Assignment # 2
Thermo lab
SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Danish
SUBMITTED BY
Group No 9
B.Sc.- 5th SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Refrigeration
CONTENTS
• Definition
• Applications
• Types of refrigeration
• Principle of refrigeration
• Air conditioning
• Types of equipments
.
Definition of Refrigeration
Mechanical refrigeration is a process of lowering the temperature of a substance less
than that of its surroundings. Capacity of refrigeration is expressed in tone. A tone of
refrigeration is expressed in designed as the rate of heat removed from the surroundings
equivalent to the heat required for melting one tone of ice in one day
Application of Refrigeration
1. Removal of heat in chemical reactions. 2. Preservation of thermo labile substances (.
Insulin, Hormones and vaccines) 3. Liquefy processing gas 4. Separation of vapours by
distillation 5. Freeze drying
.
Types of Refrigerants
1. Primary refrigerants: These are liquids that change from a liquid to a gas after
absorbing heat. (eg. Trichlorofloromethane-Cl3F2C, Dichlorodifluromethane-
Cl2F2C, Ethylene, Propylene, Ammonia etc.)
2. . Secondary refrigerants: These are the liquids which act only as heat carriers
(eg. Brine and water)
Principle of refrigeration
The refrigeration cycle is also known as vapour compression cycle. The cycle
operates at two pressures high and low, to produces a continuous cooling effect..
.
Refrigeration Cycle
a. Receiver or Condenser
b. Expansion valve
c. Evaporation
d. Liquid trap
e. Compressor
f. Condenser
a. Receiver or condenser:
The liquid is kept in a container namely condenser. The refrigerant is under pressure.
b. Expansion:
It is a device, which controls the rate of flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. Now
high pressure refrigerant enters low pressure zone.
c. Evaporator:
It consist of coils, here the refrigerant evaporates by absorbing heat from the space.
The energy required for this process is taken from the surrounding (space which is to be
cooled). In this step, liquid vapourises, but some liquid still remains..
d. Liquid trap:
This is used to remove the traces of liquid refrigerant and then returned to receiver
(condenser).
e. Compressor:
Saturated vapour is allowed to pass through the compressor. The compression is
adiabatic and it produces supersaturated gas.
f. Condenser:
The supersaturated gas (vapour) flows to the condenser where the gas is liquefied.
The condenser can be air cooled (or) water cooled. Thus one cycle is completed as shown
above and process is continued.
. AIR CONDITIONING
Air conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control its temperature,
humidity, cleanliness.
Applications
1. Promoting the human comfort.
2. In manufacturing areas such as for tablets, capsules and sterile products.
3. Testing chambers
4. Maintenance of animals and equipment.
Air Conditioning in Manufacturing areas
a. Compression of tablets
b. Manufacturing of soft gelatin capsules
c. Manufacturing of sterile products
d. Testing chambers e. Maintenance of animals and equipment.
a. Compression of tablets:
In granulation section 45% RH and 220 C are necessary. In the tableting section less
than 20% RH and 220 C are necessary. In the production of effervescent products, dry
syrups, controlling humidity is a vital factor. The RH should not exceed 10 to 15 % and
temperature is at 220 C
b. Manufacturing of soft gelatin capsules:
Temperature controlled is 200 C to 220 C. Humidity is controlled to a maximum of
40% in operating areas and between 20 and 30% in the drying areas.
c. Manufacturing of sterile products:
In parenteral and ophthalmic products. The environmental conditions are much
more stringent in filling and sealing rooms. Therefore, standards of clean air quality are
of greater importance. The production of biological products (Schedule C & C1) air
conditioning is essential..
d. Testing chambers:
Stability and shelf life testing chambers offer reproducible temperature and
humidity.
e. Maintenance of animals and equipment:
Animal house should be air conditioned. Sophisticated electronic equipments are
stored and the work is carried out in air conditioned rooms.
Types of Equipments
1. Unitary air conditioners: These are window mounted. These are two types, either air
cooled or water cooled. Most of them are air cooled. Room air enters the casing of the
front panel. It is mixed with part of the outdoor air. This mixture is forced over cooling
coils by centrifugal fan. Cooled air is circulated in the room.
2. Central air conditioners: These systems serve one or several areas with conditioned air. The
conditioned air is supplied through duct
