ENGINEERING DRAWING
(ECM106)
MOHD AZRIZAL BIN FAUZI
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to
Technical Drawing
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
Explain the ways to use basic drawing
equipment and materials for technical
drawing.
Understand the concept of lines, letters and
numbers used in basic drawing.
Understand the dimensioning, symbols and
abbreviations used in technical drawing.
INTRODUCTION
Why Engineering Drawings?
Engineering drawing is a formal and precise way
of communicating information about the shape,
size, features and precision of physical objects.
Drawing is the universal language of
engineering.
Engineering drawing could be a complete
course in itself, but we only have 80 minutes
so...
INTRODUCTION (Cont’d)
Translate designs into working drawings and
technical illustrations to portray shape and
define size, material and other details.
Requires knowledge of and skills in the use of
drafting instruments. Understand basic theory,
familiar with conventions, symbols used, etc.
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
PAPER X Y C
DRAWING PAPER DIMENSION
AO 841 1189 10
A1 594 841 10
Y = LENGTH OF PAPER DIMENSION A2 420 594 10
X = WIDITH OF PAPER DIMENSION A3 297 420 10
C = DIMENSION OF BORDER FOR
RIGHT, TOP, BOTTOM SIDE A4 210 297 5
A5 148 210 5
DRAWING SHEET SIZE: BASE
ON ISO “A” SERIES AND
BS308, FORMATTING AND
SCALING.
A4 [210x292],
A3 [292 x420],
A2 [420 x594],
A1 [594 x841],
A0 [841 x 1189]
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
CONVENTIONAL PENCIL
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
The hardness of the core is often marked on the pencil look for a number
(such as "2" "2-1/2" or "3"). The higher the number the harder the writing
core and the lighter the mark left on the paper.
As the pencil core becomes softer (through the use of lower proportions of
clay) it leaves a darker mark as it deposits more graphite material on the
paper. Softer pencils will dull faster than harder leads and require more
frequent sharpening.
You might see other markings on pencils. Most pencil manufacturers
outside of the U.S. use the letter "H" to indicate a hard pencil. Likewise, a
pencil maker might use the letter "B" to designate the blackness of the
pencil's mark, indicating a softer lead. The letter "F" is also used to indicate
that the pencil sharpens to a fine point.
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
DRAWING PEN
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
RULES
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
T – RULES/ T – SQUARE
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
COMPASSES
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
How To Use Compasses
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
ERASER COVER
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
French curve
rules
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
JIG RULE
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
DRAWING DESK
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
ARM DRAWING MACHINE
TECHNICAL DRAWING
EQUIPMENT
ROLLS DRAWING MACHINE
LINES AND LETTERING
Drawings are made up of lines that
represent the surfaces, edges, contours of
objects. Symbol dimensional sizes, word
notes are added to lines to make a
complete description.
Lines are connected to geometric
construction of circles, curves, etc.
LINE THICKNESS
LINE THICKNESS PENCIL LEAD
VISIBLE FEATURES OF PARTS O.7 – 2B
BORDERS & TITLE BLOCK O.7 – 2B
ALL OTHER LINES eg Center, Hidden, 0.3 - H
Section
Lettering, Numbering & Other General Notes 0.5 - HB
British Standard - hidden lines (0.35 mm) & Australian Standard
– Hidden Lines (0.7 mm)
Application of various types of line
Hidden Line
24
Hidden Line (cont’d)
25
Lettering
• The characters should be uniform and capable of
being produced by hand, stencil, machine or
other means at reasonable speed.
• The characters on the drawing should remain
legible not only in the direct photocopy print but
in the form of reduced copy as an image on a
microfilm viewing screen.
Letters (Cont’d)
Clarity, style, size and spacing are important,
particularly for figures, as unlike letters they
rarely fall into identiable patterns and must
read individually.
All strokes should be black and of consistent
density compatible with the line work.
Sufficient space exists between characters
and parts of characters to ensure that ‘filling
in’ will not take place during reproduction.
DIMENSIONING
PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONING
Projection lines
Dimension lines
Leaders
Linear Dimensions
Dual Dimensioning
Angular Dimensions
Arrangement of dimensions
Redundant dimensions
Diameters
Radii
Size of holes
Positioning of holes and other features.
PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONING
(Projection and Dimension line)
(Projection and Dimension line)(Cont’d)
(Projection and Dimension line)(Cont’d)
Dimension
line
Diameter dimension
Arrow
Vertical
dimension
Angular
Horizontal dimension
Projection line dimension
(Projection and Dimension
line)(Cont’d)
Construction of projection line
using pencil HB size 0.3 mm
Use of Datum
Arrow
The arrow must touch to the projection line
Position and orientation of dimension texts
Horizontal text Text on the dimension line
Height of text =
3 mm
Text in line with dimension line
TEXT DIMENSION
Construction line for
text 1 mm on the top of
dimension line
Construction line for text
height 3 mm
TEXT DIMENSION
Get distance from
Darken the AB and height text
projection 3 mm
line
Draw arrow ratio 1 : 3
Dimensioning Position
Dimensioning Position
Dimensioning Position
Dimensioning circle
Dimensioning Radii
Dimensioning Circle
Dimensioning Circle (Cont’d)
Angular, Diameter, Radii and Holes
Diameter
Dimensioning
Centre line of Centre point
circle/hole
Radius dimensioning of arc
of arc
Use of Leaders
Dimensioning Position
Poor Dimensioning
Good Dimensioning
Dimensioning holes (Correct)
Dimensioning holes (Incorrect)
Positioning holes (Holes equally
spaced)
Positioning holes (cont’d) Holes unequally
spaced
Dimensioning hole
Angular dimension (for angle)
Get the angle from set
protractor
Draw projection line
Place text dimension here
Poor Dimensioning
Good Dimensioning
Unidirectional Dimensioning
Dimensioning Angles
Dimensioning Angles
Dimensioning Arc
Decimal Dimensioning
