Elements of Soil Mechanics, 8th Edition
Exercises 7.2 & 7.5
The worksheets in this spreadsheet illustrate the use of the Factor of Safet
Eurocode 7 EQU and GEO limit state design methods for the design of grav
walls.
Although the spreadsheet contains the data for Exercises 7.2 & 7.5 from th
data may be changed so that the reader can see the effect of varying the s
retained height etc.
Instructions:
1. As the routines call data from the partial factors spreadsheet, a dialog b
whether to update the data will appear. To use the default Eurocode 7 par
values, click "Don't Update". If, however, you have changed values in the
spreadsheet, click "Update".
2. Select Data input sheet and enter data. Results are displayed on other s
Ian Smith, Sept 2005
e of the Factor of Safety and the
s for the design of gravity retaining
cises 7.2 & 7.5 from the book, the
effect of varying the soil properties,
preadsheet, a dialog box asking
default Eurocode 7 partial factor
changed values in the partial factors
re displayed on other sheets.
Depth to underside of base dbase = 0.00 m
Thickness of base tbase = 1.00 m
Height of wall above foundation hwall = 5.00 m
Breadth of base bbase = 2.50 m
Breadth of top btop = 1.80 m
Concrete weight density γconc = 23.50 kN/m3
Water weight density γwater = 9.81 kN/m3
Retained fill
Weight density γfill.dry = 18.00 kN/m3
Shearing resistance φfill = 35.00 º
Effective cohesion c'fill = 0.00 kPa
Foundation soil
Weight density γfdn = 18.00 kN/m3
Shearing resistance φfdn = 35.00 º
Effective cohesion c'fdn = 0.00 kPa
Applied surcharge q= 0.00 kPa
Enter values into blue fields.
surcharge, q
btop
2
hwall
1
tbase
3
dbase
bbase
Design Results:
EQU: Overturning 2.74 (OK)
GEO: Sliding: DA1, Cbntn 1: 2.76 (OK)
GEO: Sliding: DA1, Cbntn 2: 2.27 (OK) (Governs)
Lumped Factor of Safety
1. Sliding
Backfill
Active earth pressure coefficient Kad.fill = 0.271
Angle of interface friction δd = 23.45
Weight density γd.fill = 18.000
Self-weight of wall:
Wall area 1, W1 Gvk.1 = 32.90
Wall area 2, W2 Gvk.2 = 169.20
Wall area 3, W3 Gvk.3 = 58.75
Total: Gvk.wall = 260.85
Active earth pressures
@ foundation
Active lateral earth pressure (fill) pfdn1 = 24.39
Active lateral earth pressure (fndtn soil) pfdn2 = 0.00
@ base
Active lateral earth pressure pbase = 0
Active thrust behind wall (permanent - unfavourable)
Active earth pressure 1 Pa1 = 60.97
Active earth pressure 2 Pa2 = 0.00
Total horizontal thrust Hd = 60.97
Sliding resistance
Horizontal resistance Rhd.base = 113.15
Factor of safety against sliding = Fs = 1.86
2. Overturning
Disturbing
Lever arms:
Pa due to fill LPa = 1.67
Moments:
Destabilising mmt due to fill Mdst1.b = 101.62
Stabilising
Lever arms:
Wall area 1 Lwall1 = 0.47
Wall area 2 Lwall2 = 1.60
Wall area 3 Lwall3 = 1.25
Moments:
Stabilising mmt due to Area 1 Mstb1 = 15.35
Stabilising mmt due to Area 2 Mstb2 = 270.72
Stabilising mmt due to Area 3 Mstb3 = 73.44
Total stabilising moment Mstb = 359.51
Factor of safety against overturning = Fo = 3.54
1. Geometry
Wall dimensions:
height of sloping portion, hsloping hsloping = 4.00
Wall area 1, A1 Area1 = 1.40
Wall area 2, A2 Area2 = 7.20
Wall area 3, A3 Area3 = 2.50
Total: Awall = 11.10
2. Representative actions
Self-weight of wall:
Wall area 1, W1 Gvk.1 = 32.90
Wall area 2, W2 Gvk.2 = 169.20
Wall area 3, W3 Gvk.3 = 58.75
Total: Gvk.wall = 260.85
3. Characteristic material properties
Concrete weight density γk.conc = 23.50 kN/m3
Retained fill
Weight density γk.fill.dry = 18.00 kN/m3
Shearing resistance φk.fill = 35.00 º
Effective cohesion c'k.fill = 0.00 kPa
Foundation soil
Weight density γk.fdn = 18.00 kN/m3
Shearing resistance φk.fdn = 35.00 º
Effective cohesion c'k.fdn = 0.00 kPa
EQU Limit State - Overturning
1. Partial factors
On unfavourable actions/action effects
Permanent actions γG = 1.10
Variable actions γQ = 1.50
On favourable actions/action effects
Permanent actions γG.fav = 0.90
Variable actions γQ.fav = -
On material properties/resistances
Coefficient of shearing resistance γφ = 1.25
Effective cohesion γc = 1.25
Weight density γγ = 1.00
2. Design geometry
Retained height of fill H= 5.00
3. Design material properties:
Backfill
Angle of shearing resistance φd.fill = 29.26
Effective cohesion c'd.fill = 0.00
Active earth pressure coefficient Kad.fill = 0.286
Weight density γd.fill = 18.000
Foundation soil
Angle of shearing resistance φd.fdn = 29.26
Effective cohesion c'd.fdn = 0.00
Angle of interface friction δd.fdn = 29.26
Active earth pressure coefficient Kad.fdn = 0.286
Weight density γd.fdn = 18.000
4. Design actions
Self-weight of wall (permanent - favourable)
Wall area 1, W1 Gvd.1 = 29.61
Wall area 2, W2 Gvd.2 = 152.28
Wall area 3, W3 Gvd.3 = 52.88
Total: Gvd.wall = 234.77
Active earth pressures
@ foundation
Active lateral earth pressure (fill) pfdn1 = 25.74
Active lateral earth pressure (fndtn soil) pfdn2 = 25.74
@ base
Active lateral earth pressure pbase = 25.74
Active thrust behind wall (permanent - unfavourable)
Active earth pressure 1 Ghd1 = 70.79
Active earth pressure 2 Ghd2 = 0.00
Active thrust due to surcharge (variable - unfavourable)
Surcharge pressure 1 Qhd1 = 0.00
Surcharge pressure 2 Qhd2 = 0.00
5. Design effect of actions
Lever arms:
Pa due to fill, Ghd1 LGhd1 = 1.67
Pa due to fndtn soil, Ghd2 LGhd2 = 0.00
Pa due to surcharge, Qhd1 LQhd1 = 2.50
Pa due to surcharge, Qhd2 LQhd2 = 0.00
Moments:
Destabilising mmt due to fill Mdst1 = 117.98
Destabilising mmt due to fndtn soil Mdst2 = 0.00
Destabilising mmt due to surcharge, Qhd1 Mdst3 = 0.00
Destabilising mmt due to surcharge, Qhd2 Mdst4 = 0.00
Total destabilising moment Mdst = 117.98
Effect of actions Edst = 117.98
6. Design resistance
Lever arms:
Wall area 1 Lwall1 = 0.47
Wall area 2 Lwall2 = 1.60
Wall area 3 Lwall3 = 1.25
Moments:
Stabilising mmt due to Area 1 Mstb1 = 13.82
Stabilising mmt due to Area 2 Mstb2 = 243.65
Stabilising mmt due to Area 3 Mstb3 = 66.09
Total stabilising moment Mstb = 323.56
7. Verification of overturning resistance
Overdesign factor
Ratio of resistance to effects Γ= 2.74
Degree of utilisation
Proportion of available resistance used Λ= 36%
7. Verification of overturning resistance
Overdesign factor
Ratio of resistance to effects Γ= 2.74
Degree of utilisation
Proportion of available resista Λ= 36.5%
red= from Partial Factors table
GEO Limit State - Sliding Design Approach 1, Combination 1
A1+M1+R1
1. Partial factors
On unfavourable actions/action effects
Permanent actions γG = 1.35
Variable actions γQ = 1.50
On favourable actions/action effects
Permanent actions γG.fav = 1.00
Variable actions γQ.fav = -
On material properties/resistances
Coefficient of shearing resistance γφ = 1.00
Effective cohesion γc = 1.00
Weight density γγ = 1.00
Bearing resistance γRv = 1.00
Sliding resistance γRh = 1.00
2. Design geometry
Retained height of fill H= 5.00
3. Design material properties:
Backfill
Angle of shearing resistance φd.fill = 35.00
Effective cohesion c'd.fill = 0.00
Weight density γd.fill = 18.000
Active earth pressure coefficient Kad.fill = 0.218
Foundation soil
Angle of shearing resistance φd.fdn = 35.00
Effective cohesion c'd.fdn = 0.00
Weight density γd.fdn = 18.000
Angle of interface friction δd.fdn = 35.00
Active earth pressure coefficient Kad.fdn = 0.218
4. Design actions
Self-weight of wall (permanent - favourable)
Wall area 1, W1 Gvd.1 = 32.90
Wall area 2, W2 Gvd.2 = 169.20
Wall area 3, W3 Gvd.3 = 58.75
Total: Gvd.wall = 260.85
Active earth pressures
@ foundation
Active lateral earth pressure (fill) pfdn1 = 19.62
Active lateral earth pressure (fndtn soil) pfdn2 = 19.62
@ base
Active lateral earth pressure pbase = 19.62
Active thrust behind wall (permanent - unfavourable)
Active earth pressure 1 Ghd1 = 66.22
Active earth pressure 2 Ghd2 = 0.00
Active thrust due to surcharge (variable - unfavourable)
Surcharge pressure 1 Qhd1 = 0.00
Surcharge pressure 2 Qhd2 = 0.00
5. Design effect of actions
Total horizontal thrust Hd = 66.22
Effect of actions Ehd = 66.22
6. Design resistance
Friction on underside of base
Vertical action (total) Vd = 260.85
Horizontal resistance Rhd = 182.65
7. Verification of sliding resistance
Overdesign factor
Ratio of resistance to effects Γ= 2.76
Degree of utilisation
Proportion of available resistance used Λ= 36%
pproach 1, Combination 1
7. Verification of sliding resistance
Overdesign factor
Ratio of resistance to effects Γ= 2.76
Degree of utilisation
Proportion of available resista Λ= 36.3%
red= from Partial Factors table
GEO Limit State - Sliding Design Approach 1, Combination 2
A2+M2+R1
1. Partial factors
On unfavourable actions/action effects
Permanent actions γG = 1.00
Variable actions γQ = 1.30
On favourable actions/action effects
Permanent actions γG.fav = 1.00
Variable actions γQ.fav = -
On material properties/resistances
Coefficient of shearing resistance γφ = 1.25
Effective cohesion γc = 1.25
Weight density γγ = 1.00
Bearing resistance γRv = 1.00
Sliding resistance γRh = 1.00
2. Design geometry
Retained height of fill H= 5.00
3. Design material properties:
Backfill
Angle of shearing resistance φd.fill = 29.26
Effective cohesion c'd.fill = 0.00
Weight density γd.fill = 18.000
Active earth pressure coefficient Kad.fill = 0.286
Foundation soil
Angle of shearing resistance φd.fdn = 29.26
Effective cohesion c'd.fdn = 0.00
Weight density γd.fdn = 18.000
Angle of interface friction δd.fdn = 29.26
Active earth pressure coefficient Kad.fdn = 0.286
4. Design actions
Self-weight of wall (permanent - favourable)
Wall area 1, W1 Gvd.1 = 32.90
Wall area 2, W2 Gvd.2 = 169.20
Wall area 3, W3 Gvd.3 = 58.75
Total: Gvd.wall = 260.85
Active earth pressures
@ foundation
Active lateral earth pressure (fill) pfdn1 = 25.74
Active lateral earth pressure (fndtn soil) pfdn2 = 25.74
@ base
Active lateral earth pressure pbase = 25.74
Active thrust behind wall (permanent - unfavourable)
Active earth pressure 1 Ghd1 = 64.35
Active earth pressure 2 Ghd2 = 0.00
Active thrust due to surcharge (variable - unfavourable)
Surcharge pressure 1 Qhd1 = 0.00
Surcharge pressure 2 Qhd2 = 0.00
5. Design effect of actions
Total horizontal thrust Hd = 64.35
Effect of actions Ehd = 64.35
6. Design resistance
Friction on underside of base
Vertical action (total) Vd = 260.85
Horizontal resistance Rhd = 146.12
7. Verification of sliding resistance
Overdesign factor
Ratio of resistance to effects Γ= 2.27
Degree of utilisation
Proportion of available resistance used Λ= 44%
pproach 1, Combination 2
7. Verification of sliding resistance
Overdesign factor
Ratio of resistance to effects Γ= 2.27
Degree of utilisation
Proportion of available resista Λ= 44.0%
red= from Partial Factors table
This spreadsheet has been downloaded from the website that supports
Smith's Elements of Soil Mechanics, 8th Edition
Published by Blackwell Publishing, May 2006
ISBN: 1-4051-3370-8
Visit the website:
http://sbe.napier.ac.uk/esm
Purchase the book:
(Blackwell Publishing website)
Please note:
This spreadsheet is an aid for learning and should really only be
used in conjunction with the relevant section in the book.
It is not intended for use in geotechnical design.
Ian Smith, May 2006
http://sbe.napier.ac.uk/esm
