1 57.1 55.1 53.1
14 160 83.7 81.7 79.7 77.7 75.7 73.7 71.7 69.7 67.7 65.7 63.7 61.7 59.7 57.7 55.7

©2000 CCI. All rights reserved. 230 | Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction 9
 25 31 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 600
16 40 75.6 73.6 71.6 69.6 67.6 65.6 63.6 61.6 59.6 57.6 55.6 53.6 51.6 49.6 47.6
16 80 77.6 75.6 73.6 71.6 69.6 67.6 65.6 63.6 61.6 59.6 57.6 55.6 53.6 51.6 49.6
16 160 88.8 86.8 84.8 82.8 80.8 78.8 76.8 74.8 72.8 70.8 68.8 66.8 64.8 62.8 60.8

18 40 76.2 74.2 72.2 70.2 68.2 66.2 64.2 62.2 60.2 58.2 56.2 54.2 52.2 50.2 51.1
18 80 95.4 93.4 91.4 89.4 87.4 85.4 83.4 81.4 79.4 77.4 75.4 73.4 71.4 69.4 51.2
18 160 81.5 79.5 77.5 75.5 73.5 71.5 69.5 67.5 65.5 63.5 61.5 59.5 57.5 55.5 53.5

20 40 72.8 70.8 68.8 66.8 64.8 62.8 60.8 58.8 56.8 54.8 52.8 50.8 48.8 46.8 48.8
20 80 75.8 73.8 71.8 69.8 67.8 65.8 63.8 61.8 59.8 57.8 55.8 53.8 51.8 49.8 61.7
20 160 83.0 81.0 79.0 77.0 75.0 73.0 71.0 69.0 67.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0

24 40 70.9 68.9 66.9 64.9 62.9 60.9 58.9 56.9 54.9 52.9 50.9 48.9 46.9 55.9 55.2
24 80 76.8 74.8 72.8 70.8 68.8 66.8 64.8 62.8 60.8 58.8 56.8 54.8 52.8 53.8 55.1
24 160 80.3 78.3 76.3 74.3 72.3 70.3 68.3 66.3 64.3 62.3 60.3 58.3 56.3 54.3 60.8

TRANSMISSION LOSS VALUES IN ANSI STEEL PIPES –DB-

STANDARD AIR, MACH NO = 0.3
THIRD OCTAVE CENTER FREQUENCY, HZ

800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000 10K 12.5 16K 20K
1 40 75.8 73.8 71.8 69.8 67.8 65.8 63.8 61.8 59.8 57.8 55.8 58.2 49.9 62.4 65.9
1 80 78.5 76.5 74.5 72.5 70.5 68.5 66.5 64.5 62.5 60.5 58.5 56.5 64.4 66.5 68.5
1 160 85.5 83.5 81.5 79.5 77.5 75.5 73.5 71.5 69.5 67.5 65.5 63.5 61.9 69.4 71.4

2 40 68.3 66.3 64.3 62.3 60.3 58.3 56.3 54.3 54.2 57.1 54.4 61.1 60.6 61.2 63.1
2 80 69.8 67.8 65.8 63.8 61.8 59.8 57.8 55.8 53.8 60.1 54.3 64.2 62.2 64.9 63.0
2 160 73.5 71.5 69.5 67.5 65.5 63.5 61.5 59.5 57.5 62.5 66.2 68.1 70.0 67.8 69.3

3 40 63.3 61.3 59.3 57.3 55.3 53.3 51.3 56.1 53.1 60.1 60.1 62.8 54.8 61.7 62.8
3 80 64.5 62.5 60.5 58.5 56.5 54.5 52.5 59.0 53.4 73.5 65.2 65.2 59.8 66.0 67.3
3 160 69.0 67.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 59.9 64.2 66.2 68.3 65.9 67.1 69.7 74.1

4 40 65.5 63.5 61.5 59.5 57.5 51.4 54.8 52.9 50.3 59.0 60.1 57.3 58.7 58.8 64.3
4 80 62.3 60.3 58.3 56.3 54.3 52.3 57.9 53.8 61.9 61.2 63.9 60.1 64.3 62.4 67.6
4 160 65.1 63.1 61.1 59.1 57.1 55.1 63.1 63.9 65.9 67.9 66.1 67.3 68.1 67.2 74.3

6 40 55.3 53.3 51.3 49.3 52.3 51.8 56.0 53.3 60.7 56.2 54.7 57.4 57.1 59.8 64.4
6 80 57.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 56.1 54.7 59.4 64.0 63.8 59.1 62.6 60.9 61.9 64.4 69.1
6 160 63.1 61.1 59.1 57.1 57.9 62.5 64.5 66.5 64.5 65.8 68.6 66.1 68.6 69.7 75.5

8 40 49.5 47.5 49.1 51.6 51.0 56.0 53.1 58.4 55.6 54.3 56.6 57.3 57.7 59.1 64.6
8 80 54.8 52.8 50.8 55.4 52.9 68.3 59.7 62.6 58.3 62.2 60.3 61.9 62.2 64.7 69.2
8 160 58.0 56.0 54.0 63.2 62.5 64.5 66.5 64.9 66.1 67.3 66.3 69.2 69.4 72.1 77.0

10 40 64.9 48.7 50.6 50.5 59.1 48.9 55.2 55.3 51.9 54.7 55.5 56.8 58.2 60.1 64.8
10 80 52.6 50.6 54.8 52.7 70.5 60.0 61.5 58.3 58.5 58.1 61.2 62.5 63.7 65.7 70.4
10 160 57.6 55.6 59.4 62.5 64.4 66.4 64.6 66.1 67.7 65.9 69.2 69.6 71.5 73.2 78.5

12 40 47.7 49.6 50.5 58.7 51.3 52.2 55.2 54.3 53.0 54.3 56.5 57.6 58.6 60.4 65.3
12 80 49.8 54.1 54.3 50.5 56.2 61.8 58.8 60.4 58.9 59.5 62.3 62.6 64.4 66.5 71.2
12 160 62.7 55.6 61.7 63.8 65.8 63.7 64.9 67.7 65.8 68.1 69.4 71.2 72.3 74.5 78.5

14 40 50.7 50.2 50.5 54.3 50.0 54.5 54.8 53.5 55.4 55.1 56.8 58.1 58.9 61.0 66.1
14 80 51.1 54.9 52.7 51.1 58.9 61.1 56.4 59.6 58.4 60.8 62.7 63.3 65.0 66.9 72.6
14 160 53.7 67.6 52.2 64.4 72.5 65.3 66.3 67.1 66.3 68.6 69.8 70.6 72.2 74.6 79.7

16 40 49.4 51.6 56.0 51.2 52.4 55.8 53.8 52.8 54.5 56.0 57.6 59.1 59.6 62.1 69.0
16 80 54.0 56.0 51.5 55.5 61.9 59.3 56.9 59.3 60.8 61.7 62.7 64.9 65.7 67.8 76.2
16 160 55.8 55.7 57.1 65.5 63.6 65.3 67.3 65.5 68.1 68.7 71.1 72.7 73.6 75.5 92.3

10 Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction | 230 ©2000 CCI. All rights reserved.
 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000 10K 12.5 16K 20K
18 40 50.4 50.8 52.3 50.1 56.1 55.2 51.6 55.7 55.3 56.2 58.5 59.5 60.5 64.1 77.5
18 80 54.9 53.0 51.9 59.2 59.9 57.0 58.8 58.7 61.0 62.2 63.4 65.6 66.3 70.3 90.7
18 160 60.5 53.8 64.3 66.8 65.8 65.9 66.7 66.5 68.9 69.2 72.1 73.2 74.0 77.5 91.9

20 40 51.6 55.7 50.9 52.4 55.6 53.8 52.4 54.4 55.8 56.8 58.0 59.6 60.8 67.0 78.9
20 80 56.4 54.3 53.8 62.1 59.4 56.9 58.8 59.6 60.6 62.8 64.8 66.2 67.3 76.1 83.7
20 160 57.9 57.0 65.2 63.5 64.5 67.1 65.4 68.2 68.9 70.4 71.4 74.1 74.7 81.7 89.3

24 40 52.5 51.1 51.2 55.6 54.9 51.4 54.5 55.6 56.3 57.4 59.1 60.2 64.1 85.5 80.2
24 80 53.9 53.3 59.7 59.7 59.0 58.9 60.2 61.5 62.3 63.4 65.2 66.8 72.1 83.2 85.1
24 160 55.4 64.8 62.9 64.5 66.3 66.3 66.8 69.2 69.6 72.0 73.6 74.9 78.7 88.9 90.8

Appendix C
“A” WEIGHTING FACTORS

Band Center Band Center

Frequency Hz LAi Frequency Hz LAi

10 -70.4 630 -1.9

12.5 -63.4 800 -0.8

16 -56.7 1000 -0

20 -50.5 1250 +0.6

25 -44.7 1600 +1.0

31.5 -39.4 2000 +1.2

40 -34.6 2500 +1.3

50 -30.2 3150 +1.2

63 -26.2 4000 +1.0

80 -22.5 5000 +0.5

100 -19.1 6300 -1.0

125 -16.1 8000 -1.1

160 -13.4 10000 -2.5

200 -10.9 12500 -4.3

250 -8.6 16000 -6.6

315 -6.6 20000 -9.3

400 -4.8

500 -3.2

©2000 CCI. All rights reserved. 230 | Recent Advances in Standardizing Valve Noise Prediction 11