SSD - UNIT- II
SSD - UNIT- II
Chopper-Controlled DC
Drives
Outline
Two-quadrant Control
Four-quadrant Control
References
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control No Speed
Combination of Class A & B choppers Reversal
Forward motoring Q1 - T1 and D2 (Class A)
Forward braking Q2 – T2 and D1 (Class B)
Q2 Q1
+
Q3 Q4 T
T1
V D1
• Va always +ve always +ve
• Ia can be +ve or –ve
+ • Do not fire both switches
T2 Va together short circuit at
D2
- supply
-
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control
Forward motoring Q1 - T1 and D2 (Class A)
T1 conducting: Va = V (ia ) D2 conducting: Va = 0 (ia )
+ +
T1 T1 D1
D1
ia ia
V V
+ +
D2 D2
T2 T2
Va Va
- -
Average Va = 1V,
1 = (ton T1 / T ), 2 = 0 Average
Va Ea
T1 chopping T2 always •Average Va positive
ON & OFF OFF •Average Va made larger
than back emf Ea
•Ia positive 4
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control
Forward braking Q2 – T2 and D1 (Class B)
D1 conducting: Va = V (ia ) T2 conducting: Va = 0 (ia )
+ +
T1 T1 D1
D1
ia ia
V V
+ +
D2 D2
T2 T2
Va Va
- -
Average Va =(1 - 2)V,
1 = 0, 2 = (ton T2 / T ) Average
Ea
Va
T2 chopping •Average Va positive
T1 always
ON & OFF •Average Va made smaller
OFF than back emf Ea
•Ia negative (motor acts as
5
generator)
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Two-quadrant Control
For fast transition from motoring (Q1) to braking
(Q2) and vice versa, both T1 and T2 are controlled
simultaneously, i.e. within a period T:
T1 in ON and T2 is OFF between time 0 < t ≤ ton
If Ia is positive (Va > E), current flows from supply to motor via T1
If Ia is negative (E > Va), current flows from motor to supply via D1
T1 is OFF and T2 is ON between ton < t ≤ T
If Ia is positive, current circulates via D2
If Ia is negative, current circulates via T2
Duty ratio is given by: ton T 1 where T chopper period
T
Average armature voltage is: Average Va =V
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SSD - UNIT- II
Two-quadrant type B chopper or Type D chopper
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SSD - UNIT- II
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SSD - UNIT- II
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SSD - UNIT- II
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
Operation in all four quadrants
Va and Ia can be controlled in magnitude and polarity
Power flow can be in either direction
Speed and torque can be reversed Q2 Q1
Q3 Q4 T
D1 D3
T1 T3
+ Va -
ia
Note:
Polarity of Va and
T4
direction of Ia
T2
D2 indicated are
D4
assumed
positive.
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DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
When a switch is on (i.e. ‘ON state’) it may or may not
conduct current depending on the direction of ia
If a switch conducts current, it is in a conducting state
Converter has two legs (Leg A & Leg B)
Leg B
Both switches in each
leg, are alternately + D1 D3
switched T1
+ Va -
T3
If T1 = ON, T4 = OFF ia
Vdc
If T4 = ON, T1 = OFF
T4 T2
D4 D2
-
Leg A 12
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
Positive Current (Ia > 0)
Q2 Q1
Va = Vdc when T1 and T2 are ON
Q3 Q4 T
Current increases
Q1 operation
Va = 0 when current
freewheels through +
T2 and D4 T1
D1 D3
T3
+ Va -
Current decreases
Vdc ia
Va = -Vdc when D3 and D4
conducts current T4
D2 T2
Current decreases D4
-
Energy returned to supply
Q4 operation
T3 and
T4 off 13
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
Negative Current (Ia > 0)
Q2 Q1
Va = -Vdc when T3 and T4 are ON
Current increases in negative direction Q3 Q4 T
Q3 operation
Va = 0 when current
freewheels through
T4 and D2 +
D1 D3
Current decreases T1
+ Va -
T3
Va = Vdc when D1 and D2
Vdc ia
conducts current
Current decreases
T4 T2
Energy returned to D4 D2
supply -
Q2 operation
T1 and
T2 off 14
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives SSD - UNIT- II
- Four-quadrant Control
For both positive and negative current, output voltage can
swing between:
Vdc and -Vdc
Vdc and 0
Four quadrant chopper has two legs, so it requires two
switching signals (one for each leg)
Depending on relationship between the two switching signals,
4-quadrant chopper has two switching schemes:
Bipolar switching
Unipolar switching
Switching scheme determines output voltage swing between
Vdc and -Vdc or Vdc and 0.
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SSD - UNIT- II
DC – DC Converter Fed Drives
Operation of DC motor drive depends on:
Direction of Ia (determined by torque, i.e. motoring or
braking)
Polarity of Va and Ea (determined by speed, i.e. forward or
reverse)
the duty cycle of the DC-DC Converter (either two-quadrant
or four-quadrant)
Open loop control is achieved by changing the duty
cycle manually as and when required
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SSD - UNIT- II
References
Rashid, M.H, Power Electronics: Circuit, Devices and
Applictions, 3rd ed., Pearson, New-Jersey, 2004.
Dubey, G.K., Fundamentals of Electric Drives, 2nd ed., Alpha
Science Int. Ltd., UK, 2001.
Krishnan, R., Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis and
Control, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2001.
Nik Idris, N. R., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.
Ahmad Azli, N., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.
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