CLEARED
For Open Publication
AS AMENDED
Dec 18, 2019
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW
October 2019
Executive Summary
OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
This report is a product of the Defense Science Board (DSB). The DSB is a Federal Advisory
Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of Defense. Statements,
opinions, conclusions, and recommendations in this report do not necessarily represent the official
position of the Department of Defense. The DSB Study on Applications of Quantum Technologies
completed its information-gathering in May 2019. The Executive Summary is unclassified and was
cleared for open publication by the DoD Office of Prepublication and Security Review on December
18, 2019.
MEMORANDUM FOR UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR RESEARCH AND
ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: Final Report of the Defense Science Board (DSB) Task Force on Applications
of Quantum Technologies
I am pleased to forward the final report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on
Applications of Quantum Technologies, co-chaired by Dr. John Manferdelli and Dr. Robert
Wisnieff.
Quantum technologies exhibit remarkable potential to enhance or upend current
warfighting capabilities. Fields such as sensing, computation, and communications are key
mission areas in which quantum could make a significant impact. It is crucial that the
Department of Defense (DoD), along with our allies and partners, maintain the leading edge
in understanding advances in these technologies. Industry and academia also play a vital role
in the development of quantum technologies, and their collaboration with DoD could reap
benefits for all parties. This is particularly pressing given adversarial investments being made
towards quantum superiority, if not dominance.
The most urgent focus, however, must be applied to the enabling components that
underpin a broad swath of quantum technologies. This is where the DoD may gain the most
persistent advantage.
I agree with the recommendations detailed in this report and urge the DoD to move
quickly toward their adoption.
Dr. Craig Fields
Chairman, DSB
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MEMORANDUM TO THE CHAIRMAN, DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
SUBJECT: Final Report of the Defense Science Board (DSB) Task Force on Applications of
Quantum Technologies
Attached is the final report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Applications of
Quantum Technologies. The Task Force was commissioned to accomplish the following objectives:
• Evaluate the level of technology readiness of quantum technologies and the technological
challenges they face in order to be considered for DoD applications;
• Evaluate the level of research and development in these technology areas in universities,
government laboratories, and industry, both domestically and in other countries;
• Evaluate which applications will be developed for commercial use and which will be primarily
unique to the DoD. For DoD applications, evaluate if the technologies required for design,
fabrication, testing, and use provide a persistent differentiation; and
• Evaluate the ancillary technologies required for implementation of these technologies.
The Task Force found that the Department can glean the most opportunity in three technology
areas: quantum sensing, quantum computing, and quantum communications (empowered by
entanglement distribution). Quantum sensing applications are currently poised for mission use whereas
quantum computing and communications are in earlier stages of development. Applications in each of
these technology areas could offer critical value to DoD and must be pursued vigorously.
Where the most persistent differentiation may be found, however, is in the technology that
spans the breadth of quantum technology applications – the enabling components. Reliable, well-
characterized, trusted, and well-manufactured components, coupled with practiced integration, may be
the biggest factor in achieving quantum superiority and competitive advantage. This is crucial if the
United States is to maintain its edge in a race in which its competitors are already nipping at its heels.
This report outlines current technology readiness levels of the various quantum applications and
explores their applicability to the DoD mission.
The Task Force has provided a series of recommendations that the DoD should adopt without
delay. Doing so will enable the United States to lead the world in quantum research, development, and
application. We hope that this report finds a receptive audience among the Nation’s top military and
policy leaders.
Dr. John Manferdelli Dr. Robert Wisnieff
Co-Chairman Co-Chairman
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UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum
Technologies
Table of Contents
Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................ 1
Quantum Sensing Findings ............................................................................................................. 2
Quantum Computing Findings ........................................................................................................ 2
Quantum Communications and Entanglement Distribution Findings .......................................... 3
Appendix A: Task Force Terms of Reference ................................................................................. A-1
Appendix B: Task Force Membership ............................................................................................ B-1
Appendix C: Recommendations ..................................................................................................... C-1
Appendix D: Briefings Received ..................................................................................................... D-1
Appendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms ............................................................................. E-1
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies Table of Contents [i]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum
Technologies
Scope of the Study
Quantum technologies have shown increasing capabilities, many of which will benefit the
Department of Defense (DoD). In particular, applications to sensing systems, computation, and
communications systems will create a new era of quantum-enabled capabilities in the mission
space of the DoD. At the core, the promise and impacts of quantum science and technology are
about the collection, generation, processing, and communication of information. Critical to these
advances are the components used broadly across many quantum technology areas. Developing
these components may afford the most persistent advantage to DoD.
Quantum sensors have been demonstrated to outperform current sensors and offer the potential
for dramatically improved performance for critical DoD missions, including: maintaining timing
and positioning accuracy in Global Positioning System (GPS)-challenged or GPS-denied
environments; enabling magnetometry for maritime security; using gravimeters to detect the
location of underground structures and special nuclear material; position updates via gravity
mapping to bound inertial system errors for long-term submarine navigation; and strategic-grade
inertial navigation systems (INS) relying on precision gravity maps to correct for local gravity
perturbations. However, as DoD interest in these technologies far outweighs commercial interest
at this time, the Department will need to be the key investor to bring these technologies to
fieldable readiness levels.
Quantum computers can potentially give DoD substantial computation power for cryptography,
signal processing, physical simulation, and artificial intelligence/machine learning. Global
industry is heavily invested in this field. The Department must monitor and understand
technological progress in quantum computing, both domestically and abroad, in order to rapidly
take advantage of emerging advances.
Entanglement and its distribution, which can potentially give DoD practical access to quantum’s
“spooky action at a distance,” 1 can be used to develop high-accuracy, large-aperture sensors with
stunning resolution. It is also a critical driver for communication and computing. This technology
is in the early research phase, requiring modest investment, but it may offer some critical DoD-
specific capabilities, especially in computing and sensing. The Department must also monitor and
understand domestic and global technological progress in this field.
Lastly, the DoD faces a shortage of technical talent in the quantum workforce and should partner
wisely with academia and industry to address the shortfall. Without a strong quantum workforce,
1
Albert Einstein dismissed quantum entanglement — the ability of separated objects to share a condition or
state — as “spooky action at a distance.”
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies Scope of the Study [1]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
the DoD will not be able to capitalize on the opportunities that advancements in quantum
technologies provide.
Quantum Sensing Findings
• Finding 1: There are many laboratory demonstrations of quantum sensors with
performance eclipsing fielded instruments, presenting opportunities for significant return
on investment for engineering/development.
‒ Clocks, accelerometers, and magnetometers may be the best opportunities.
‒ For inertial applications, quantum accelerometers offer significant advantages over
current strategic-grade solutions.
‒ Analysis indicates more performance is possible from Interferometric Fiber Optic
Gyros (IFOGs), making cold atom gyros less compelling.
• Finding 2: There is a notable lack of rigorous analysis tying performance to mission
specifications and/or novel capability. Different applications of quantum sensors with
different platforms have differing size, weight, and power (SWaP) considerations.
• Finding 3: Bringing quantum sensors to maturity will require investment in component
and enabling technology, which will benefit computing and communications.
• Finding 4: Quantum radar will not provide upgraded capability to DoD.
• Finding 5: Quantum illumination may provide enhanced imaging in certain contexts;
research is in its infancy.
• Finding 6: Miniaturized antennas with significant potential application within DoD may be
possible with quantum electrometers (e.g., Rydberg antennas).
• Finding 7: Gravimeters and gravity gradiometers based on atom interferometry could
enable capabilities including airborne tunnel detection, detection of nuclear material,
gravity-aided navigation, and geodesy.
• Finding 8: No existing gravimetric sensors provide sensitivity or applicability to dynamic
platforms needed by DoD applications.
• Finding 9: Several atomic interferometric approaches have demonstrated gravimetric
sensitivity and portability for DoD applications with potential for increased sensitivity.
• Finding 10: The challenge of atomic interferometer systems is to reduce SWaP-C and
transfer state-of-the-art performance demonstrated in the laboratory to field-qualified
systems. Dynamic platforms are particularly challenging.
Quantum Computing Findings
• Finding 1: The development of reliable one and two qubit gates is critical to building a
quantum computer. Two bit entangling gates are challenging and especially important.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies Scope of the Study [2]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
• Finding 2: Current promising qubit technologies have developed varying gate fidelities and
coherence time. It is still unclear which has the most promise. The principal qubit
technologies include:
‒ Superconducting Josephson junction qubits;
‒ Ion-based qubits;
‒ Semiconductor based qubits;
‒ Topological qubits; and
‒ Photonic qubits.
• Finding 3: The utility of “adiabatic quantum computers” will be determined by architecture
and applications and is speculative right now.
• Finding 4: Commercial industry is integrating tens to hundreds of qubits, in cloud-
available systems, to find a useful near-term application and prove out the technology.
• Finding 5: Industry is not pursuing quantum emulation.
• Finding 6: Worldwide investments have led to advances in quantum hardware, software,
and algorithms.
‒ High levels of foreign investments could lead to rapid advances, breakthroughs, and
technological surprise.
Quantum Communications and Entanglement Distribution Findings
• Finding 1: Entanglement distribution will allow teleportation which will result in
technological disruption.
• Finding 2: Quantum networks will allow distributed quantum computing.
‒ They will provide scalability and modularity.
‒ They will allow remote, secure quantum computing (e.g., blind quantum computing).
• Finding 3: State of the art in entanglement distribution is limited to proof-of-concept,
point-to-point experiments in laboratories. The most advanced experiment demonstrated
entanglement distribution over a few kilometers (at Delft University of Technology).
• Finding 4: Entangled photons can currently be generated and distributed at the 10s of
kilobits per second.
• Finding 5: Memories can currently be entangled at 10 bits per second.
• Finding 6: In principle, quantum key distribution (QKD) provides natural information
theoretic (Shannon) cryptographic security. QKD systems do not support authenticated
key exchange.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies Scope of the Study [3]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
• Finding 7: QKD has not been implemented with sufficient capability or security to be
deployed for DoD mission use. The Task Force concurs with the National Security Agency
(NSA)’s assessment of QKD certification.
• Finding 8: QKD developments and use by foreign parties should be understood and
tracked.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies Scope of the Study [4]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Appendix A: Task Force Terms of Reference
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [A-1]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [A-2]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Appendix B: Task Force Membership
Co-Chairs
Dr. John Manferdelli Dr. Robert Wisnieff
Northeastern University IBM Corporation
Members
Dr. Zachary Dutton Dr. Steven Rinaldi
Raytheon Company Sandia National Laboratories
Dr. Gerald Gilbert Mr. James Shields
The MITRE Corporation Private Consultant
Dr. Joan Hoffmann Dr. Peter Weinberger
Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Google LLC
Laboratory
Dr. Christopher Lirakis Dr. David Whelan
IBM Corporation University of California, San Diego
Dr. Mark Maybury
Stanley Black & Decker, Inc.
Government Advisors
Dr. Paul Alsing Lt Col Daniel Schnick, USMC
U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Office of the Deputy Commandant of the
Marine Corps for Information
Dr. Gerald Baumgartner Dr. Kathy-Anne Soderberg
National Security Agency U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory
Dr. T.R. Govindan Dr. Charles Tahan
U.S. Army Research Laboratory and National University of Maryland, Laboratory for
Aeronautics and Space Administration Physical Sciences
Dr. Craig Hoffman
U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research
Executive Secretary
Dr. Paul Lopata
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [B-1]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Defense Science Board Secretariat
Mr. Kevin Doxey Lt Col Milo Hyde IV, USAF
Executive Director Designated Federal Officer
Study Support
Ms. Clare Mernagh Ms. Brenda Poole
SAIC SAIC
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [B-2]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Appendix C: Recommendations
[1] Quantum Components
1.1. Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (USD(R&E)) support the
development of a broad, trusted industrial supply base. Specifically:
• Deputy Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Microsystems Technology Office should broaden the Electronics Resurgence Initiative or
create a new program to develop components and integration technologies enabling
fieldable quantum systems, including:
‒ Discrete and integrated photonics at desired wavelengths;
‒ Narrow-band, solid-state lasers;
‒ High efficiency single-photon detectors;
‒ Single- and entangled-photon sources;
‒ Low-loss switches and other optical components;
‒ Low-loss filters, circulators, and other microwave components;
‒ Vapor cells and vacuum system packaging;
‒ Dilution refrigerators; and
‒ Cryogenic electronics.
• USD(R&E) support, monitor, and leverage indigenous manufacturing critical to quantum
technology. In particular, this means the ability to manufacture potentially ITAR-restricted
and proprietary designs at DoD laboratories and contractors.
• Director of DARPA, CNR, Director of Research at NRL, Director of the Air Force Office of
Scientific Research (AFOSR), Executive Director of the Air Force Research Laboratory
(AFRL), Director of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), and Director of the Army
Research Office (ARO) invest in the critical components that are necessary for near term
applications and will ultimately be useful for quantum computing, including:
‒ Microwave to optical transduction devices that are quantum coherent, with
efficiencies approaching 100 percent;
‒ Low-noise quantum amplifiers;
‒ Electronics and optics for high speed, high precision quantum control; and
‒ Cryogenic electronics enabling low temperature quantum control to simplify design
and integration.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [C-1]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
[2] Quantum Sensing
2.1. Assistant Director of Quantum Science (OUSD(R&E)) establish a next-generation clock
product program.
• Leverage chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) and DARPA atomic clock with enhanced stability
(ACES) technology.
• Target performance of 10-100x improvement in precision and stability over CSAC with
comparable SWaP.
• Include DoD ManTech funding to stimulate manufacturing base.
• Structure program to develop multiple sources to address price versus cost issues.
• Demonstrate commercial time applications (e.g., cloud computing, banking) in GPS-
denied scenarios. Raise awareness across government of broad impact of losing GPS-
time.
• The Task Force estimate is that this would take less than 5 years and cost $100-200M.
2.2. Assistant Director of Quantum Science (OUSD(R&E)) establish a program to deliver a
fieldable IMU for GPS-denied high-precision navigation and positioning. Goals are:
• Performance target: x1-10 strategic grade accuracy at <10 percent strategic grade price,
enabling tactical use.
• Quantum accelerometers are the highest impact investment due to the need for a solid
state strategic-grade accelerometer. Because of the current performance and potential
improvements in IFOGs, quantum gyros may be less compelling because of
implementation challenges; however, the cold atom based gyros may ultimately
outperform IFOGs. The technology effort to develop a cold atom accelerometer will settle
many of the issues for gyros at the same time.
• Product specifications must be motivated by DoD missions, for example:
‒ SLBM guidance
‒ GPS-denied navigation
• The Task Force estimate is that this would take 10 years and cost $300-400M to get to
technology readiness level (TRL) 8.
2.3. Assistant Director for Quantum Science (OUSD(R&E)) conduct a systems-level analysis of
applicability of laboratory-demonstrated quantum gravimeters for detection of subsurface
structures/facilities and long-term submarine navigation.
2.4. Assistant Director for Quantum Science (OUSD(R&E)) fund gravimetric sensor programs.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [C-2]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
[3] Quantum Computing
3.1. Director, National Security Agency and the DoD Chief Information Officer, in conjunction
with Director, National Institute of Standards and Technology, select and deploy quantum-
resistant public key infrastructure algorithms and protocols. This work is vital and must continue
in earnest.
3.2. Directors, DoD Military Department Laboratories work with commercial, academic, and
other government partners to exploit noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) and quantum
emulators as intermediate steps to fully fault tolerant quantum computation.
3.3. U.S. Army Deputy Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (High Performance
Computing Modernization Program), in collaboration with DoD Military Department
Laboratories, investigate the potential for large-scale, error-corrected quantum computers for
DoD applications by performing detailed costing and systems analyses.
• This must include DoD experts in computational tasks and associated mission
applications.
• Enable rapid capitalization upon advances for mission-specific applications, regardless of
the source of the advancement (domestic/foreign, industry, academia, or government
laboratory).
3.4. ARO, AFOSR, and ONR continue to invest in fundamental research into a variety of
qubit/quantum computing technologies to avoid technological surprise, measuring developments
against the NAS-proposed metrics and milestones.
• Provide an understanding of when and how to best exploit quantum computing.
• Target research and development (R&D) investments strategically.
• Avoid technological surprise from developments abroad.
• Create opportunities for technological surprise by targeted and rapid incorporation of such
advancements.
[4] Quantum Communications
4.1 Assistant Director of Quantum Science (OUSD(R&E)) conduct studies with representation
across DoD and the Intelligence Community to identify and quantify entanglement applications
and implementation, in connection with quantum computing and sensors. For example, possible
applications include:
• Quantum sensor arrays;
• Clock synchronization; and
• Long-baseline interferometry.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [C-3]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
The output of these studies should inform current state of technology, technology gaps, required
component operational parameters, potential system designs, expected performance metrics,
and timelines for development.
4.2. Assistant Director of Quantum (OUSD(R&E)) direct DoD R&D entities to create integrated
development environments, “testbeds,” for quantum networking testing and validation. Testing
should include:
• The ability to connect different types of qubits (ions, photons, superconducting, etc.);
• The ability to connect different functionalities (even with the same qubit type);
• A field environment to vet quantum science technologies outside of the laboratory;
‒ Incorporate three or more memory nodes;
‒ Connect two or more qubit technologies; and,
• A platform to integrate memory with integrated quantum photonic devices to distribute,
verify, and validate entanglement.
4.3. USD(R&E) sustain long-term research and development efforts that systematically identify
and retire challenges to advancing the development of heterogeneous distributed quantum
information processing platforms.
• Demonstrate connecting and operating quantum systems of different physical types.
• Demonstrate connecting and operating quantum systems of different functions.
• Demonstrate modular building blocks of a scalable system.
• Utilize heterogeneous distributed quantum information processing platforms of increasing
complexity to demonstrate DoD applications performed uniquely (beyond classical) and
advantageously.
[5] Quantum Workforce
5.1. The Military Department Academies, to include the Air Force Institute of Technology
(AFIT) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), should add a one-semester quantum
technology class for engineering, science, and computer scientists and continue to partner with
research universities on sensor and computing research. The senior military colleges (Norwich
University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, The Citadel, The Military College of
South Carolina, Virginia Military Institute, Texas A&M University, and the University of North
Georgia) should also add quantum technology to their curriculum.
• Despite this, DoD should avoid the idea that quantum computing will replace classical
computing or engineering.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [C-4]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
5.2. Assistant Director of Quantum Science (OUSD(R&E)) create a consortium to bring
commercial and university quantum experts to study applications to DoD problems.
5.3. USD(R&E) advocate DoD participation in the National Quantum Initiative.
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [C-5]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Appendix D: Briefings Received
25-26 October 2018 Meeting
Discussion of National Academy of Science Quantum Computing Report
Task Force Co-Chair
Office of the Secretary of Defense Plan to Assure Strategic Advantage in Quantum Information
Science
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
Threat Briefing
Intelligence Community
Discussion of United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board Study
United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Study Chair
Quantum Computing Research at Laboratory for Physical Sciences
University of Maryland, Laboratory for Physical Sciences
13-14 November 2018 Meeting
United States Army Research Laboratory Quantum Networking Research
United States Army Research Laboratory
QKD Discussion
Intelligence Community
QKD Hardware Research
Intelligence Community
Quantum Applications to Undersea Warfare
Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory
10-11 December 2018 Meeting
Advancing the Foundation for Quantum Computing;
Opportunities for Next-Generation Quantum Sensors;
Quantum Computing;
Emerging Opportunities for Quantum Communication;
Quantum Processing of Classical Optical Signals;
Quantum Communications; and
Quantum Radar Analysis
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Quantum Systems;
CSAC and Atomic Magnetometry;
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [D-1]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
ACES/STOIC;
C-SCAN; and
Trident Integration Laboratory
The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
Quantum Algorithms; Adiabatic Computing
Raytheon Company
The MITRE-MIT-AFRL Quantum Moonshot Program
The MITRE Corporation; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; U.S. Air Force Research
Laboratory
The HHL Algorithm
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
14-15 January 2019 Meeting
Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity’s (IARPA) Quantum Programs
IARPA
Quantum Information Science Research in the United Kingdom and the European Union
Cambridge Quantum Computing
Discussion with the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
The Threat – DoD Perspective
National Air and Space Intelligence Center
Sensors/Rydberg antennas/Electrometry
ColdQuanta, Inc.
13-14 February 2019 Meeting
AOSense Quantum Programs
AOSense, Inc.
Quantum Sensing and Ion Trap Quantum Information; and
Quantum Architecture Testbeds
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Quantum Computation/National Academy of Sciences Report;
The Stanford QIS Initiative Overview/Quantum Photonic Systems;
Quantum Sensing; and
Quantum Nanophotonics
Stanford University
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [D-2]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Microsoft’s Quantum Computing and Algorithms
Microsoft Corporation
Executive Overview of IBM Research
International Business Machines Corporation
Ion Traps and Quantum Processing at NIST; and
Quantum Sensing and Metrology at NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
QC Ware Overview
QC Ware, Corp.
NISQ Machines and Algorithms
University of California, Berkeley
28-29 March 2019 Meeting
Blind Quantum Computing
University of Ottawa
15-16 April 2019 Meeting
Optical Interferometry for Deep Space Surveillance
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Expanding American Leadership in Quantum Information Science
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
Quantum Sensors
Intelligence Community
22-23 May 2019 Meeting
United States Air Force Cryptology Modernization Program
The MITRE Corporation
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [D-3]
UNCLASSIFIED
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD
Appendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms
ACES Atomic clock with enhanced stability
AFIT Air Force Institute of Technology
AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory
ARL Army Research Laboratory
ARO Army Research Office
CSAC Chip-scale atomic clock
C-SCAN Chip-scale combinatorial atomic navigator
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DoD Department of Defense
GPS Global positioning system
IFOG Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyro
ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulation
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NISQ Noisy intermediate-scale quantum
NPS Naval Postgraduate School
NRL Naval Research Laboratory
NSA National Security Agency
ONR Office of Naval Research
OUSD(R&E) Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
QKD Quantum key distribution
R&D Research and development
SWaP Size, weight, and power
SWaP-C Size, weight, power, and cost
TRL Technology readiness level
USD(R&E) Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
Executive Summary of the DSB Report on Applications of Quantum Technologies [E-1]
