Lecture 8

IDEAL TURBOFAN

The turbofan engine consists of an inlet, fan, gas generator, and nozzle. Two
simplifications of the general turbofan are covered for the ideal analysis: the fully
exhausted fan and the ducted and mixed fan.

8.1. Fan Exhausted.

The first type of a turbofan is shown in Figure 8.1. For this configuration two
flow paths exist. For one path, the air enters the diffuser, flows through the core,
and exhausts through the primary nozzle. For the second path, air enters the
diffuser, flows through the fan, and exits through the fan nozzle.

Fig. 8.1 Turbofan with exhausted fan.

For this case, the thrust is generated by two separate gas streams is:

F  m(V 8  V 0)  m s(V 9  V 0) , (8.1)

where V 9 is the gas velocity at the fan nozzle exit. Or this can be written as:

V  V 
F  m V 0  8  1  m s V 0  9  1 , (8.2)
V 0  V 0 

1
where m is the airflow rate into the core and m s is the bypassed airflow rate
(secondary flow rate). The flow path from station 0 to station 8 is exactly the same
V
as for the turbojet, and thus 8 is already known. However, for the fan the
V0
V V
quantity 9 is needed. The ratio 9 can be written as:
V0 V0

V 9  M 9 a9  M 9  RT 9  M 9 T 9 (8.3)
V 0 M 0 a 0 M 0  RT 0 M 0 T 0

but for the ideal analysis the fan nozzle exit pressure matches the ambient pressure:
P9  P0 .
Next one can recall that the processes 0-1, 1-2, 2-7, and 7-9 are all isentropic.
Therefore, the entire process 0-9 is also isentropic. The nozzle exit static
temperature matches the atmospheric temperature: T 9  T 0 .

Also, by expanding on the nozzle total exit temperature T t 9 , one obtains

T t0 T t7  T t0
T t9  T 0 T0 f (8.4)
T 0 T t2 T0
The square of the fan nozzle exit Mach number is:

 T t0 
 f 1
T 
M 9  2  ,
2 0
(8.5)
   1 
 

where  f is the total temperature ratio for the fan.

The square of the freestream Mach number is:

 T t0 
 T  1
M 0  2  ,
2 0
(8.6)
  1 
 

2
 T t0 1
f
V9  T0
The ratio: (8.7)
V0 T t0 1
T0
Next, the energy equation applied to the rotating shaft:

m c p  T t 4  T t 5   m c p T t 3  T t 2    m c p T t 7  T t 2  (8.8)

which reduces to:

T t 4  1  T t 5   T t 2  T t 3  1   T t 2  T t 7  1
      (8.9)
T 0  T t4  T 0  T t2  T 0  T t2 

or:
T0
 t
T0
c 
T0
f 
T t 4 1   T t 2  1   T t 2  1 (8.10)

ms
where the bypass ratio   .
m
and solving for the turbine total temperature ratio  t yields

T t0 
 t  1   T 0  ( c  1)   ( f  1)  (8.10)
 T 0 T t4 
Now we can find thrust F from eq. 8.1 or 8.2.

mf
and TSFC  (8.11)
F
If the thrust is to be maximized, one can differentiate F with respect to the fan total
temperature ratio (which is directly related to the fan total pressure ratio):

Example 8.1:
An ideal turbofan with an exhausted fan flies at sea level at a Mach number of
0.75. The primary flow is 74.83 kg/s, and the bypass ratio is 1.20. The compressor
pressure ratio is 15, whereas that of the fan is 3. The fuel has a 'heating value of
41400 kJ/kg, and the burner exit total temperature is 1389 K. Find the developed
J
thrust and the TSFC if   1.4, R  287.1 .
kg  K
3