Lecture 2
Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 1
In Signal & Systems, we need to use some standard signals.
Some of the standard continuous time and discrete time signals
are:
1. A dc signal.
2. Sinusoidal signal.
3. Unit Step signal.
4. Signum function.
5. Rectangular pulse.
6. Delta or unit impulse function.
7. Unit Ramp signal.
8. Exponential signal.
Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 2
1. Continuous Time DC Signal: 2. Discrete Time DC Signal:
The dc signal can be represented It is a sequence of samples each of amplitude A
mathematically as under: and extending from −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
𝑥 𝑡 =𝐴 −∞<𝑡 <∞ This signal can be represented mathematically
by:
𝑥 𝑛 =𝐴 −∞<𝑡 <∞
Also can be represented in the form
𝑥 𝑛 = … , 𝐴, 𝐴, 𝐴
ณ , 𝐴, 𝐴, …
↑
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1. Sinusoidal Time DC Signal: 2. Sinusoidal Time DC Signal:
The sinusoidal signal include sine & Mathematically:
cosine signals. A sine signals: 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑛 =
Mathematically: 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑛
A sine signals: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
A cosine signals:𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
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1. Unit Step Signal:
The unit step sequence u(t) is defined as
1 𝑡>0
𝑥 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0
2. Unit Step Sequence:
The unit step sequence u[n] is defined as
1 𝑛>0
𝑥[𝑛] = ቊ
0 𝑛<0
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1. Signum Signal:
The Signum signal sgn(t) is defined as
1 𝑡>0
𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑡 = ቊ
−1 𝑡<0
2. Signum Sequence:
The Signum sequence sgn[n] is defined as
1 𝑛>0
𝑠𝑔𝑛[𝑛] = ቊ
−1 𝑛<0
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1. Ramp Signal:
The ramp signal r(t) is defined as
𝑡 𝑡>0
𝑟 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0
2. Signum Sequence:
The Ramp sequence r[n] is defined as
𝑛 𝑛>0
𝑟[𝑛] = ቊ
0 𝑛<0
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1. Impulse 𝜹(𝒕) Signal:
The rectangular signal r(t) is defined as
1 𝑡=0
𝛿 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
2. Impulse 𝜹(𝒕) Sequence:
The Ramp sequence r[n] is defined as
1 𝑛=0
𝛿 𝑛 =ቊ
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
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1. Real Exponential Signal:
A real exponential signal is defined as: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ,where both A and a
are real.
Depending on the value of a we get different signals. If a is positive the
signal is growing exponential, if a is negative the signal is decaying
exponential.
Continuous-time real exponential signals. (a) a > 0; (b) a < 0.
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1. Complex Exponential Signal:
The most general form of complex exponential is given by
x(t)=est
Where s is a complex variable defined as : s=σ+jΩ
therefore:
x(t)=est =e(σ+jΩ)t=eσt ejΩt
Using Euler’s identity we can expand:
ejΩt =cosΩt+jsinΩt
Then x(t)=eσt [cosΩt+jsinΩt]
Depending on the values of σ and Ω, we can get different signals.
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2. Complex Exponential Signal:
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Time shifting is, as the name suggests, the shifting of a signal in time.
This is done by adding or subtracting the amount of the shift to the time
variable in the function.
Subtracting a fixed amount from the time variable 𝑓(𝑡−𝑇) will shift the signal
to the right (delay) that amount (as show in fig 3.1 a).
While adding to the time variable 𝑓(𝑡+𝑇) will shift the signal to the left
(advance).
𝒇(𝒕) 𝒇(𝒕 − 𝑻) 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝑻)
𝑇 𝑇
0 𝑡 0 𝑡 0 𝑡
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Example 2.1
A continuous-time signal 𝒙(𝒕) is shown in Fig. 3.1. Sketch and label each of the
following signals?
1. 𝑥(𝑡−2)
2. x(𝑡+1)
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Fig 2.1 for Example 2.1
Solution 2.1
1. 𝑥 𝑡 − 2 is sketched in Fig 2.2.
2. 𝑥 𝑡 + 1 is sketched in Fig 2.3
Fig 2.2 Fig 2.3 Fig 2.1 for Example 2.1
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Time scaling compresses and dilates a signal by multiplying the time variable
by some amount.
If that amount is greater than one, the signal becomes narrower and the
operation is called compression.
While if the amount is less than one, the signal becomes wider and is called
dilation.
𝒇(𝒕) 𝒇(𝒂𝒕) 𝒇(𝒂𝒕)
a<1
a>1 dilation
compression.
𝑡 0 𝑡 0 𝑡
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Example 2.2
A discrete-time signal 𝒙[𝒏] is shown in Fig. 3.4. Sketch and label each of the
following signals?
1. 𝑥(2n)
2. x(1/2 n)
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Fig 2.4 for Example 2.2
Solution 2.1
1. 𝑥 2𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔 2.5
2. 𝑥[1/2 𝑛] 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔 2.6
Fig 2.4 for Example 2.2
Fig 2.5 Fig 2.6
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What happens when the time
variable is multiplied by a negative
number?
- The answer to this is time reversal.
Addition
This operation is the reversal of the
time axis, or flipping the signal over
the y-axis.
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Amplitude Scaling of Signal x(t) as show in equ(3.1) ,The Result is
amplification of x(t) if 𝒂>𝟏
Attenuation of x(t) if 𝒂<𝟏
Amplification of x(t) if 𝒂>𝟏
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
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The Addition Signal is given by equ(3.2) :
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑥2 (𝑡)
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The Multiplication Signal is given:
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥1 𝑡 . 𝑥2 (𝑡)
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Example 2.3
Using the discrete-time signals 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛] shown in figure below, represent
each of the following signals by a graph and by a sequence of numbers?
1. 𝑦1 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛
2. 𝑦2 𝑛 = 2 𝑥1 𝑛
3. 𝑦3 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛
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Solution 2.3
1. 𝑦1 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛
n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥1 𝑛 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 0
𝑥2 𝑛 0 -2 -2 2 2 0 -2 0 0 0 0
𝑦1 𝑛 0 -2 -2 3 4 3 -2 0 2 2 0
Then 𝑦1 𝑛 is :
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Solution 2.3
2. 𝑦2 𝑛 = 2 𝑥1 𝑛
n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥1 𝑛 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 0
a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑦2 𝑛 0 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 4 4 0
Then 𝑦2 𝑛 is :
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Solution 2.3
3. 𝑦3 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛
n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥1 𝑛 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 0
𝑥2 𝑛 0 -2 -2 2 2 0 -2 0 0 0 0
𝑦3 𝑛 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Then 𝑦3 𝑛 is :
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Example 2.4
A continuous-time signal 𝑥(𝑡)is shown in figure below. Sketch and label each of the
following signals.
1. 𝑥 𝑡 𝑢(1 − 𝑡)
2. 𝑥 𝑡 [𝑢 𝑡 . 𝑢 1 − 𝑡 ]
3
3. 𝑥 𝑡 𝛿(𝑡 − )
2
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Solution 2.4
1. 𝑥 𝑡 𝑢(1 − 𝑡)
Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 27
Solution 2.4
2. 𝑥 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 . 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡
1 0<𝑡<1
𝑢 𝑡 .𝑢 𝑡 − 1 = ቊ
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
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Solution 2.4
3. 𝑥(𝑡) 𝛿(𝑡 − 3/2)
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