Circuit Elements and
Network Topology
Lec. Hamza Asif
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
National University of Sciences and Technology
EE-103 Electrical Engineering
Power
• Power is the rate of doing work with respect to time.
𝑊 𝑞.𝑉
• 𝑃= 𝑡
= 𝑡
= 𝐼𝑉 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡)
• A watt is when one joule of energy is converted or used in one second.
• Alternate expression for absorbed power
𝑉2
• 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 𝑅
• Remember:
• Power is absorbed if the power is positive
• Power is generated if the power is negative
• The relative signs on voltage and current are according to passive sign
convention
• Positive current enters the positive voltage node
• Therefore, power is positive if voltage and current are consistent with
the passive sign convention
Example 1
• Question: Compute the power absorbed by each part given below:
Example 1
• Question: Compute the power absorbed by each part given below:
• Answer:
(a) P = 2Vx3A=6W (b) P = (-2V)x(-3A)=6W (c) P = (4V)x(-5A)=-20W
Example 2
• Question: The resistor shown in
figure below is connected in a
circuit that forces a current of
428mA to flow through it. Calculate
the voltage across the terminals
and power it is dissipating.
• A 560Ω power resistor rated at up
to 500 W
Example 2
• Question: The resistor shown in figure
below is connected in a circuit that
forces a current of 428mA to flow
through it. Calculate the voltage
across the terminals and power it is
dissipating.
• A 560Ω power resistor rated at up to
500 W
• Solution:
• Voltage across the terminals:
• V=RI=560x428m=239.7V
• Power dissipated:
• P=VI=239.7x428m=102.6W
Circuit Elements
• Circuit elements can be categorized as passive elements and active
elements.
• Passive elements cannot generate energy. Common examples of
passive elements are resistors, capacitors and inductors. Capacitors
and inductors can store energy but cannot generate energy.
• Active elements can generate energy. Common examples of active
elements are power supplies, batteries.
Electrical Generator
• An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
• Example: Turbine steam engine, water falling through turbine or waterwheel
or portable electric generator
Current and Voltage Source
• There are two types of sources: current and voltage
sources
• Sources can be classified as independent and dependent
sources
• Independent source establishes a voltage or a current in a circuit
without relying on a voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit
• Dependent sources establishes a voltage or a current in a circuit
whose value depends on the value of a voltage or a current
elsewhere in the circuit
• Circle to represent Independent source and diamond
shape to represent Dependent sources
Current and Voltage Source
• Independent and dependent voltage and current sources can be
represented as
Example 3
• For each of the following connections establish which
interconnections are permissible and which violate the constrains by
the ideal source
Example 4
• Find the Power absorbed by each element of the circuit:
Example 4
• Find the Power absorbed by each element of the circuit:
• (Left to right)
• -56W, 16W, -60W, 160W, -60W
Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law describes mathematically how voltage, current, and
resistance in a circuit are related
• If voltage across a resistor is increased, the current through the resistor will
increase
• If voltage is decreased, the current will decrease
• Where
• V = the voltage in volts (V)
• I = the current in amperes (A)
• R = the resistance in ohms (W)
Relationship between I V and R
• What can you comment about it?
Relationship between I V and R
• What can you comment about it?
Convention
• For purpose of circuit analysis, we must
reference the current in the resistor to the
terminal voltage. For the passive sign
convention
• Otherwise we introduce a minuses sign
similar to what we did when we calculated
power
Example 5
Network Topology
• An interconnected set of electrical components
is called a network.
• Each component of a network is called an
element.
• Elements are connected by wires.
• A point at which two or more elements have a
common connection is called a node.
• Branches are connections between nodes. A
branch is an element (resistor, capacitor,
source, etc)
What we studied today…
