Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Department of Mechanical Engineering

By
ABDUL KHALIQ ANSARI
 TITLE OF SHEETS
1. LINES, LETTERING & DIMENSIONING
2. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
3. PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
4. PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES-I
5. PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES-II
6. PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
7. PROJECTIONS OD SOLIDS
8. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS
9. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
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10.ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
Drawing:
• The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic lines on the
paper.
• The art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a paper.

3
 1.Artistic Drawing

The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination or by

keeping the object before him.
e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.
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 2.Engineering Drawing

The art of representation of engineering objects.

e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.
5
 What is an Engineering Drawing ?
• An Engineering Drawing is a technical (not artistic) drawing which
clearly defines and communicates a design and technical
information to engineers and other interested professionals.

▪ An Engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used

to convey information about an object.

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 Typesof Engineering Drawing:
i. GeometricalDrawing:
e.g. geometrical objects - rectangle, square, cube, cone, cylinder, etc.
a. PlainGeometricalDrawing:
Two dimensional drawing having only length and breadth. e.g. square,
triangle, etc.

b. Solid GeometricalDrawing:
Three dimensional drawing having length, breadth and thickness.
e.g. cube, prism, etc.
ii. MechanicalEngineeringorMachineDrawing:
e.g. mechanical engineering objects – machines, machine parts, etc.
iii. CivilEngineeringDrawing:
e.g. civil engineering objects – roads, buildings, bridges, dams, etc.
iv. Electrical&ElectronicsEngineeringDrawing:
e.g. electrical and electronics objects – transformers, wiring
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diagrams. 7
Applications of Engineering Drawing
Ships

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Applications of Engineering Drawing
Construction

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 Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the size, shape and
features completely as well as concisely.
Dr. CDP 3/20/2023 10
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and 11
specification of the object.
 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering

Dr. CDP 3/20/2023 12

Traditional Drawing
Tools
 Drawing Instruments

1. Drawing Board 12. Drawing Pencils – H, 2H, HB

2. Drawing Sheet – A2 13. Sand Paper
3. Drawing Sheet Holder 14. Eraser (Rubber)
4. Set-squares – 45o and 30o – 60o 15. Drawing Pins and Clips
5. Large size Compass 16. Cello Tape
6. Small bow Compass 17. Duster or Handkerchief
7. Large size Divider 18. Drafting Machine / Mini Drafter
8. Small bow Divider 19. Sketch Book (Medium size)
9. Scales – 6” and 12” 20. Roller Scale
10. Protractor 21. Pencil Sharpener
11. French Curve
Dr. CDP
22. Sheet Folder
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TECHNICAL DRAWING BOARD
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square
Dr. CDP 2. Triangles
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 DRAWING TOOLS

H or HB for thick line

2H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils 17

 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Pencil Eraser 6. Compass

18
 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

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 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

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 SAMPLE OF DRAWING SHEET

Dr. CDP 3/20/2023 21

 Layout of Drawing Sheet

10
150

50
Title Block

10
All the dimensions are in millimeters.

20 10
 Title Block (Sample)

NAME: USE PEN

10

20
ROLL NO.: USE PEN
10

SEM. & SEC.: TITLE

10

10
DATE:
OF SHEET NO.:
10

10
SHEET
Scale: 1:1 CHECKED BY:
10

10
50 50 50

NOTES:
All the dimensions are in millimeters.
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Sheet Size

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 LINES
Line Thickness:
Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size & type of the drawing.
For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:

Line-group
Thickness Lines
(mm)
0.2 Medium Out lines, dotted lines, cutting plane lines

0.1 Thin Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines, extension lines,
construction lines, leader lines, short-break lines and long-break
lines.

Important Notes:
In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense, clean and uniform.
Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint and should be hardly visible.
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 Types of Lines
Lines Description General Applications
A Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines
A2 Visible edges
B Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight / curve) B2 Dimension lines
B3 Projection lines
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching or section lines
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in plane
B7 Short centre lines
C Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted views and
(free-hand) sections
C2 Short-break lines
D Continuous thin D1 Long-break lines
(straight with zigzags) 26
 Lines Description General Applications
E Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines
E2 Hidden edges
F Dashed thin F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
G Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
H Chain thin, thick at ends H1 Cutting planes
and changes of direction

J Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to which a

special treatment applies
K Chain thin double-dashed K1 Outlines of adjacent parts
K2 Alternative and extreme positions of
movable parts
K3 Centroidal lines
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 G1
H1 G3

P P

E1
80o

K2
A1 90
J1
B2 B4
B5
Ø10

C1
D1

Application of various types of lines according to B.I.S.

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 Lettering
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars on a drawing is lettering
Classification:
1. Single-stroke Letters:
The thickness of the line of the letter is obtained in one stroke of the pencil.
Recommended by B.I.S.
It has two types:
i. Vertical
ii. Inclined (slope 75o with the horizontal)
• The ratio of height to width varies but in most of the cases it is 6:5.
• Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
• The lower-case letters are generally used in architectural drawings.

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• The spacing between two letters should not be necessarily equal.
• The letters should be so placed that they do not appear too close together
too much apart.
• The distance between the words must be uniform and at least equal to
the height of the letters.
• Lettering, except the dimension figures, should be underlined to make
them more prominent.
Size of Alphabets for Drawing:
Main titles -----------------------------------------6-8 mm
Sub titles ------------------------------------------3-6 mm
Notes, dimension figures, etc. ---------------3-5 mm
Drawing no. --------------------------------------10-12 mm

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 ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
d/2 d

OPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy
z 31
 Types of Dimensioning
1. Aligned System
In the aligned system the
dimensions are placed perpendicular to the
dimension line in such a way that it may be
read from bottom edge or right hand edge
of the drawing sheet.
2. Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system, the
dimensions are so oriented such that they
can be read from the bottom of the
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drawing.
 Notations of Dimensioning

Symbol
Note 2 Holes, Ø12

Leader
(at 30o,45o,60o)

90

Extension line Dimension line Arrow-head

Dimension figure

X
3X 34
 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

20
20 15 25
35
60

Chain Parallel
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 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

15 15

30 30
90 60 45 30 0 15 30

Combined Progressive
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 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

1. Chain Dimensioning:
Dimensions are arranged in a straight line.
2. Parallel Dimensioning:
All the dimensions are shown from a common base line.
The smaller dimension is placed nearer the view.
3. Combined Dimensioning:
Chain and parallel dimensioning used simultaneously.
4. Progressive Dimensioning:
One datum or surface is selected which reads as zero. All the dimensions are referred to that point
or surface.
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 Some Important Rules for Dimensioning

1. All the dimensions necessary for the correct functioning of the part should be expressed directly on
the drawing.
2. Every dimension should be given, but none should be given more than once.
3. A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more clearly.
4. Dimensions should be placed outside the view, as for as possible.
5. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines should be avoided. Also
it should not cross any other line of the drawing.
6. An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line. A centre line may be
extended to serve as an extension line.
7. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
8. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines and from each other.
9. The extension line should be extended by about 3 mm beyond the dimension line.
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10. When the space is too narrow, the arrow-head may be placed outside.
Also a dot may be used to replace an arrow-head.
10
15 10 15 15 10

11. The various methods of dimensioning different sizes of circles are as

follows: Ø20 Ø20
Ø10

12. Arcs of circles should be dimensioned by their respective radii.

R8

R3

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R6
13. Radii of a spherical surface and square cross section of a rod is shown
as below:
Sphere R20 SQ24

14. Angular dimension may be given as follows:

25o

45
40

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Length of Chord of Arc

15. Method of dimensioning of Chamfer:
2×45o

16. Dimensioning of Tapered Surface:

H
h

Slope or Taper = (H-h)/L

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