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Thermodynamics in Chemical Processes

The document is a course outline for a unit processes class at the University of Engineering & Technology Lahore. It discusses key unit processes like nitration, esterification, and oxidation. It lists the reference book for the class. The document then discusses the role of thermodynamics in understanding unit processes, including using thermodynamics to predict reaction behavior and driving forces. It covers basic thermodynamics concepts like energy balances, classifications of energy, and how these relate to unit processes.

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Ali Usman
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36 views9 pages

Thermodynamics in Chemical Processes

The document is a course outline for a unit processes class at the University of Engineering & Technology Lahore. It discusses key unit processes like nitration, esterification, and oxidation. It lists the reference book for the class. The document then discusses the role of thermodynamics in understanding unit processes, including using thermodynamics to predict reaction behavior and driving forces. It covers basic thermodynamics concepts like energy balances, classifications of energy, and how these relate to unit processes.

Uploaded by

Ali Usman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Unit Processes

Engr. Qazi Mohammed Omar

Subject Code: ChE-303


University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Course Outline
• Nitration
• Esterification
• Amination
• Halogenation
• Sulphonation
• Oxidation
• Hydrogenation
• Introduction to biochemical engineering
processes
Department of Chemical Engineering 2
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Reference book:

“Unit Processes in Organic Synthesis”, by


P.H. Groggins, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw-
Hill Edition.

Department of Chemical Engineering 3


University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Role of Thermodynamics in UP
• Knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics is
fundamental for complete understanding of UP.
• Chemical thermodynamics can be used to predict:
– Certain reaction takes place or not?
– Extent of Conversion
– Temperature and Pressure Effects on Reaction
behavior
– Composition of Reactor effluents if Equilibrium is
reached
– Driving Force of Several Competing Reactions
– Amount of Heat Released
Department of Chemical Engineering 4
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Basic Concepts in Thermodynamics


Energy balances
– Equilibrium Conversion
– Heat requirements
– Quantity of Catalyst
• Energy balances are based upon 1st Law of
thermodynamics which is:
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed during a process,
although it may change from one form to another. The
total energy of system entering a process plus any
addition during the process must be equal to the total
energy of the system leaving the process.

Department of Chemical Engineering 5


University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Basic Concepts in Thermodynamics


Energy Classifications
• Can be classified into two
groups: 1) Related to the system
– Internal Energy
– Flow or Pressure energy
– Kinetic Energy
– Potential Energy

2) Associated with the process


– Heat
– Work
Department of Chemical Engineering 6
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Basic Concepts in Thermodynamics


Energy Balance over a Flow System
• The first law of thermodynamics when applied to
two points in a flow system can be expressed as:

• For chemical processes, changes in kinetic and


potential energy are negligible and also if system
performs no work, above equation reduces to:

Department of Chemical Engineering 7


University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Basic Concepts in Thermodynamics


Standard States
• To fix the properties of a component in a system, a
standard state must be defined which specifies:
– Temperature
– Pressure
– Physical State
Heat of Reaction
• The change in enthalpy of a system when a reaction
occurs is usually called heat of reaction, it is also called
enthalpy change on reaction.

Department of Chemical Engineering 8


University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, KSK Campus

Thermodynamics and Unit Processes


• Thermal Effects
– Heat of reaction and effect of temperature on
heat of reaction
– Sensible heat transfer in preheating and cooling
– Heat effects in phase transformations
• Chemical Equilibrium Calculations
– Equilibrium constant
– Effect of Temperature on equilibrium constant
– Extent (how far) of reaction
– Concentration of desired product in reactor
effluent
Department of Chemical Engineering 9

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