Library and Student Support

Harvard
A guide to referencing
Contents
Section One: Why Reference? ................................................................................. 3
When do you need to give a reference? ............................................................... 3
Why should you reference? .................................................................................. 3
When do you not need to give a reference? ......................................................... 3
Is there a difference between a bibliography and a list of references? ................. 4
Section Two: Handling quotations ............................................................................ 5
Section Three: Compiling a Reference List .............................................................. 7
Books .................................................................................................................... 7
Books with one Author .......................................................................................... 7
Books with two Authors ......................................................................................... 7
Books with three Authors ...................................................................................... 8
Books with more than three Authors ..................................................................... 8
Books with Editors or Compilers ........................................................................... 8
Books without an Author ....................................................................................... 8
Books by an Organisation ..................................................................................... 9
A chapter in an edited work .................................................................................. 9
Several Works by the same Author....................................................................... 9
Multi-volume Books............................................................................................. 10
Electronic books (E-books) ................................................................................. 10
No date? ............................................................................................................. 11
Secondary Reference (an item quoted by another author) ................................. 11
Secondary Reference (an abstract) .................................................................... 11
Journal Articles ................................................................................................... 12
Printed Journal Article ......................................................................................... 12
Journal article from a database ........................................................................... 12
Article from an electronic-only journal ................................................................. 13
Newspaper Articles ............................................................................................. 13
Electronic Sources .............................................................................................. 14
Blogs ............................................................................................................... 14
Podcasts ......................................................................................................... 14
YouTube Video................................................................................................ 14
Websites ......................................................................................................... 14
Film, TV & Radio Broadcasts, DVDs and CDs .................................................... 15
Feature films ....................................................................................................... 15
Television and radio programmes ....................................................................... 15

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 Television or radio interview ............................................................................... 16
Music recording on CD ....................................................................................... 16
Live Performance (Dance) .................................................................................. 16
Computer Programs............................................................................................ 16
Photographs and Images .................................................................................... 16
Government Publications .................................................................................... 17
Reports............................................................................................................ 17
Acts of Parliament ........................................................................................... 17
Ofsted Reports ................................................................................................ 18
Command Papers ........................................................................................... 18
Conference Papers ............................................................................................. 18
Personal Communications .................................................................................. 19
Parliamentary Business/Debate. ......................................................................... 19
Contribution to a debate. ................................................................................. 19
Speech in Parliament: ..................................................................................... 19
Thesis/Dissertation. ............................................................................................ 19
Lecturer’s notes .................................................................................................. 20
An example of a reference list ............................................................................ 20

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Section One: Why Reference?

When writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details

of the various resources you have consulted. You need to use a recognised
referencing system. There are several of these; the Harvard system is the one
used in many subject areas at LJMU.

When do you need to give a reference?

 if you quote the exact words of another author

 if you paraphrase or summarise a passage by another author
 if you use an idea or material based directly on the work of another author
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Why should you reference?

 it enables you to find easily an item you have consulted previously
 it allows you to pass on to a friend or colleague details of an item that you
have consulted, secure in the knowledge that he/she will be able to trace it
easily
 it helps the reader understand how you have reached your conclusions
 to avoid accusations of plagiarism
 it enables you to identify the sources of quotations

Referencing involves inserting brief details, usually the item’s author’s last
name and year of publication within round brackets, e.g. (Neville, 2009) or
Neville (2009), at the appropriate point in your text and full details of the item in
a reference list at the end of your work. The entry in the reference list for
Neville’s book would be
Neville, C. (2009) How to improve your assignment results. Maidenhead: Open
University Press
Before submitting an assignment, check that your reference list includes
accurate and full details of all the items you refer to in the assignment.
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When do you not need to give a reference?

In all academic and professional fields some ideas are regarded as “common
knowledge” and do not need to be referenced. Pears and Shields define common
knowledge as “facts, dates, events and information that are expected to be known by
someone studying or working in a particular field” (2010, p.2). They suggest that

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students who are unsure whether “the material you want to use in your assignment
constitutes common knowledge, … need to ask … the following questions:
 Did I know this information before I started my course?
 Did this information/idea come from my own brain?
If the answer to either or both of the questions is “No”, then the information is not
common knowledge to you. In these cases you need to cite and reference your
source(s).”(2010, p.3)
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Is there a difference between a bibliography and a list of references?

Some people use these terms synonymously. According to the British Standards
Institution: “A bibliography identifies books and articles relevant to the text; it is not
restricted to items cited in the text... A list of references is confined to publications
cited in the text” (BSI, 2000, p.16).
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Section Two: Handling quotations

A quotation helps you support an argument and illustrate the range of your
research. Before including a quotation, stop to consider whether it is really
relevant.
It is important that a quotation is easily identifiable as such and accompanied by a
page number. The way in which you should present quotations depends upon
their length.

A quotation of three lines or less: should be enclosed in quotation marks and

included in the body of the essay, for example:

“Occupational welfare includes those benefits that accrue to wage and salary
earners over and above their pay, including those referred to as fringe benefits”.
Titmuss (1958, p.51) illustrates this…

Longer quotations should be indented and presented in single-line spacing

without quotation marks, for example:

Occupational welfare includes those benefits that accrue to wage and salary
earners over and above their pay, including those referred to as fringe benefits.
Titmuss (1958, p.51) illustrates this occupational division of welfare with the
following examples:

pensions for employees, wives and dependents; child allowances;

death duties; health and welfare services; personal expenses for
travel, entertainment, dress and equipment; meal vouchers; motor
cars and season tickets ... and an incalculable variety of benefits in
kind ranging from obvious forms of realisable goods to the most
intangible forms of amenity.

The receipt of shares in a company is one of many common benefits which even
Titmuss' long list omits, and one which has very clear tax advantages... .

Or alternatively:

Occupational welfare includes those benefits that accrue to wage and salary
earners over and above their pay, including those referred to as fringe benefits.
Titmuss illustrates this occupational division of welfare with the following
examples:

pensions for employees, wives and dependents; child allowances;

death duties; health and welfare services; personal expenses for
travel, entertainment, dress and equipment; meal vouchers; motor
cars and season tickets ... and an incalculable variety of benefits in
kind ranging from obvious forms of realisable goods to the most
intangible forms of amenity. (1958, p.51)

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The receipt of shares in a company is one of many common benefits which even
Titmuss' long list omits, and one which has very clear tax advantages... .

Always reproduce quotations exactly, including their punctuation. You should

even reproduce any spelling or grammatical errors from the original. Insert [sic]
immediately afterwards to indicate that the error was made in the original and not
as you were transcribing it.

You may make alterations or additions to a quoted passage to help your

reader's comprehension or to fit the quotation neatly into your sentence or
paragraph. Enclose any words that you add in square brackets [ ] and insert three
dots ... to indicate omissions.
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Section Three: Compiling a Reference List

A reference list normally consists of full details of the items you have referred to in
your assignment. Entries in the list are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence
by author’s last name regardless of whether they are references to books, journal
articles or other items.

Books
Checklist of details to include in a reference to a printed book

author's name – Last name and initials

year of publication - in brackets
title and subtitle (if any) of the book. – this is normally underlined or set in italics
edition (only include this if it is a second or subsequent edition)
place of publication
publisher's name

You can normally find this information on the title page and the back of the title
page.
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Books with one Author

Gottfried, R.S. (1983) The Black Death: natural and human disaster in Medieval
Europe. London: Macmillan

How you might cite this in your assignment:

According to Gottfried (1983, p.89) the Black Death….

The Black Death was a disaster that created a new Europe (Gottfried, 1983)
sweeping away the old…..

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Books with two Authors

Ponton, G. and Gill, P. (1993) Introduction to politics. 3rd. ed. London: Blackwell

How you might cite this in your assignment:

Ponton and Gill (1993) suggested that ….

A widely accepted theory (Ponton and Gill, 1993) suggested that.....

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Books with three Authors

If a publication has up to three authors, give all their names.

Field, K. Holden, P. and Lawlor, H. (2000) Effective subject leadership.

London: RoutledgeFalmer

How you might cite this in your assignment:

According to Field, Holden and Lawlor (2000, p.189) leadership is….

Leadership is not management (Field, Holden and Lawlor, 2000, p.189) …

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Books with more than three Authors

If a publication has more than three authors, give the name of the first author
followed by "and others" or "et al."

Thornton, T.N. et al (2005) Youth violence prevention : a sourcebook for

community action. New York: Nova Science Publishers.

How you might cite this in your assignment:

Youth violence is born from boredom (Thornton et al., 2005) therefore….

A recent investigation (Thornton et al., 2005) suggests that boredom….

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Books with Editors or Compilers

The editor or compiler of a work can be taken as the author and his/her function
indicated in brackets, e.g. (ed.), (comp.), in the full reference but not in the text

Bell, L. Neary, M. and Stevenson, H. (eds) (2009) The future of higher

education : policy, pedagogy and the student experience. London:
Continuum

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Books without an Author

If it is unclear who wrote a publication, for example a dictionary, it is usually

referred to in the text by its title and entered in the reference list under its title:

Encarta concise English dictionary (2001) London: Bloomsbury

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Books by an Organisation

If a publication is produced by an organisation and no individual is credited as the

author, treat the organisation as the author. The organisation may well be both
the author and the publisher

Royal College of Nursing (2011) Accountability and delegation: what you

need to know. London: Royal College of Nursing

If the organisation is well known by an acronym or its initials, e.g. RCN for the Royal
College of Nursing, the first time you refer to their item, provide the organisation’s full
name in your text followed by its abbreviated name in brackets, e.g.

In its updated guidance on the topic the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2011)
now recommends …

If you need to refer the organisation again, refer to it by its abbreviated name. Use
the full name of the organisation in your reference list entry for the item.

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A chapter in an edited work

Offe, C. and Ronge, V. (1982) Theses on the theory of the state.

In: Giddens, A. and Held, D. (eds.) Classes, power and conflict. London:
Macmillan pp.74-98
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Several Works by the same Author

If you refer to more than one work by an author published in the same year, add a
lower case letter in alphabetical order to the references after the year to
differentiate between them.

Capel , S. (2010a) Learning to teach in the secondary school : a companion to

school experience. 4th ed. Abington: Routledge.

Capel, S. (2010b) Learning to teach physical education in the secondary

school : a companion to school experience. 3rd ed. Abington: Routledge.

How you might cite these in your assignment:

According to Capel (2010a, p.189) teaching is …..

Teachers need to be reflective to be effective (Capel 2010b, p.62).

List works by the same author published in different years in chronological order
(earliest first) in your reference list

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 Blume, J. (1979) It’s not the end of the world. London: Heinemann

Blume, J. (1989) Just as long as we’re together. London: Chivers

Blume, J. (1993) Here’s to you, Rachel Robinson. London: Heinemann

If you refer to more than one item at the same point in your text, list the items in
order of publication date (earliest first), e.g. Several studies (Robinson, 1997; Jones,
2003; Watson, 2006) indicate that ….
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Multi-volume Books

Crossman, R. (1975-1977) Diaries of a Cabinet Minister. 3 vols. London:

Hamish Hamilton

You would need to include the volume number in a text reference to a particular
page, e.g. (Crossman, 1975-1977, 1 : 132)

One volume in a multi-volume set without an individual volume title:

Barr, A. and Feigenbaum, E.A. (1981) The Handbook of artificial

intelligence. Vol. 2. Stanford: Heuris Tech Press

with an individual volume title:

Hollis, D. (1980) Animal identification: a reference guide. Vol.3: Insects.

London: British Museum (Natural History)
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Electronic books (E-books)

Author/ Editor (Year of publication)

Title - underlined or set in italics
[medium statement]
Edition statement if known and if later than the first, or date of uploading if
easily ascertained.
Place of publication : Publisher
Location Note including URL
[Date Accessed]

Moore, S. et al. (2010) The ultimate study skills handbook. [online]

Maidenhead : McGraw Hill/Open University
Available through: http://www.dawsonera.com
[Accessed: 31st August 2012]
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No date?

If you cannot find a date of publication anywhere on the item, insert n.d. in place
of a year, e.g.

Elliott, K. and Wright, D. (n.d.) Studying the professional way. London:

Northwick
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Secondary Reference (an item quoted by another author)

You may occasionally wish to quote a work you found quoted by another author
during your reading. Always be sure to add a note including a page number to the
reference in your assignment, so that it is clear that you have not consulted the
original source.

Provide a reference to the item you read in your reference list. The reader can then
use that information and the page number noted in your assignment to trace full
details of the item quoted by the author you read.

Direct citation in the body of the assignment:

Smith (1993 cited in Jones, 2003 p.24) argued that ……

Indirect citation:

It was argued (Smith, 1993 cited in Jones, 2003 p.24) that social change….

In this example Jones’ book is the one you have read, so that is the item which
should appear in your reference list.

Jones, R. (2003) Social Change and Educational Reform. London: Routledge

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Secondary Reference (an abstract)
You may occasionally want to refer to an item you uncovered during a literature
search, but have not read in full. Include the abstract number in the reference to
indicate that you are working from the abstract not the full document.

Spanos, N.P. et al. (1992) A comparison of hypnotic and nonhypnotic treatments

for smoking Imagination, Cognition and Personality, V.12 (1), pp.23-43
(From PsyclNFO, [online] Abstract No. 1993-11137-001)
[Accessed 1st September, 2012]
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Journal Articles

author's name – Last name and initials

year of publication - in brackets
title and subtitle (if any) of the article.
title of the journal - normally underlined or set in italics
volume and part or other details of the issue, inclusive page numbers

Journal volume, part or issue and page numbers can be presented in a number
of different ways, e.g.

6(4), 30-31 or V.6(4), pp.30-31 or Vol.6, part 4, pp.30-31

Choose one of these styles and use it consistently.

Printed Journal Article

Franke, F.R. and Chasim, B. (1981) Peasants, peanuts, profits and

pastoralists. Ecologist v.11 (4), pp.156-168

Follow the guidance on book authors above, if the article is written by three or more
authors.
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Journal article from a database

If a journal is available in both print and electronic formats, your tutor may be
happy for you to provide standard details of an article without any additional notes
of the source from which you obtained it.

Reichard, R. and Johnson, S.K. (2011) Leader self-development as

organizational strategy. The Leadership Quarterly, 22 (1), pp.32-42

If your tutor asks you to include details of where you obtained the article, there
are two ways in which this can be done. Check whether your tutor has a
preference between these. You can either include a note of the database from
which you obtained the full text article

Reichard, R. and Johnson, S.K. (2011) Leader self-development as

organizational strategy. The Leadership Quarterly [online], 22 (1), pp.32-42
Available through ScienceDirect
[Accessed 18th April, 2011]

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Or, if the article has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), you could provide that

Reichard, R. and Johnson, S.K. (2011) Leader self-development as

organizational strategy. The Leadership Quarterly [online], 22 (1), pp.32-42
DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.005
[Accessed 18th April, 2011]

DOIs provide static links to journal articles, conference papers and some other
electronic publications produced by many publishers and organisations. They
are usually included in headers or footers of PDFs of articles and included on the
web page from which the PDF is available. Equipped with a DOI a reader can
access the item via the website at http://dx.doi.org/
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Article from an electronic-only journal

Some journals are only published electronically. Include the URL of the web page
from which the article is available:

Cope, J. and Jones, G. (2011) Connecting researchers at the University of

Bath. Ariadne, [online] 67, July
Available at: http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue67/cope-jones/
[Accessed 5th August 2011]

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Newspaper Articles

Hooper, J. (1997) Collision in Mediterranean kills 280. The Observer,

[online] 5 January 1997
Available at: http://www.observer.co.uk
[Accessed 15th April, 1997]

White, J. (1992) Liverpool's most valuable home draw. The Independent,

2 October, p.12

If an article has no author, begin the reference with the title of the newspaper.

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Electronic Sources
Blogs
Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium] Blog posting date.
Available at: include web site address/URL
[Accessed date].

Berry, I. (2011) Art of the week [blog] 18th April 2011.

Available at: http://www.artinliverpool.com/blog/
[Accessed 19th April, 2011]

Cited in the body of your assignment as: (Berry, 2011)

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Podcasts
Broadcaster/Author, Year. Programme title, Series Title. (if relevant) [podcast] date
of transmission.
Available at: include web site address/URL
[Accessed date].

National Museums Liverpool (2011) A cadet from “SS Politician” remembers.

[podcast] February 2011.
Available at: http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/podcasts/politician-
cadet.aspx
[Accessed 14th April, 2011]

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YouTube Video
Screen name of contributor,Year. Video Title, Series Title. (if relevant) [online video]
Available at: include web site address/URL
[Accessed date].

UNICEF (2007) Article 28. [online video]

Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWo0aYvx7xk&feature=relmfu
[Accessed 19th April, 2011]
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Websites

The following details are usually provided in references to documents found on

websites :

Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [online] date of
latest update, if available
Available at: include web site address/URL
[Accessed date].

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 Department for Education (2010) Children and young people [online]
Available at: http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople
[Accessed 19th April, 2011]

Department for Education (2010) Fair funding for all schools. (Press
notice) [online] 13 April 2011.
Available at:
http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/pressnotices/a0076656/fair-
funding-for-all-schools
[Accessed 19th April, 2011]

Here’s a reference to an anonymous news report on a website

British Broadcasting Corporation. (2012) One in six young people not in

education [online]
Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk
[Accessed 29th August 2012]
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Electronic journal articles and web pages often have very long URLs/addresses.
In these cases we recommend that you include just the basic URL/address in a
reference, i.e. as far as the first forward slash.

Film, TV & Radio Broadcasts, DVDs and CDs

Feature films

It is usually sufficient to quote the film's title in the text of an essay. Include the
date only if more than one film with the same title has been made. The entry in
your reference list should include the director's name, country of origin and length.

A Star is born 1927 [film] Directed by Victor Sjostrom. USA : MGM (87
mins)
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Television and radio programmes

It is usual to give the title, country of origin, channel, transmission date, if possible,
and episode title, if appropriate.

The Nuclear Age, Episode 3: Europe goes nuclear UK [TV programme]

ITV, 26th October, 1988

Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. UK [TV

programme] BBC 2 1986, Jan 16

Details of the director and scriptwriter may be included, if significant

Blackeyes. d. Ken Trodd, scr. Denis Potter UK, BBC 1989 23 September
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Documentary films may be listed under the name of the director or production
company:

BBC and OU Productions (1991) Environment (U206), programme 6

[video] London : BBC

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Television or radio interview

The reference should begin with the name of the person interviewed, year of
interview, Title of interview (if any) Interviewed by … name of interviewer title of
programme (if any) Location and date of interview

Porrit, J. (1991) Interview by Jonathan Dimbleby Panorama [TV programme]

BBC1, 18th March
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Music recording on CD

Shostakovich, D. (1959) Cello concerto no.1, performed by Maria Klieg &

Polish National Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antoni Wit. [CD]. New York:
Sony.
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Live Performance (Dance)

Choreographer (date of premiere) Title. [Date seen and location]

Alston, R. (22nd June, 1990) Soda Lake [19th September, 2003 Covent Garden]

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Computer Programs

The program is normally referred to by its name in the text without mention of its
release date. The version or release number is given in the reference list entry.

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Photographs and Images

Artist/Photographer, year of production Title of image/work [medium]

Available at: web address/URL
[Accessed date]

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Chudalla, T. (2009) Clouds near Mount Everest. [online image]
Available at: http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-
day/everest-clouds-pod/
[Accessed 18th April, 2011]

The lunar interior [online image] (1999) PlanetScapes, USA.

Available from: www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/mooint.jpg
[Accessed 31st January, 2003]

If you have inserted the image into your assignment include brief details under the
image, e.g.

(Chudalla, 2009)
(The lunar interior, 1999)
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Government Publications
Reports
Government reports often have such long titles that they are commonly known by the
name of the Chairman of the committee responsible. However, you should always
give the full official title of the report in a reference. You can include the popular title,
if you wish

Department of the Environment (1984) Disposal facilities on land for low

and intermediate-level radioactive waste: principles for the protection of
the human environment. London : H.M.S.O.

Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity. Primary care: the

future. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Health by
Command of Her Majesty. [online] London : Department of Health.
Available at: http://www.open.gov.uk/doh/pcwp.htm
[Accessed 15th April, 2011]
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Acts of Parliament

Armed Forces Act 1996: Chapter 33 [online] London : HMSO 1996

Available at:http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/1996046.htm
[Accessed 15th April, 2011]
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Ofsted Reports

Burke, B. (1995) Inspection under section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act

1994: Bedford High School, Manchester Road, Leigh. WN7 2TY
Available at: http://www.open.gov.uk/ofsted/pdf/3594019.pdf
[Accessed 26th November, 2010]

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Command Papers

Different abbreviations have been used to identify command papers over the
decades. Be sure to use the abbreviation which was in force when the command
paper was published, i.e. Cd. for those published 1900-1918, Cmd. for those
published 1919-1956, Cmnd. for those published 1956-1986 and Cm. for those
published since 1986.

Denning, A.T. (Chairman) (1963) Report in the light of circumstances sur-

rounding the resignation of the former Secretary of State for War, Mr. J.D.
Profumo (Cmnd.2152) London: H.M.S.O.

Home Office (1978) Reform of Section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911
(Cmnd.7285) London: H.M.S.O.

Report and Evidence of the Committee on Section 2 of the Official Secrets

Act 19114 vols. (Cmnd. 5104) London: H.M.S.O., 1972
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Conference Papers

A reference to an individual paper presented at a conference:

Grunewald, P. (1984) Car body painting with the spine spray system. Inter-
national Conference on Industrial Robot Technology, 7th, Gothenburg,
Sweden, 2-4 October. Industrial Robot Technology. Proceedings ..., ed. by
N. Martensson. IFS pp.633-642

A reference to the published proceedings of a conference:

UNESCO (2009) European Commission and UNESCO Conference: Joint

action for capacity-building in bioethics (JACOB). Mexico City: Mexico 26-28
November 2009

Include the URL or DOI and date accessed if these items are available
electronically.
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Personal Communications

References should begin with the name of the person sending the letter or the
person interviewed respectively.

Adamson, P. (1968) Interview by author, London 17 April

Kinnock, N. (1986) Letter to author, 12 August

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Parliamentary Business/Debate.
Contribution to a debate.

An abbreviated title is sufficient in a text reference. A note of the series, the

volume number and column numbers, should follow this. e.g.
(Commons Hansard 3s, 249:611-627)

Full details are given in the reference list:

Commons Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 3rd. series, vol.249 (1879)

Refer to statement made in the body of the text e.g.:

.....Dennis Skinner, MP for Bolsover raised the issue as a point of order
(Commons Hansard 1997, cols 23-24).......
then include the exact citation alphabetically under Commons Hansard Debates
in the reference list:

Commons Hansard Debates [online], 13 January 1997

Available at: http://www.parliament.uk
[Accessed 14th January 2011]
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Speech in Parliament:

Churchill, W.S. (1945) Speech to the House of Commons, 18 January.

Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th series, Vol. 407 (1944-45), cols. 425-446

(Churchill, 1945)
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Thesis/Dissertation.

Hull, A.P. (1988) Changing Patterns of Accessibility and Mobility in Sixteen

Parishes in East Kent, 1973-1982. Ph.D. thesis, Liverpool Polytechnic.

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Lecturer’s notes

Lecturer’s Name (year) title of the lecture Module code and title of Module
[medium] Available at:
[accessed date]

Smith, J. (2011) Missing link. ECL2999 Progression and curriculum. [online]

Available at: https://blackboard.ljmu.ac.uk/
[Accessed 18th March, 2011]
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And finally….. Here’s an example of how references and quotes fit together:

.... Whether it is labelled contagion (LeBon, 1960), social facilitation (Allport,

1924) or circular reaction (Blumer, 1939), nearly all students of collective
behaviour refer to a notion that individuals in the crowd situation are especially
susceptible to the influence of others. The idea persists in the work of
contemporary theorists, such as Turner (1964a, p.385), who refers to "heightened
responsiveness of the individual to cues provided by others when situational
anchorages are inadequate"; Lang and Lang (1961, p.221) and Smelser (1962,
p.11) make similar arguments ...

An example of a reference list

Bell, L. Neary, M. and Stevenson, H. (eds) (2009) The future of higher education:
policy, pedagogy and the student experience. London: Continuum

British Standards Institution (2000) BS5261-1:2000. Copy preparation and proof

correction. Design and layout of documents. London, BSI.

Capel , S. (2010a) Learning to teach in the secondary school : a companion to

school experience. 4th ed. Abington: Routledge.

Capel, S. (2010b) Learning to teach physical education in the secondary school : a

companion to school experience. 3rd ed. Abington: Routledge.

Department for Education (2010) Children and young people [online]

Available at: http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople
[Accessed 19th April, 2011]

Gottfried, R.S. (1983) The Black Death: natural and human disaster in Medieval
Europe. London: Macmillan

Hull, A.P. (1988) Changing Patterns of Accessibility and Mobility in Sixteen

Parishes in East Kent, 1973-1982. Ph.D. thesis, Liverpool Polytechnic.

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Jones, R. (2003) Social Change and Educational Reform. London: Routledge.

Neville, C. (2009) How to improve your assignment results. Maidenhead: Open

University Press

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide,
8th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Reichard, R. and Johnson, S.K. (2011) Leader self-development as

organizational strategy. The Leadership Quarterly [online], 22 (1), pp.32-42
Available through ScienceDirect
[Accessed 18th April, 2011]

UNICEF (2007) Article 28. [online video]

Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWo0aYvx7xk&feature=relmfu
[Accessed 19th April, 2011]

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Some points to note

 References to books, journal articles, etc. are presented in a single sequence

arranged alphabetically by author.
 References to materials by the same author are arranged by their date of
publication. Where reference is made to more than one item published by an
author in the same year, a lower case letter is appended to the year to
distinguish between them, e.g. (Capel, 2010a), (Capel, 2010b).
 If you are referring to items by different authors with the same last name
published in the same year include their initial to distinguish between them,
e.g. (Smith, M, 2009) and (Smith, V, 2009)
 Page numbers are only included in reference list and bibliography entries for
journal articles and essays.
 To add a note, insert a number, e.g. [1], (1), 1 at the appropriate point in the
text and include the note at the end of the essay before the list of references.

Check that you have included in your reference list full and accurate details of all the
items you have referred to in your assignment

Rob Caley, Avril Robarts LRC

Jackie Fealey, I.M. Marsh LRC
September 2012

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