1).
Noun
A). A noun is a word that functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living
creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas
B).
1.Common noun
A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city,
birth, day, happiness.
2.Proper noun
A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g. Steven, Africa,
London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.
3.Concrete noun
A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen,
touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune.
4.Abstract noun
An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that cannot be
seen or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time,
friendship, humour.
5.Collective nouns
Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience, family, government, team, jury. In
American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular
6.Count and mass nouns
Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer
to something that can be counted. Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns) do not typically refer to things
that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form.
C). person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary. place: home, office, town, countryside, America. thing:
table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey.
2).Pronoun
A). is a word that takes the place of a noun.
B).
1. Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns take the place of people or things. They can be either singular or plural, depending
whether they refer to one or multiple nouns.
2. Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns are personal pronouns that also indicate possession of something. They have
singular forms (like my), and plural forms (like our). These pronouns often appear before the possessed
item, but not always
3. Reflexive pronouns
When a subject performs an action on itself, the sentence uses a reflexive pronoun after the verb.
4. Reciprocal pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns are similar to reflexive pronouns, but they involve groups of two or more that
perform the same action with one another.
5. Relative pronouns
A relative pronoun starts a clause (a group of words that refer to a noun). Who, that, and which are all
relative pronouns. They can also serve as other types of pronouns, depending on the sentence.
6.
C). I, me, we, us, my,mine etc.
3).Adjective
A). is a word that modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent.
B).
1. Descriptive Adjectives:
A descriptive adjective is a word which describes nouns and pronouns. Most of the adjectives belong in
this type. These adjectives provide information and attribute to the nouns/pronouns they modify or
describe.
2. Quantitative Adjectives:
A quantitative adjective provides information about the quantity of the nouns/pronouns. This type
belongs to the question category of ‘how much’ and ‘how many’.
3. Proper Adjectives:
Proper adjectives are the adjective form of proper nouns. When proper nouns modify or describe other
nouns/pronouns, they become proper adjectives. ‘Proper’ means ‘specific’ rather than ‘formal’ or
‘polite.’
4. Demonstrative Adjectives:
A demonstrative adjective directly refers to something or someone.
5.Possessive Adjectives:
A possessive adjective indicates possession or ownership. It suggests the belongingness of something to
someone/something.
6. Interrogative Adjectives:
An interrogative adjective asks a question. An interrogative adjective must be followed by a noun or a
pronoun. The interrogative adjectives are: which, what, whose. These words will not be considered as
adjectives if a noun does not follow right after them. ‘Whose’ also belongs to the possessive adjective
type.
7. Indefinite Adjectives:
An indefinite adjective describes or modifies a noun unspecifically. They provide indefinite/unspecific
information about the noun
8. Compound Adjectives:
When compound nouns/combined words modify other nouns, they become a compound adjective. This
type of adjective usually combines more than one word into a single lexical unit and modifies a noun.
They are often separated by a hyphen or joined together by a quotation mark.
C).
1.They live in a beautiful house.
2.Lisa is wearing a sleeveless shirt today. This soup is not edible.
3.She wore a beautiful dress.
4.He writes meaningless letters.
5.This shop is much nicer.
6.She wore a beautiful dress.
7.Ben is an adorable baby.
8.Linda's hair is gorgeous.
4).Adverb
A). a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group,
expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
B).
1. Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens. They answer the question
"how?". Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs.
2. Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question "where?".
Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.
3. Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly
modify verbs.They can answer the question "when?"
4. Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question
"how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
C).
1.He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)
2They helped us cheerfully.
3.James Bond drives his cars fast.
4.Please sit here.
5.They looked everywhere.
6.Two cars were parked outside.
5).Preposition
A). a function word that typically combines with a noun phrase to form a phrase which usually expresses
a modification or predication
B).
1. Preposition for Place
In here preposition is used to show the relationship with the noun phrase in context of the place for
example about, across, against, on, to etc.
2. Preposition for Time
They are used to show the relationship between noun phrase and preposition in the context of any time
examples are after, at, by, since, during etc.
3. Preposition for Agent or Instrument
These types of preposition are used to show a relationship between a noun, perhaps noun as a doer in
case of agency and an instrument as in instrumentality and an action. For example at, by, with, using etc.
4. Preposition for Manner
These types of prepositions tell you about the way something happened or how it is done. for example
by, with, like etc.
5. Preposition for Cause, Reason, Purpose
These are the prepositions that in show the reason of something happening or being in a sentence.
These help us to know why something is happening. Examples of these types of prepositions are of, for,
with etc.
6. 6. Preposition for Possession
These prepositions are used to indicate that one noun or pronoun owns something in the sentence.
examples are on, of, with etc.
C).
1.Went about the world.
2.Ran across the road.
3.Leaned against the wall.
4.Kolkata is on Hooghly.
5.Came to the end of the road.
6.Within the house.
6).Verb
A). a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate
of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen.
B).
1. Action Verbs
Action verbs are words that express action
2. Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb always has a noun that receives the action of the verb, called the direct object.
3. Intransitive Verbs
An intransitive verb never has a direct or indirect object. Although an intransitive verb may be followed
by an adverb or adverbial phrase, there is no object to receive its action.
4. Linking Verbs
A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that renames or describes the
subject. This noun or adjective is called the subject complement.
5. Helping Verbs
Helping verbs are used before action or linking verbs to convey additional information regarding aspects
of possibility (can, could, etc.) or time (was, did, has, etc.). The main verb with its accompanying helping
verb is called a verb phrase.
C).
1.Laurissa raises her hand.
2. Abdus gave Becky the pencil.
3. Laurissa rises slowly from her seat.
4. Lisa is in love with Jason.
7).Conjunction
A). a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. and,
but, if ).
B).
1. Conjunctions Are Linking Words
Conjunctions are known as connective or linking words. They join thoughts, actions and ideas, as well as
clauses and phrases. Each of the three different types of conjunctions joins different parts of a sentence
together.
2. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join together words or phrases that have equal importance
within a sentence, like "either/or", "such/that" and "not only/but also".
C).
1.He was late for school, so he took a shortcut.
2.Her favorite colors were purple and red.
3.She doesn't like coffee, nor does she like tea.
4. Because it was raining, we had to cancel the class picnic.
5.The house was a mess after the crazy party we had last night.
6.He doesn't go skiing any more, since he had the accident.
8).Interjection
A). An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a
spontaneous feeling or reaction. It is a diverse category, encompassing many different parts of speech,
such as exclamations, curses, greetings, response particles, hesitation markers and other words.
B).
1. Interjection for Greeting:
Interjection for greeting is used to indicate emotion of warmth towards the other person when they
meet. Interjection for greeting words are Hello! , Hey! , Hi! Etc.
2.Interjection for joy:
If you want to show feelings of happiness or excitement or immediate emotion or immediate joy in the
sentence then you can use words like Wow! Hurray! Hurrah! Ha!
3. Interjection for Approval and Praise
When you want to express your feelings of approval and agreement on something that happened for
any task when you use these Interjection words like well done! O.K! Bravo!
4. Interjection for Attention:
Interjection for attention is used in the sentence to draw the attention of attendance then you use these
Interjection words like Listen! Look! Behold! Hush!
5. Interjection for Surprise:
Interjection for surprise is used to express a feeling or strong sense of being surprised, you can use
words like What! Well! Hey! Eh! Oh! Whoa! Ha!, Ah!, Gosh, Wow etc.
6. Interjection for Sorrow or Pain:
When you want to express feelings of sadness in the sentence, then you can use words like Alas! Ah!
Oh! Ouch!
7.Interjections for Bidding Farwell:
Interjections for Bidding Farwell is used by the speaker to bid farewell or say good-bye.
C).
1. Hey! Good to see you today.
2.Hello! I am Jane.
3.Hi! Would you like to have a cup of coffee?
4.Hey! Nice to see you here at the party.
5.Hello! I am Pooja.
6. Wow! That’s great news.
7.Hurray! We won the football match.
8.Ha! Today I am very happy.
9.Wow! It is a beautiful place to stay.
9.Hurray! My team won the game.
