GENERAL ANATOMY
The human skeleton is made of bones, cartilages and 3. Blood Cell Production.
ligaments
Hematopoetic function because of the
At birth there are about 300 bones however, as the presence of red bone marrow in spongy
individual grows old some of the bone fused together bones.
An adult skeletal system is composed of 206 bones
4. Storage .
supplemented in certain regions by pieces of cartilage
forming the framework of the body Stores fats which are present in yellow bone
Bones are related to organs, muscles, blood vessels as marrow within the medullary cavity of long
their nomenclature as sometimes based on the bones bones.
near them. Calcium salts of bones is a valuable mineral
reserve that maintain the normal
They form also protection around organs associated
concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions
with the different system. in body fluids.
Externally, we can use the bones for landmarks to
identify deep structures. 5. Leverage.
LEVER - a rigid piece that transmits and modifies force
or motion
MORPHOLOGY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON
bilaterally symmetrical with the typical vertebrae
CONSTITUENTS OF BONES
pattern of an axis, divided into segments for flexibility,
have two pairs of limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles, also 1. Organic Elements
divided into joined parts for locomotion, grasping, etc.
The skull is the expanded and modified cranial end of 1/3 of the bone is made up of organic elements. It
the axis. gives toughness and elasticity of bones in the
Osseocartilaginous sesamoid bones develop in some young.
tendons and ligaments. Carbohydrates
All these elements are collectively termed as skeleton. Fats
Proteins
2. Inorganic Elements
FUNCTIONS OF BONES AND SKELETON
comprises 2/3 of the bone composition.
1. Support.
Bone minerals are the inorganic constituents of the
give shape and support to the body bone matrix. They confer the hardness and much
individual bones or group of bones provide a of the rigidity of bone, and are the main reason
framework for the attachment of soft tissues that bone is easily seen on radiograph (bone has to
and organs be 50% mineralized to be visible on X-ray).
Calcium Salts
2. Protection.
Phosphate
skeletal elements protect against extraneous Carbonate
forces. Sodium
skull acts as barrier of the brain external
assault.
BONES IN THE FRESH STATE PRESENT THE FOLLOWING
ribs are commonly dubbed protective as they
CHARACTERISTICS:
reduce the risk of impact, and respiratory
movements depend upon the ribs.] a. Periosteum
-vascular membranes covering most of the
surfaces of bones.
GENERAL ANATOMY
a. Intramembranous (Mesenchymal or Dermal bone)
Functions of the periosteum: forrmed by the direct formation of condensed
protection mesenchyme.
nutrition the intramembranous bone resembles spongy
repair and regeneration bone, further remodeling around the trapped
vessels can produce compact bones.
b. Articular Cartilage several flat bones of the skull, and the lower jaw,
plate of cartilage which covers the articulating and clavicles are formed this way.
surface of bones. These surfaces are that parts of therefore they are found in flat bones and those
the bone which comes in contact with another that remain flat on maturation.
bone in a joint.
c. Endosteum b. Intracartilaginous or Substitution
( Endochondral bone)
a membrane that lines the medullary cavity of
long bones. replacing a preformed cartilage model.
most human bones are preformed cartilages;
d. Bone Marrow in early fetal life a long bone is prefigured by a
rod of hyaline cartilage replacing a similar rod of
connective tissue found within bones.
condensed mesenchyme.
Types of Bone Marrow:
a. Red bone marrow - concerned with
production of RBC Shapes of Bones
b. Yellow bone marrow – for the storage of fat. It Long bones
is found within the medullary cavities of long
Found in the limbs.
bones
Form a system of levers to sustain the weight of
e. Nutrient blood vessels (nutrient artery) the trunk and to confer the power of
locomotion.
enters thru the nutrient foramen to give It is composed of shaft or diaphysis and two
nutrition to bones. epiphyses. Between the epiphyses and
diaphysis is the epiphyseal line where the
growth and lengthening of bones occur.
Microscopic Appearance of Cut Surfaces Includes: clavicles, humerus, radius, ulna,
femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals,
A. Compact or Dense bone and the phalanges.
These are hard and dense materials which Parts of Long Bones:
forms the layer of bone structure (lamellae) just
beneath the periosteum. Shaft
the ivory surface of mature bone
there are no spaces between osteocytes. considered as the body of long bones.
thick walled composed of compact bone, in
B. Trabecular or Spongy Bone the center of which is a large space called
the medullary cavity filled with yellow bone
the interior of mature bone ( also termed marrow.
cancellous or spongy bone) medullary cavity is covered by a thin
presence of spaces between osteocytes filled membrane lining called the endosteum; and
with red bone marrow. the outer lining is called the periosteum.
Epiphysis
Developmental Origin
GENERAL ANATOMY
ends or extremities. It is
generally thicker and broader than the
diaphysis b. Appendicular Skeleton - 126 bones
made up of spongy bone covered by a thin layer Upper Extremity - 64 Lower Extremity- 62
of compact bone. Red bone marrow occupy
these spaces. Clavicle - 2 Pelvic - 2
Short bones Scapula - 2 Femur - 2
Humerus - 2 Patella - 2
are generally cuboidal in shape. Radius - 2 Tibia - 2
Intended for strength and compactness. Ulna - 2 Fibula - 2
Its motion is slight and limited. Carpals - 16 Tarsals - 14
It is divided into a number of small pieces united Metacarpals - 10 Metatarsals- 10
together by ligaments. Phalanges - 28 Phalanges - 28
they typically have thin cortex of compact bone,
supported by an interior which is wholly trabecular.
1. Aditus - entrance into a cavity
Flat bones
2. Ala - wing-shaped projection or surface
are those bones which are found where the
3. Alveolus - deep narrow pit
principal requirement is either extensive protection
or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular - cavity lined with mucus membrane
4. Antrum
attachment. filled with air
include the curved bones of the cranial vault, which - passageway with complete walls
have trabecular bone (diploe) , in variable 5. Canal
surrounding it
thickness, enclosed between laminae (tables) of
compact bone. 6. Capitulum - head-like rounded process
occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, - smooth rounded enlargement
scapula, os coxæ (hip bone), sternum, and ribs. 7. Condyle whose articular surface is covered by
cartilage
8. Cornua - horn-like projection
Irregular bones - sharp, smooth surface covered with
9. Crest
include any element not easily assigned to the cartilage
foregoing groups. - smaller projection situated above a
10. Epicondyle
are irregular in size and shape and are usually quite smooth articular eminence
compact.
Anatomical Terms:
Location of Bones - small, smooth surface covered with
11. Facet
cartilage
a. Axial Skeleton - 80 bones
12. Foramen - hole or opening
skull 22
13. Fossa - shallow depression
ear ossicle 6
14. Groove - longitudinal depression
hyoid bone 1
15. Hamulus - hook-like projection
vertebral column 26
ribs 12
sternum 1
GENERAL ANATOMY
16. Hiatus - slit-like opening or gap
- margin or rim of a groove, edge of
17. Labrum
wider ridges
18. Lamina or
- thin sheet of bone
lamella
19. Lingula - tongue-like projection
20. Meatus - passageway or short canal
21. Process - any marked projection
22. Ridge - slightly more prominent than a line
23. Squama - scale-like projection of bone
24. Spina or spine - sharp slender projection
25. Uncus - hook-like projection
26. Tubercle - a rough eminence
27. Tuberosity - a larger and rougher elevation
28. Trochlea - a pulley-shaped surface
29. Sulcus - groove
30. Styloid - a more pronounced spine
31. Linea - low, narrow elevation
