REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN 1

Introduction & General Design

Consideration
by
Dr. Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources
[email protected]

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

Topic 1 : Introduction to Reinforced Concrete
Design
i. Reinforced concrete materials
ii. Limit state design
iii. Characteristic load and strength
iv. Partial safety factor
v. Code of practice
vi. Properties of concrete and steel

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Lesson Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, students should be able

to:
• Define and explain reinforced concrete materials
• Define and explain the limit state design (ultimate
& serviceability limit state)
• Identify characteristic load and strength, partial
safety factors
• Define and explain properties of concrete and
steel

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Objectives of Structural Design

To provide a structure which throughout its

intended life span:
• Possess an acceptable margin of safety against
collapse whilst in use;
• Serviceable and perform its intended purpose
whilst in use;
• Sufficiently strong (robust) to cater for subjected
loadings
• Economic to construct (construction cost)
• Economic to maintain (maintenance cost)

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Design Objectives (Keywords)

Safe and Fulfill its Strong and

reliable purposes durable

Economic User comfort Maintainability

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Design Process

1
• Classify structures into frames and elements

2
• Estimate the loads

3
• Analyse/calculate the maximum moments, shear etc.

4
• Design the section and reinforcement required

5
• Produce detail drawing

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 What is Reinforced Concrete?

• A composite material that combines concrete

with steel reinforcements.

• The combination of these materials provide a

strong durable building material that could
cater for both compressive and tensile stress.

• Concrete and steel reinforcement act together

to resist forces.

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Concrete

• Composite material composed of aggregate

(sand & gravel) chemically bounded together
by hydrated Portland cement.
• The aggregate generally is graded in size from
sand to gravel, with the maximum gravel size
in structural concrete commonly being 20mm
(although 10mm or 40mm may be used)

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Properties of Concrete and Steel

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

Advantages & Disadvantages of Reinforced
Concrete

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Typical Reinforced Concrete Element

 Beams – horizontal members carrying lateral loads

 Slabs – horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads
 Columns – vertical members carrying primarily axial
load, but generally subjected to axial load and moment
 Walls – vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral
or in-plane loads
 Bases and foundations – pads or strips supported
directly on the ground that spread the loads from
columns or walls so that the can be supported by the
ground

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Typical Reinforced Concrete Element

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Typical Reinforced Concrete Frame Building

Source: http://www.concretecoalition.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/08/RC_frame.jpg

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Material Properties (Concrete)

• Concrete is a variable material

• As the load is applied, the ratio between the
stresses and strains is approximately linear at
first and the concrete behaves almost as an
“elastic material”.
• Eventually, the curve becomes no longer linear
and it behaves more as a “plastic material”.

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Stress – Strain Curve (Concrete)

http://anbeal.co.uk/wpimages/wp8123ba8e_00.png

• Typical stress-strain curve for concrete in compression

• Concrete’s strength generally increases with age.
Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin
 Concrete’s Compressive Strength, fck

• Concrete strength is assessed by measuring the

crushing strength of cubes and cylinders made from
the mix.
• The samples are then cured and tested after 28 days
according to standard procedures.
• The strength of concrete is identified by its “class”:

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Strength Classes of Concrete

CLASS fck (N/mm2) USAGE

C16/20 16 Plain Concrete
C20/25 20 Reinforced Concrete
C25/30 25 Reinforced Concrete
Pre-stressed concrete /
C28/35 28 Reinforced Concrete subjected to
chlorides
C30/37 30 Reinforced Concrete

There are higher strengths of concrete. These are just

examples that are commonly used.

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Concrete’s Tensile Strength, ft

• In reinforced concrete design, the tensile strength of

concrete is normally assumed to be “zero”.

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Material Properties (Steel)

• Types of steel:
– Hot rolled high yield steel
– Cold worked high yield steel
• The specified characteristic strength, fyk is 500
N/mm2
• The bars are commonly identified by H (for
high yield steel)

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Stress – Strain Curve (Steel)

By Breakdown

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stress_Strain_Ductile_Material.png

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Simplified Stress – Strain Curve (Steel)

• In reinforced concrete design, a linear elastic-

plastic is considered for both tension and
compression condition.
• Reinforcing bar still has a considerable margin
of safety within its maximum load-carrying
capacity beyond the yield point.
• Modulus of elasticity of steel, Es can be taken
as 200 kN/mm2

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Limit State Design

OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN:
• to achieve acceptable probabilities that a
structure will not become unfit for its
intended use
• In other words: “It will not reach its limit
state”
• There are two principle types of limit states:
– Ultimate limit state (ULS)
– Serviceability limit state (SLS)

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

DEFINITION:
• •This requires the structure to be able to
withstand, with an adequate factor of safety
against collapse, designed to ensure safety of the
occupants and the safety of the structure itself.

• The possibility of buckling, overturning and

accidental damage (eg: explosion) has to be taken
into account.

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Generally, the most important SLS are:

1. Deflection (the appearance/efficiency of the structure or
the comfort of the occupants should not be affected)
2. Cracking (must not affect the appearance, efficiency or
durability of the structure)
3. Durability (must be considered in terms of the proposed
life of the structure and its conditions of exposure)

Other limit states are:

– Excessive vibration, fatigue, fire resistance

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Code of Practice

• A document about the best practice by engineers and also

experienced researchers.
• Current code of practice in Malaysia is the Eurocode 2.
• For reinforced concrete design, these are the codes of practice
being used:
– BS EN 1990 : 2002
• Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design
– BS EN 1991-1-1 : 2002
• Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures (densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings)
– BS EN 1992-1-1 : 2004
• Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Actions

• The set of applied forces (or loads) for which a

structure is to be designed.
• The standard loadings are given in BS EN 1991
: Eurocode 1 – Actions on Structures

• The actions(loads) on a structure are divided

into two types:
– Permanent actions, Gk
– Variable actions, Qk

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Permanent Action, Gk

• Actions which are normally constant during

the structures life.
• Include the weight of the structure itself and
all static components.

• Examples:
– Self-weight of all permanent structures such as
beams, columns, floors, wall, roofs and finishes.
– Permanent partitions

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Variable Action, Qk

• These actions are more difficult to determine accurately.

• Estimates are based on standard codes of practice or
past experience.
• The values adopted are based on observations and
measurements and it is less accurate than the
assessment of dead loads.
• Examples:
– Weights of buildings occupants, furniture, machinery, and
retained earth or water.
The standard values can be obtained from EN 1991-1-
1:2002 (Actions on Structures)

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Wind Load, Wk

• Although wind load is a variable action, it is

kept in a separate category.

• Since the partial factors of safety are specified

and the load combinations on the structure
are considered.

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Partial Factor of Safety

• Allowance of possible variations such as

constructional tolerances.

• This is applied to the strength of materials and

actions.

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Partial Factor of Safety for Material, γm

• To cater for errors during construction or

manufacturing process.
– Steel : manufactured in a factory with stringent
care (smaller partial factor of safety)
– Concrete: Constructed on site (leads to higher
partial factor of safety)

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Partial Factor of Safety for Material, γm

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Partial Factor of Safety for Action, γf

Design value action = Characteristic action x Partial factor of safety

• To cater for errors/inaccuracies due to:

– Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation
– Possible unusual load increment
– Unforeseen stress redistributions
– Constructional errors

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Partial Factor of Safety at the Ultimate Limit
State

Source: MALAYSIA NATIONAL ANNEX TO EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE

STRUCTURES – PART 1-1: GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDING

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

Partial Factor of Safety at the Ultimate Limit
State
Load combinations and patterns for the
ultimate limit state:
• For the design at ultimate limit state, the load
combination that will be used is (wind load is
excluded):
Design load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin

 Summary and Short Quiz

Introduction & General Design Consideration by Sharifah Maszura Syed Mohsin