MANUAL CALCULATIONS FOR DESIGN OF REINFORCED EARTH WALL

I) DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS :

24.0 kPa

ω
H2 Dp (Road crust)

Wr

P
qv
Wm Pq
8.455 mH H1 H
m 1 Pqh
Pv
0.3
Soil - 1 P Soil - 2
φ1 , γ 1 P φ2, γ2
h

L = 6.0 m
Foundation : φ3, c3 and γ3
Figure : 1

R. E. Structure :
γ1 (Max.) = Unit weight of the fill = 19.00 kN/m3
γ1 (Min.) = Unit weight of the fill = 17.00 kN/m3
φ1 = Angle of internal friction = 32 0
Wr = Weight of the road crust (γ = 20kN/m3)

Backfill :
γ2 (Max.) = Unit weight of the fill = 19.00 kN/m3
γ2 (Min.) = Unit weight of the fill = 17.00 kN/m3
φ2 = Angle of internal friction = 32 0
δ = Inclination of earth pressure
K2 = Coefficient of active earth pressure
P = Earth pressure due to backfill
Pq = Earth pressure due to surcharge

ω = Terrace slope = 00
Foundation Soil :
[Ref No. 1] φ3 = Angle of internal friction = 0.00 kN/m3
Bore Hole No. 3 γ3 = Unit weight of the soil = 0.00 kN/m3
c3 = Cohesion = 0 kN/m2
qu = Ultimate bearing capacity

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II) DESIGN INPUT

Wall Geomerty

CROSS SECTION TYPE - RECTANGULAR RE Backfill Height H1 = 7.855 m

Facing Height Hf = 7.855 m Free board Ht Facing = 0m
Coping height Hc = 0m Thickness E = 0m
Slope height H2 = 0.60 m
Set back F = 0m SOIL PROPERTIES
Slope angle β = 90 0
Terrace angle ω = 00 RE Backfill :
Angle at Toe βs = 00 Max. Dry density γ1max = 19 kN/m3
Mechanical ht. Hm = 8.455 m Min. Dry density γ1min = 17 kN/m3
Strip length L (m) = 6m Angle of internal friction φ1 = 32 0
Economic ramification factor (fn) Coefficient of uniformity Cu = 2
= 1.1
Surcharge General Backfill :
Max. Dry density γ2 = 19 kN/m3
Live load surcharge q = 24 kPa Angle of internal friction φ2 = 32 0
Type : Road traffic
Foundation Soil :
Durability Max. Dry density γf = 0 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction = 00
Life of structure : 120 Yrs φf Cohesion c = 0 kN/m2
Site Cond : DRY
Strip Protection : Galvanised Depth of Pavement Dp = 0.6 m
Df = 0m

III) EXTERNAL STABILITY

a) Earth Pressure :

Inclination of Earth Pressure at back of RE Wall

δ  (1.2 - L/H) φ2 or 0.8(1 - 0.7L/H)φ1 (for β = 90o) (Figure 24, BS:8006)

= 12.88

Coefficient K2 (From coulomb)

2
K2 = (Cos φ2) /Cos δ
[1 + {Sin (φ+δ) Sin (φ-ω) / Cos δ . Cos 
= 0.281

K 1 - Sin φ1
a1 = 1 + Sin φ1
= 0.307

K
01 = 1 - Sin φ1
= 0.470

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 b) Vertical loads

Wr = Weight of Road Crust above RE mass

= Dp x γ x L x Fp (Fp = 1.5; partial factor for loads, Table - 16, BS:8006)
= 102.60 kN/m Max.
91.80 kN/m Min.

Wm = Weight of RE block mass

= H1 x γ1 x L x Fp
= 1343.21 kN/m Max.
= 1201.82 kN/mMin.

Wq = Traffic load above RE mass

= L x q x Fp
= 216.00kN/m

Pqv = Vertical component of pressure due to surcharge behind RE mass

= Pq Sin δ x Fp
= (K2q) H Sin δ x Fp
= 19.09kN/m

Pv = Vertical component of Earth pressure behind RE mass

= K2 1/2 γ H2 Sin δ x Fp
= 63.901kN/m

c) Horizontal Loads :

Pqh = Horizontal component of pressure due to surcharge behind RE mass

= (K2q) H Cos δ x Fp
= 83.48kN/m

Ph = Horizontal component of Earth pressure behind RE mass

= K2 1/2 γ2 H2 Cos δ x Fp
= 279.38kN/m

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 d) Calculation for resisting and driving moments :

CASE - A (Fp : partial factor for loads, Table - 16, BS:8006, 1995)
Table - 1
Vertical FOS (Fp) Horizontal Lever Arm Moment
S. No. loads taken for Loads
(m) (kNm/m)
(kN/m) Calc. (kN/m)

1 Wr = 102.60 1.5 - 3.00 307.80

W =
2 m(max.) 1343.21 1.5 - 3.00 4029.62
3 Wq = 216.00 1.5 - 3.00 648.00
4 Pqv = 19.09 1.5 - 6.00 114.56
5 Pv = 63.90 1.5 - 6.00 383.41
6 Pqh = - 1.5 83.48 4.23 -352.90
7 Ph = - 1.5 279.38 2.82 -787.39
ΣRv = 1744.80 ΣRh = 362.86 ΣM = 4343.09

Resulting force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall

x = M / Rv
= 2.489 m

Therefore, eccentricity = e = L/2 - x

= 0.511 m

Reference vertical stress at the base of the wall computed according to Meyerhof :
q
req = ΣRv / L-2e
= 350.48 kN/m2

CASE - B (Fp : partial factor for loads, Table - 16, BS:8006, 1995)
Table - 2
Vertical FOS (Fp) Horizontal Lever Arm Moment
S. No. loads taken for Loads
(m) (kNm/m)
(kN/m) Calc. (kN/m)

W =
1 r (min) 61.20 1.0 - 3.00 183.60
W =
2 m(min) 801.21 1.0 - 3.00 2403.63
3 Wq = 0.00 0.0 - 3.00 0.00
4 Pqv = 19.09 1.5 - 6.00 114.56
5 Pv = 63.90 1.5 - 6.00 383.41
6 Pqh = - 1.5 83.48 4.23 -352.90
7 Ph = - 1.5 279.38 2.82 -787.39
ΣRv = 945.40 ΣRh = 362.86 ΣM = 1944.90

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 CASE - C (Fp : partial factor for loads, Table - 16, BS:8006, 1995)
Table - 3
Vertical FOS (Fp) Horizontal
Lever Arm Moment
S. No. loads taken for Loads
(m) (kNm/m)
(kN/m) Calc. (kN/m)

1 Wr = 68.40 1 - 3.00 205.20

W =
2 m(max.) 895.47 1 - 3.00 2686.41
3 Wq = 0 - 3.00 0.00
4 Pqv = 0 - 6.00 0.00
5 Pv = 42.60 1 - 6.00 255.60
P =
6 qh 0 4.23 0.00
7 Ph = 1 186.25 2.82 -524.93
ΣRv = 1006.47 ΣRh = 186.25 ΣM = 2622.29

Summary Table:
Table - 4
q
Rv Rh M e ref
Case kN/m kN/m kNm/m m kPa
A 1744.80 362.86 4343.09 0.511 350.48
B 945.40 362.86 1944.90 0.943 229.78
C 1006.47 186.25 2622.29 0.395 193.15

e) Sliding on Base and Overturning

CASE - A

- Check for Sliding Partial factor of safety for sliding (soil - to - soil) = 1.2 (Table - 16, BS 8006, 1995)

Rv tan φ1
F.O.S. for Sliding at Base = = 3.00
(Slip in RE)
Rh

Rv tan φf + cL
F.O.S. for Sliding at Base = = 0.00
(Slip in foundation) Rh

Rv tan φ1
Over design F.O.S. = = 2.50
(Slip in RE)
1.2Rh

Rv tan φf + cL
Over design F.O.S. = = 0.00
1.2Rh
(Slip in foundation)

- Check for Overturning Partial factor of safety for Overturning = 1.5

Σ Resisting Moment (+iv e)

F.O.S. for Overturning at Toe=
Σ Disturbing Moment (-ive)
= 4.81

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 Summary Table:
Table - 5
SlLIDING ON THE
BASE OVERTURNING
Over design factor Minimum Value
Slip in Slip in Cohesion Overdesign
Case RE found. φ (0) (kPa) factor
A 2.50 0.00 14.01 - 3.21
- 72.57
B 1.36 0.00 24.73 - 1.80
- 72.57
C 2.81 0.00 12.52 - 4.00
- 37.25

IV) Bearing Capacity Calculation :

for φ = Nγ =
for γ =

F.O.S. = 1.77

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IV) INTERNAL STABILITY

Typical calculation for tension in Strip

(Case-1 layer @ 2.240 m below top of panel)

Dp (Road crust) Ko
H2 Wr Pqv
P
q

zi P
qh P
v P
Wm Ph 0.6Hm
6m
H i δ
H m
Steel Strip
reinforcement
H 85%
1
0.3
Soil - 1 Soil - 2
φ1, γ1 φ2, γ2

Ka 100%
Variation of K with depth Connection Strength (%)
(Refer BS 8006, 1995, (Refer BS 8006, 1995,
6.0 m Fig.36, Page-76) Table-25, Page-59)
Foundation : φ3, c3 and γ3
Figure : 2

Calculation Width = 3.00 m

a) Vertical loads

Wr = Weight of Road Crust above RE mass

= Dp x γ x (L-S-F) x Fp
= 102.60 kN/m
(Fp = 1.5; partial factor for loads,
W = Weight of RE block mass Table - 16, BS:8006)
m
= zi x γ1 x L x Fp
= 383.04 kN/m Max.
= 342.72 kN/m Min.
W = Traffic load above RE mass
q
= (L - S - F) x q x Fp
= 216.00 kN/m
P = Vertical component of pressure due to
qv surcharge behind RE mass
= Pq Sin δ x Fp
= (K2q) zi Sin δ x Fp
= 6.41 kN/m
Pv
= Vertical component of Earth pressure behind RE mass
= K2 1/2 γ zi2 Sin δ x Fp
= 7.21kN/m

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 b) Horizontal Loads :

P = Horizontal component of pressure due to surcharge behind RE mass

qh
= (K2q) zi Cos δ x Fp
= 28.04 kN/m

Ph = Horizontal component of Earth pressure behind RE mass

= K2 1/2 γ2 zi2 Cos δ x Fp
= 31.52 kN/m

c) Claculation for resisting and driving moments :

CASE - A (Fp : partial factor for loads, Table - 16, BS:8006, 1995)
Table - 6
Vertical FOS (Fp) Horizontal Lever
Moment
S. No. loads taken for Loads Arm
(kNm/m)
(kN/m) Calc. (kN/m) (m)

1 Wr = 102.60 1.5 - 3.00 307.80

W
2 m(max.) 383.04 1.5 - 3.00 1149.12
3 Wq = 216.00 1.5 - 3.00 648.00
4 Pqv = 6.41 1.5 - 6.00 38.48
5 Pv = 7.21 1.5 - 6.00 43.26
6 Pqh = - 1.5 28.04 1.42 -39.82
7 Ph = - 1.5 31.52 0.95 -29.84
ΣRv = 715.26 ΣRh = 59.56 ΣM = 2117.00

Resulting force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall

x =ΣM / ΣRv
=2.960m

Vertical pressure σv = ΣRv /2x

= 120.83 kPa

Hence horizontal pressure σh

σv x K0.93
=
= 47.49 kPa (See Figure - 2 and Table : 7)

Total Tension in strips

= σh x 3.0 x 0.93
= 106.85 kN (See Figure - 2 and Table : 7)

Tension per strip, Tmax

= 13.36 kN

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 Table - 7
Number of
Force at
strips Coefficient Adherence Type of
Height from Top Ki Delta i (for 3.0m Connection of friction Length Polymeric
(in %) L
(m) (m) width) fo a strip
2.240 0.393 0.750 8 85.00 0.816 3.937 37.500

d) Calculations for Connection strength

Tension in strip at connection To
= % Force x Tmax
= 11.35kN
Residual strength of strip (after connection) Tr = 18.88 kN
Residual strength of strip at connection (Tro) = 18.88 kN

e) Calculations for F.O.S.

Over design factors (strip length) :
= Tr/(Tmax)
= 1.41

Over design factors (connection) :

= Tro/(T0)
= 1.66

Typical calculation for Adherence capacity

0.3 Hm
Refer BS 8006 : 1995, Fig. 40, Page 77)

f*o

zi

6.0m

H Lo La
H m
1

0.3
Soil - 1 Soil - 2
φ1, γ1 φ2 , γ 2
0.4 Hm

tanφ1
Refer French Standard NF P 94-220 :
1992, Fig. 8)
0.2 Hm
Foundation : φ3, c3 and γ3
Figure -3 : Variation of coefficient of friction with depth

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 Coefficient of friction : f*

f* (* in BS 8006) is the friction factor for soil/strip interaction.

For REW HA strip, the value of f* varies with the depth of fill over the section of strip "behind the line of
maximum tension". This variation is a proprietary feature of REW HA strip and is also related to the
Uniformity Coefficient Cu (D60/D10) of the frictional fill.

BS 8006 specifies 6I, 6J material for frictional fill (which has a minimum Uniformity Coefficient = 5).
But for calculation purpose we recommend Cu = 2.0.

f*o = 1.10
(See Figure - 3)

f*6+ = 0.8 tan φ1

= 0.500 (See Figure - 3)

f*o = Friction factor at the "mechanical height" of the RE structure.

f*6+ = Friction factor at the 6.0m and greater depth below the "mechanical height" of the RE structure.

Weight of fill on 'Tail of Strip (La)'

Height of fill above strip on La (See figure - 3)

= zi + ai tan β
= 2.840

Weight of fill on 'tail' of strip (La) Wst

W
q = Traffic load above Strip
= 2.840 x La x γ1max x 1.5 = La x q x Fp
= 318.647 kN/m = 141.73 kN/m

Hence, Tf for polymeric strip (45 mm minimum design width)

= [(Wst + Wq) x fo x 2 x 0.045]/1.3*1.1

T
f = 23.64 kN
T
max = 13.36 kN

Tf / Tm = 1.77

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