Exercise 1
1. a) Values of a , b andc .
P being a probability, P ( X=1 ) + P ( X =−1 ) + P ( X=2 ) =1⟹ e a +e b+ e c =1 ⋯(1)
E ( X ) =e a−e b +2 e c =1 ⋯ ( 2 ) and c−b=b−a=d ⋯ (3)
We have: ( 2 )−( 1 ) ⟹ e c −2 eb =0 ⟹ c=ln 2+b ⟹ c−b=ln 2=d ;
2
( 1 ) + ( 2 ) ⟹ 2 e a +3 e c =2⟹ 2 e a+3 ea +2 d=2 , and so a=−ln 7 , b=a+ d=ln
7
4 2 4
And c=a+2 d=ln . Therefore: ( a , b , c )= −ln 7 , ln
7 ( 7
, ln .
7 )
12
b) Let us show that V ( X )=
7
2 2 a b c 1 2 16 19
We have: V ( X )=E ( X 2 )−( E ( X ) ) . But E ( X ) =e +e +4 e = + + =
7 7 7 7
19 2 12
So, V ( X )= −1 = . QED
7 7
2. a) x -coordinate of the point G.
Let x G be the x -coordinate of the point G. We have: x A=1, x B =−1 and x C =2
( 1 ∙ x A ) + ( 2∙ x B ) + ( 4 ∙ x C ) 1−2+ 8
By definition of G, we have: x G= = =1. So, x G=1
1+2+4 7
Conclusion: G= A . This is because G ∈ ( D ) with ( D ) being a graduated straight line.
b) Let’s show that φ ( G )=V ( X )
1
Since G ∈ ( D ) then φ ( G )= ( G A 2+2 G B 2+ 4 G C2 ) = 1 ( 2 A B2 + 4 A C2 ) = 12 A C 2.
7 7 7
But the line( D ) is a graduated straight line meaning we have A ( 1 ) andC ( 2 ) ⟹ A C 2=( 2−1 )2=1
12
and therefore φ ( G )= . QED
7
c) Let’s determine the set of points M ∈ ( D ) such thatφ ( M )=3
n
We know that:φ ( M )=φ ( G ) +
(∑ )
i=1
α i M G 2. So
1 1 12 9
φ ( M )=3 ⟹ M G2= n
( 3−φ ( G ) )=
7(3−
7
= ) 3
49 . Hence MG= .
7
∑ αi
i=1
In a plane, the set of points M satisfying the equationφ ( M )=3 is the circle of centerG and radius
3 3
. In space, we obtain a sphere of centerG and radius .
7 7
Exercise 2
n+1
i
1. We have: z n+1= () ( 1+i √ 3 ) = i z n.
(2)
2
−√ 3 1 −1 √ 3 √3 1
2. We have: M ( 1 , √ 3 ) , M (
0 , ), M (
1 ,− ) and M ( ,− ). You are left to plot the
2 3
2 2 4 4 8 8
points on an argand diagram.
n
i 1
3. We have:O M n=|z M −zO|=|z n −z0|=|z n|=
n || 2
∙|1+i √ 3|= n−1 .
2
4. a) Let’s show that M n M n +1=
√5
2n
i i 5 1 5
We have: ∀ n ∈ N , M n M n+1=|z n+1−z n|= |( ) | | | | |
2
z n−z n = −1+ ∙ z n = √ ∙ n−1 = √ n . QED
2 2 2 2
b) Nature of the sequence( Ln ).
n
√ 5 =2 √5 1− 1 ⟹ lim L =2 √ 5∈ R. The sequence( L ) has a
We have: For n ∈ N , Ln=∑
k=0 2 n (
n+1 n
2 ) n→+ ∞
n
finite limit, it therefore converges.
We have:
z n−z O z n
^
∀ n ∈ N , (⃗ O M n) =arg
O M 0 ,⃗ [ 2 π ] =arg n [ 2 π ] =arg i [ 2 π ]=n∙ arg i [ 2 π ]= nπ [ 2 π ]
( ) ( ) () ()
z 0−z O z0 2 2 2
.
^ nπ
The pointsO , M 0 and M n are on a line if ⃗
O M 0 ,⃗ ( )
O M n =kπ ; k ∈ Z ⟹ =kπ . Son=2 k ; k ∈ Z
2
Exercise 3
1. a) Cartesian equation of the plane( ABC )
3 3
We have: ⃗
[] [ ]
AB 3 and⃗
3
AC 0 . The vectors ⃗
independent because ⃗
−3
AB ∧ ⃗
AB and ⃗
AC are not collinear (they are linearly
AC ≠ 0 ( i. e . ∄ k ∈ R such that ⃗
AB=k ⃗
AC )) and therefore generate the
plane( ABC ). A normal to ( ABC ) is the vector n⃗ = AB ∧ AC .
⃗ ⃗
A point M ( x , y , z ) belongs to ( ABC ) if and only if ⃗
AM ∙ ⃗n=⃗ AB ∧ ⃗
AM ∙ (⃗ AC )= (⃗
AM , ⃗
AB , ⃗
AC ) =0.
x−3 3 3
|
So y +2
|
3 0 =0⟹−x+ 2 y −z+ 9=0 .
2−2 3 −3
b) Let’s deduce the distance, d , of the point, I , to the plane ( ABC ).
|−1+2 (−2 ) +9| 2
We have: d= = √6 .
2 2
√ (−1 ) +2 + (−1 ) 2 3
2. a) Relative position of the plane( ABC ) and of the sphere ( S ) .
We notice that I is the center of the sphere( S ) . Indeed, we have
2
x 2+ y 2+ z 2−2 x +4 y+ 2=( x−1 )2 + ( y +2 )2+ ( z−0 )2=3=( √ 3 ) , which is the cartesian equation of
the sphere( S ) of center the pointΩ ( 1;−2 ; 0 )=I and radius R=√ 3 .
Butd < R . So, the plane( ABC ) and the sphere( S ) intersect.
b) Let’s determine the characteristic elements of the intersection of the plane and the sphere:
( C )=( ABC ) ∩ ( S ).
( C ) is a circle of center H , orthogonal projection of I on the plane( ABC ), and has radius
8 √3
√
ρ=√ R 2−d 2= 3− = .
3 3
- Let’s determine H ( a , b , c ) ; a , b , c ∈ R .
IH ∥⃗n ⟹ ⃗
We have: ⃗ IH ∧ ⃗n=0⃗ .From the cartesian equation of the plane( ABC ), we have
n⃗ =−i⃗ + 2 ⃗j−k⃗ .
⃗i ⃗j k⃗ b+ 2 c=−2
So ⃗
|
−1 2 −1 2 a+b=0
| {
IH ∧ n⃗ = a−1 b +2 c =⃗0 ⟹ a−c=1 ⟹ b=−2a ⋯ (1 )
c=a−1 {
5 −10 2
Also, I ∈ ( ABC ) ⟹−a+2 b−c+ 9=0 and from (1),a= , b= andc= .
3 3 3
∴H ( 53 ;− 103 ; 23 )
Problem
Part A
1. Construction.
D
C
2. a) Images of A and B after the transformation f
We have: f ( A )=( r C ∘r A ) ( A )=r C ( r A ( A ) )=r c ( A )=D and f ( B )=r C ( r A ( B ) )=r C ( C )=C .
b) Nature of f , center Ω and angle α
−π π −π π −π
f is the composition of two rotations of angle and ; + = .
2 4 2 4 4
So, f is a rotation of center Ω , the point of intersection of the mediators or the line segments
−π
[ AD ] and [ BC ] and angle .
4
We show that Ω is the symmetric of A with respect to ( BC ).
3) a) Let’s determine the angle of S
Let θ be the angle of the direct similitude S.
^ π π
We have: θ=angle (⃗ Ω B )=+ ^
Ω A ,⃗ A Ω B= . So, the angle of S is .
8 8
Let’s show that C ' is on the line ( Ω A ) .
It suffices to show that mes ^
⃗ '
(Ω A =0^ .
Ω C ,⃗ )
We have:
^ ^ ^ ^ −π π
(
mes ⃗
'
Ω C ,⃗ )
Ω A =mes ⃗
'
( ^
Ω C +mes (⃗
ΩC , ⃗ Ω C ,⃗)
Ω A )=−mes ⃗
'
ΩC + mes ⃗
ΩC ,⃗
'
ΩC , ⃗ (
ΩA = ) (
+ [ 2 π ]=0 [ 2 π ] =
8 8
)
.
So, the vectors ⃗ Ω A are collinear and have the same sense. Therefore, C ' ∈ ( Ω A ) .
Ω C' and ⃗
b) Let’s show that H ' is the midpoint of the line segment [ Ω B ].
H is the middle of the line segment [ Ω A ] and the image of [ Ω A ] by S is [ S ( Ω ) S ( A ) ] =[ Ω B ] . So,
H ' is the middle of segment [ Ω B ] since S conserves the midpoint.
Let’s show that ( C ' H ' ) is perpendicular to ( Ω B ).
We have: ( CH ) ⊥ ( Ω A ) and S conserves orthogonality so, ( C ' H ' ) ⊥ ( Ω B ).
c) We deduce that C ' is the center of the circumscribed circle to Ω BC because it is the point of
intersection of the mediators of the line segments [ Ω B ] and [ BC ].
Part B:
F N C
D
J≡ E O
1. Let θ be the principal angle of the rotation r .
The lines ( AM ) and ( DN ) are perpendicular.
^ π
We have: θ=angle (⃗ DN )= .
AM , ⃗
2
2. a) Let’s show that O M 2 =18−6 AM + A M 2=O N 2.
The triangle DMN is a right – angle triangle at D and so,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
M N =D M + D N =D M + A M =( AD− AM ) + A M =36−12 AM + 2 A M .
Let E and F be the orthogonal projections of O on the line segments [ AD ] and [ DC ]
respectively.
2
MN
{
2 2 2 2
2 2
O M =O E + E M =O I + ( AM −OI ) =18−6 AM + A M =
2
We have: .
2 2 2 2 2 2 M N2
O N =O F + F N =O I + ( DN −OI ) =18−6 DN + D N =
2
So, O M 2 =O N 2=18−6 AM + A M 2.
b) Let’s deduce that O is the center of the rotation r .
^ π
We have: OA=OD, OM =ON and anlge (⃗ OD ) = .
OA , ⃗
2
Therefore, r is the rotation of center O .
Note that: From 2. a), the triangle MON is an isosceles triangle and
∠ OMN ( ¿ ^OMN )=∠ONM ( ¿ ^ ONM ).
3. a) Let’s determine k ∈ R such that ⃗
AM =k ⃗
DM .
We have: ⃗
AM ⋅ ⃗ DM ⟹ A M 2=k 2 D M 2 ⟹ AM =kDM =k ( AB−AM ).
DM ⋅ k ⃗
AM=k ⃗
x
⟹ x=k ( 6−x ) and for x ≠ 6 , k = .
6−x
Let’s deduce that M = { A ( 6−x¯) ; D ( x ) }
We have: ⃗ MD ⟹ ⃗
MA=k ⃗ AM − ( 6−xx )⃗
MD=⃗0 ⟹ ( 6−x ) ⃗
MA−x ⃗
MD=0⃗ .
This shows that M = { A ( 6−x¯) ; D ( x ) }.
b)
We have: ( 7−x ) ⃗
GA + ⃗
GB + x ⃗
GD=( 1+6−x ) ⃗
GA + ⃗
GB + x ⃗
GD=⃗
GA + ( 6−x ) ⃗
GA +⃗
GB+ x ⃗
GD .
Let’s deduce that G is the center of gravity of the points M and I .
IB=0⃗ and G= { A (7−x ) ; ¯B ( 1 ) ; D ( x ) } ⟺ ⃗
I A+ ⃗
We have: ⃗ GA + ( 6−x ) ⃗
GA +⃗
GB+ x ⃗
GD=⃗0
So,
G I +⃗
⃗ IA + ( 6−x )(⃗
GM + ⃗
MA ) + ⃗
G I +⃗
IB + x (⃗
GM +⃗
M D )=2 ⃗
GI + ( ⃗
IA + ⃗
IB ) + [ ( 6−x ) ⃗
MA −x ⃗ GM =0⃗ ⟹ ⃗
MD ] +6 ⃗ GI +3 ⃗
Therefore, G= { I ( 1 ) ;¯M ( 3 ) } .
3
c) Let’s justify that ⃗
G' J = ⃗NJ .
4
4. a) Let A and A' be the areas of the triangles IAM and MDN respectively.
1 1 3 ' 1 1
We have: A= AM ⋅ AI = ⋅ x ⋅3= x and A = DN ⋅ DM = AM ⋅ ( AB− AM ) .
2 2 2 2 2
3 2 ' 1 2
So, A= x uni ts and A = x ( 6−x ) unit s .
2 2
1 1 2
b) We have: A1= BC ⋅ ( CN + IB )= × 6 × ( 6−x+ 3 )=27−3 x unit s .
2 2
c) Let A' ' be the area of the square ABCD.
'' ' 3 1 2 1 3
We have: A2= A − A− A − A 1=36− x−3 x+ x −27+ 3 x= x 2− x +9 .
2 2 2 2
1 2 3
5. We notice that the curve of the function A2 : x ⟼ x − x+ 9 has a (one and only one)
2 2
1
minimum turning point because the coefficient of the term in x 2 is >0 .
2
The function A2 is derivable since it is a polynomial function.
' 3
Its derivative is the function A'2 given by: A2 : x ⟼ x− .
2
d A2
So, A2 is minimal for =0.
dx
d A2 3
=0⟹ x= .
dx 2
