A Presentation On
Air Conditioning System
Presented by,
Mohammed Saqlain [157ME17023]
5TH SEM, Mech. Department
Govt. polytechnic Arakere
As a part of curriculum of professional practices lab
Under the guidance of,
Mr. Prashanth Kumar J M.Tech
Selection Garde Lecturer, Mech. Dept.
Content
• Introduction.
• factors affecting comfort air conditioning.
• Mechanism of simple vapour compression
refrigeration system.
• Working principle of an Air conditioner.
• Parts of an Air conditioner.
• Refrigerant.
• Working of an Air conditioner.
• Classification of Air conditioning system.
Introduction
• Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of Air
to more favourable condition.
• The control of these conditions may be desirable to maintain
the health and comfort of the occupants.
• Air conditioning is the branch of engineering science which
deals with the study of conditioning of Air for human comfort.
• This subject in it’s broad sense also deals with conditioning of
air for industrial purposes, food processing, storage of food and
other materials.
• In 1902 the first modern electrical air conditioning unit was
invented by Willis carrier in Buffalo, New York.
Factors Affecting comfort
air conditioning
The four important factors for comfort Air
conditioning are as discussed below.
• Temperature of Air.
• Humidity of Air.
• Purity of Air.
• Motion of Air.
1. Temperature of Air
• In Air conditioning the control of temperature
means the maintenance of any desired temperature
within an enclosed space even though the
temperature of the outside air is above or below the
desired room temperature.
• This is accomplished either by addition or removal
of heat from the enclosed space as and when
demanded.
• It may be noted that human being feels comfortable
when the air is at 23°C add humidity is 45%.
2. Humidity of Air
• The control of humidity of air means the increasing
or decreasing in moisture content of air during
summer or winter respectively in order to produce
comfortable and healthy conditions.
• The control of humidity is not only necessary for
human comfort but it also increases the efficiency of
the workers.
• In general for summer air conditioning the the
relative humidity should not be less than 60% were
as for winter Air conditioning it should not be more
than 40%.
3. Purity of Air
• It is an important factor for the comfort of
human body.
• It has been noticed that people do not feel
comfortable when breathing contaminated air
even if it is within acceptable temperature and
humidity ranges.
• It is thus obvious that proper filtration, cleaning
and purification of air is essential to keep it free
from dust and other impurities.
4. Motion of Air
• The motion of circulation of air is another
important factor which should be controlled in
order to keep constant temperature throughout the
condition space.
• It is therefore necessary that there should be
equal distribution of air throughout the space to
be air conditioned .
Mechanism of a simple vapour
compression refrigeration system.
1. Compressor
• The low pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant from
evaporator is drawn into the compressor through the inlet or
suction valve A.
• Here it is compressed to a high pressure and temperature.
• the high pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant is discharged
into the condenser through the delivery or discharge valve B.
2. Condenser
• The condenser or cooler consists of coils of pipe in which the high
pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant is cooled and
condensed.
• The refrigerant, while passing through the condenser give up its
latent heat to the surrounding condensing agent which is air or
water.
3. Receiver
• The condenced liquid refrigerant from the condenser is stored
in the vessel known as receiver from where it is supplied to the
evaporator through the expansion valve or refrigerant control
valve.
4. Expansion valve
• It is also called as throttle valve or refrigerant control valve.
• The function of the expansion valve is to allow the liquid
refrigerant under pressure and temperature to pass at a controlled
rate after reducing its pressure and temperature.
• Some of the liquid refrigerant evaporates as it passes through the
expansion valve, but the greater portion is vaporized in the
evaporator at the low pressure and temperature
5. Evaporator
• An evaporator consists of coils of pipe in which liquid vapour
refrigerant at low pressure and temperature is evaporating and
changing into vapour refrigerant at low pressure and temperature.
• In evaporating, liquid vapour refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of
vaporization from the medium which is to be cooled.
High pressure side and low pressure side
• In any compression refrigeration system, they are two different
pressure conditions. One is high pressure and other is low pressure
system.
• High pressure side includes discharge line, condenser, receiver and
expansion valve.
• The low pressure side includes the evaporator, piping from expansion
valve to the evaporator and the suction line.
Working principle of an air
conditioner
An air conditioner in a room or a car works by collecting
hot air from a given space, processing it to release cool air
into the same space Where the hot air had been Originally
collected or vice versa.
This processing is primarily done by using 5 components
1. Evaporator
2. Compressor
3. Condenser
4. Expansion valve
5. Refrigerant.
Parts of an air conditioner.
• Air conditioner installation mainly come in two types,
window system and split system.
• In everyday language these are commonly referred as
window AC and split AC respectively.
• Regardless of the type of installation all the air
conditioners consists of four major components that are
listed below
1. Evaporator
2. Compressor
3. Condenser
4. Expansion valve.
1. Evaporator
• An evaporator is basically heat exchanger coil that responsible for
collecting heat from inside a room through a refrigerant and is
where the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat and evaporates to
become vapours of refrigerant.
• some of the common refrigerant gases used in AC system
includes.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) → R-410 & R-22.
Hydrocarbons → R-290 & R-600A.
2. Compressor
• As the name clearly signifies this is where compression of the
gaseous are vaporized refrigerant occurs.
• It is located at the outside unit of the split AC.
• since they are many types of compressors available like rotary
compressors or reciprocating type compressors.so they have to
be selected on the basis of the pressure requirement and the
type of refrigerant used.
3. Condenser
• The condenser receives the vaporized refrigerant from
the compressor and converts it back to liquid and expels
the heat to the atmosphere.
• Needless to say, it’s also located on the outside unit of
the split AC.
• In this the temperature of the refrigerant is reduced but
the pressure remains same.
4. Expansion valve
• It is also referred as the throttling device, the
expansion valve is located between the two sets of
coils.
• It keeps the temperature of the refrigerant constant
but decreases the pressure by passing the
Refrigerant through throttling orifice.
Refrigerant.
• The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which during
cycle in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from a
low temperature system and discards the heat to a
higher temperature system.
• this heat transfer generally takes place through a phase
change of the refrigerant.
• The suitability of refrigerant for a certain application is
determined by its physical, thermodynamic, chemical
properties and by various Practical factors.
• There is no one refrigerant which can be used for all
types of application .
Properties of an ideal refrigerant.
Refrigerant is said to be ideal if it has all following properties:-
1. Low boiling and freezing point
2. High critical pressure and temperature
3. High latent heat of vaporization.
4. Low specific heat of liquid and high specific heat of vapour.
5. Low specific volume of vapour.
6. High thermal conductivity.
7. Non corrosive to metal.
8. Non flammable and non explosive.
9. Non toxic.
10. Easily and regularly available.
11. Easy to liquify at moderate pressure and temperature.
12. Easy of locating leaks by ordour or Suitable indicator.
13. Mixes well with oil.
14. High coefficient of performance.
15. Ozone friendly.
• There is no such refrigerant which can be used under all
operating conditions.
• the characteristics of some refrigerant make them suitable for
use with reciprocating compressors and other refrigerant are
best suited for centrifugal or rotary compressors.
• Therefore in order to select the correct refrigerant, it is
necessary that It should satisfy thos properties which make it
ideal to be used for particular application.
Working of an air
conditioner
• When AC is switched ON and desired temperature is entered.
• Thermostat installed in It senses that there is a difference in
temperature of room air and the temperature that you have chosen.
• The hot or warm air is drawn into a grill at the base of the indoor
unit.
• Due to the temperature difference between the refrigerant present in
evaporator and air room temperature.
• Heat is transferred from air to the refrigerant.
• By absorbing this heat the liquid refrigerant turns its phase into
vapours.
• Now, this vapours are drawn by the compressor and compressed so
as to increase the pressure and temperature of the vapour refrigerant.
• It may be noted that the evaporator coil not only absorbs heat from
the air but also wrings out moisture from the incoming Air, which
helps to dehumidify the room.
• Now, This hot , high pressure vapour refrigerant Travel to the
third component condenser
• In this the vapour refrigerant cools down and become liquid but
the pressure remains to same.
• Hair the heat from the refrigerant is transferred to the atmosphere
Due to temperature difference.
• This high pressure liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion
valve where the liquid refrigerant is controlled and pressure is
made to draw the passing the refrigerant a tiny hole.
• So now, the refrigerant arrives the evaporator from where the
journey started
• The entire process is repeated over and over again until the
required temperature is obtained
Classification of air
conditioning system
Air conditioning system may be broadly classified as follows:-
1. According to the purpose.
a. Comfort air conditioning system.
b. Industrial air conditioning system.
2. According to the season of the year
a. Winter air conditioning system.
b. Summer air conditioning system.
c. Year-round air conditioning system.
3. According to the arrangement of equipment.
a. Unitary air conditioning system.
• window unit.
• Split unit.
• Packaged unit.
b. Central air conditioning system.
Window air conditioning system
• Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest
Type of air conditioners.
• This type of air conditioners are completely self-contained units with the
compressor, condenser, evaporator, refrigerant piping and air filters all
assembled in a very compact single unit.
• The window units are usually of 1, 1.5, 2 TR capacity.
• The units are easy and convenient to handle one limitation is however that a
window type can only be installed in the wall whose outter face is exposed,
so that the hot air from the condenser may be discharged into the atmosphere
Advantages
• These units don’t occupy floor space.
• Can be mounted on the windows side or a hole cut in the
wall.
• Absence of ducting and plumbing.
• Easy and quick installation
Disadvantages
• No humidity control.
• No effective dust and fresh air control.
• Not suitable for continuous operation.
• No effective uniform and distribution of air/weak air
throw.
Split air conditioning system.
• The split air conditioner comprises of two parts the outdoor unit and
indoor unit.
• Outdoor unit fitted outside the room houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
• The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or the cooling coil.
• These both the units are housed into separate enclosures and both the
units are connected through refrigerant pipe line.
• These units are used for a small conditioning capacity upto 5 tons.
Advantages
• Opening in wall or window is not required.
• Indoor units can be placed anywhere inside the room.
• Effective dust control.
• No noise problem.
Disadvantages
• The distance between the indoor and outdoor unit
should not be more than 30 feet.
Packaged air conditioning system.
• Packaged air conditioning system are similar to window AC system
but used for higher refrigeration capacities (5-15 TR).
• This AC system are available in the fix rated capacities of 3, 5, 7, 10
and 15 TR.
• depending on the type of the cooling system used in this system these
air conditioners are divided into two types.
a. Water cooled condenser.
b. Air cooled condenser.
• It can be installed in space with our without duct.
Advantages
• Low installation cost.
• Simple maintenance requirement.
Disadvantages
• Moderate energy efficiency
• Very sensitive to blocked air filters.
Central air conditioning system
• The central air conditioning plants or system are used
when large buildings, hotels, theatres ,airport , shopping
malls etc are to be air conditioned.
• This is the most important type of air conditioning system,
which is adopted when the cooling capacity required is 25
TR or more.
Advantages
• It can be used for a very high refrigeration or cooling capacity.
• Effective circulation of cool air.
• the noise produced will not affect the comfort of occupants since
the whole unit is placed or installed in a separate room.
Disadvantages
• It requires huge floor space.
• proper ducting should be performed so as to increase the
efficiency.
• High initial cost.
• Suitable for high cooling capacity for buildings like hospitals,
residential hotels etc.
Thank you
Information source:-
1. Refrigeration and Air
conditioning - R S Khurmi.
2. Internet - www.scienceabc.com
