LECTURE 3
Chapter 2
Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications
- Book by John G Proakis and Dimitris Manolakis , 4th Edition
DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
Unit Step Sequence, u(n)
Unit Impulse Sequence, δ(n)
Unit Ramp Sequence, r(n)
Real Exponential Sequence, aˣ
Complex Exponential Sequence, ex+jy
Unit Ramp Sequence, r(n)
ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
• Unit Impulse Sequence:
ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
• Unit Step Function:
ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
• Unit Ramp Function:
ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
• Exponential Sequence:
ELEMENTARY DISCRETE SIGNALS
• Sinusoidal Sequence:
CLASSIFICATION OF DISCRETE
TIME SIGNAL
Based on characteristics
Energy Signal or Power Signal
Periodic or Aperiodic Signal
Even or Odd Signal
ENERGY OR POWER SIGNALS
FIND THE ENERGY AND AVERAGE
POWER OF A UNIT STEP SEQUENCE
PERIODIC OR APERIODIC
SIGNALS
PERIODIC OR APERIODIC SIGNALS
SYMMETRIC(EVEN) & ASYMMETRIC
(ODD) SIGNALS
MANIPULATION OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
1.Time Shifting
2.Time Reversal/ Folding
3. Up sampling
4. Down sampling
TIME SHIFTING
TIME FOLDING
TIME SC ALING
Downsampling, x(2n)
Upsampling, x(n/2)
OTHER OPERATIONS
MATHEMATIC AL PROBLEMS
Continuous Unit Step Discrete Unit Step
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 5) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑢(𝑛 − 5)
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝛿 𝑛 − 2𝛿 𝑛 − 2 + 4𝛿(𝑛 + 3)
MATHEMATIC AL PROBLEMS
• Different representations of a discrete time signal:
❖ 𝑥 𝑛 = 3𝛿 𝑛 + 2 + 2𝑢 𝑛 − 2𝑢 𝑛 − 3 = 3,0,2,2,2
↑
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝟑, 𝟎, 𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟐 . 𝒙 −𝒏 = 𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟑 .
↑
Calculate the energy. ↑
𝐸𝑥 = σ∝
−∝ 𝑥(𝑛)
2
= σ2−2 𝑥(𝑛) 2
= 32 + 22 + 22 + 22 =21
Evaluate the even and odd part of x(n)
𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥(−𝑛)
𝑥𝑒 𝑛 =
2
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥(−𝑛)
𝑥𝑜 𝑛 =
2
n -2 -1 0 1 2
x(n) 3 0 2 2 2
x(-n) 2 2 2 0 3
5 5
𝑥𝑒 𝑛 = { , 1, 2, 1, }
2 2
↑
1 1
𝑥𝑒 𝑛 = { , −1, 0, 1, − }
2 2
↑
DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
x(n) y(n)
CLASSIFIC ATION OF DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
Static vs. Dynamic
Linear vs. Non-linear
Systems Causal vs. Non-causal
Time invariant vs. Time variant
Stable vs. Unstable
STATIC VS. DYNAMIC
EXAMPLE:
System with memory as y(n)
depends on a past value of
x(n)
TIME INVARIANT VS. TIME VARIANT
TIME INVARIANT VS. TIME
VARIANT
EXAMPLE:
LINEAR VS. NON -LINEAR
EXAMPLE:
C AUSAL VS. NON-CAUSAL
EXAMPLE:
STABLE VS. UNSTABLE
EXAMPLE:
