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Introduction
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Scheduling is a mechanical process for laying out the various
activities of a certain project or program along a time scale
and in a proper sequence.
In other words, scheduling is the preparation of a time table or
an action plan which serves as a guide for the implementation
CHAPTER-FOUR
of the activities and computation of resources required at
different stages in time.
Every construction projects are time bounded.
Due to the above nature, based on the contract time, delays
Time control and monitoring
results to penalties while early completion might earn rewards
There may be many reasons both foreseeable and
unforeseeable, for non-completion of a project on the
intended completion time.
3 …Cont’d 4
…Cont’d
The absence of a project time plan almost makes certain that Planning requires an intimate knowledge of construction
a project cannot be completed on schedule without incurring methods combined with the ability to visualize distinct work
extra costs.
A plan prepared well before the commencement of elements and to establish their mutual interdependencies.
construction project can be instrumental in: Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging
Formulating directions, activity in the management and execution of construction
Coordinating functions,
projects.
Setting targets,
Forecasting resources. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the
Budgeting costs, budget and the schedule for works.
Optimum utilization and orderly arrangements of resources,
Control of cost and progress of executed work,
Controlling performance and motivating people
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…Cont’d Project schedule
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Construction planning consists of the following basic The approved Master schedule, called the schedule
steps baseline, is a component of the overall project plan.
Choice of technology and method of construction, It provides the basis for measuring and reporting
Definition of work tasks, schedule performance.
Creating logical relationship among individual tasks
In PPA, the general conditions of contract Clause 29-
Estimation of the required resources and durations for
32 has clear stipulation on project schedule(program),
individual tasks, and
Time Control (PPA) …Cont’d
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Clause 27.4
Clause 27.1
The Engineer’s approval of the Program shall not alter the
The Contractor shall submit the work program showing
Contractor’s obligations,
the general methods, arrangements, order, and timing
for all the activities in the Works within the time stated The Contractor may revise the Program and submit it to the
in special condition of contract Engineer again at any time.
Clause 27.2 A revised Program shall show the effect of Variations and
The work program shall be updated based on the Compensation Events.
progress of the work including any changes Clause 28, Extension of the intended completion date
Clause 27.3 Clause 28.1
The contractor is responsible for updating the work program
within the time stated in SCC The Engineer shall extend the Intended Completion Date if a
Compensation Event occurs or a Variation are issued
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…Cont’d …Cont’d
9 10
Clause 28.2 Clause 29, (Acceleration)
The Engineer shall decide whether and by how much to Clause 29.1 and 29.2
extend the Intended Completion Date within 21 days When the Employer wants the Contractor to finish before the
after recipt of the time extention claim. Intended Completion Date, the Engineer will obtain priced
If the Contractor has failed to give early warning of a proposals for achieving the necessary acceleration from the
delay or has failed to cooperate in dealing with a Contractor
delay, the delay by this failure shall not be considered If the Employer accepts these proposals,
in assessing the new Intended Completion Date. 1. the Intended Completion Date will be adjusted accordingly and
confirmed by both the Employer and the Contractor.
2. The new proposal will be incorporated in the Contract Price and it
will be treated as a Variation.
…Cont’d …Cont’d
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Clause 32, (Early Warning)
Clause 30, (Delays ordered by the Engineer) Clause 32.1
Clause 30.1 The Contractor shall warn the Engineer at the earliest
The Engineer may instruct the Contractor to delay the start or opportunity of specific likely future events or circumstances that
progress of any activity within the Works. may adversely affect the quality of the work, increase the
Clause 31, ( Management Meetings) Contract Price or delay the execution of the Works.
The Engineer may require the Contractor to provide an
Clause 31.1
estimate of the expected effect of the future event or
Either the Engineer or the Contractor may require the other to circumstance on the Contract Price and Completion Date
attend a Management meeting,
Clause 32.2
Clause 31.2
The Contractor shall cooperate with the Engineer in making and
The Engineer shall record the business of management meetings considering proposals for how the effect of such an event or
and provide copies of the record to those attending the circumstance can be avoided or reduced by anyone involved in
meeting and to the Employer the work.
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Construction work plan and review Construction work plan and review
Programme to be Submitted14.1(FIDIC 4th ed) Revised Programme14.2
The Contractor shall, within the time stated in Part II of these If at any time it should appear to the Engineer that the
Conditions after the date of the Letter of Acceptance, actual progress of the Works does not conform to the
submit to the Engineer for his consent a programme, in such programme to which consent has been given under Sub-
form and detail as the Engineer shall reasonably prescribe, Clause 14.1, the Contractor shall produce, at the request
for the execution of the Works. The Contractor shall, of the Engineer, a revised programme showing the
whenever required by the Engineer, also provide in writing modifications to such programme necessary to ensure
for his information a general description of the completion of the Works within the Time for Completion.
arrangements and methods which the Contractor proposes
to adopt for the execution of the Works.
Measurement of productivity and work Measurement of productivity and work
suspension on site suspension on site
Rate of Progress 46.1 ….If, as a result of any notice given by the Engineer
under this Clause, the Contractor considers that it is
necessary to do any work at night or on locally
If for any reason, which does not entitle the recognised days of rest, he shall be entitled to seek
Contractor to an extension of time, the rate of the consent of the Engineer so to do. Provided that if
progress of the Works or any Section is at any time, any steps, taken by the Contractor in meeting his
in the opinion of the Engineer, too slow to comply with obligations under this Clause, involve the Employer in
the Time for Completion, the Engineer shall so notify additional supervision costs, such costs shall, after due
the Contractor who shall thereupon take such steps as consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, be
determined by the Engineer and shall be recoverable
are necessary, subject to the consent of the Engineer, from the Contractor by the Employer, and may be
to expedite progress so as to comply with the Time deducted by the Employer from any payment due or
for Completion. The Contractor shall not be entitled to to become due to the Contractor and the Engineer
any additional payment for taking such steps. …. shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to
the Employer.
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Measurement of productivity and work suspension on
site Performance reports
Suspension of Work 40.1 Performance reports provide information on
The Contractor shall, on the instructions of the Engineer, suspend the progress schedule performance such as which planned dates
of he Works or any part thereof for such time and in such manner as the
Engineer may consider necessary and shall, during such suspension, properly
have been met and which have not. It may also
protect and secure the Works or such part thereof so far as is necessary alert the project team to issues which may cause
in the opinion of the Engineer. Unless such suspension is: problems in the future.
(a) otherwise provided for in the Contract,
(b) necessary by reason of some default of or breach of contract by the
Performance reporting involves collecting and
Contractor or for which he is responsible, disseminating performance information in order to
(c) necessary by reason of climatic conditions on the Site, or provide stakeholders with information about how
(d) necessary for the proper execution of the Works or for the safety of the
Works or any part thereof (save to the extent that such necessity arises resources are being used to achieve project
from any act or default by the Engineer or the Employer or from any of objectives.
the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4), Sub-Clause 40.2 shall apply.
Change requests
Performance reports
Status reporting_ describing where the project now stands Change requisites may occur in many forms-oral or
Progress reporting- describing what the project team has accomplished
written, direct or indirect, externally or internally
Forecasting- predicting future project status and progress.
initiated, and legally mandated or optional.
Performance reporting should generally provide information on scope,
schedule, cost, and quality. Changes may require extending the schedule or
may allow accelerating it.
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Construction work progress recordings
Construction work progress recordings
and keeping dairies
and keeping dairies
Site records
Delay in construction projects are very common specially in countries like Ethiopia. Maintain work progress
This demand the follow up of the activities over a prolonged time. Maintain a log sheet of materials delivered/used
Therefore keeping accurate records plays a significant role, particularly when
there is a tendency for varying the work.
Maintain record of instructions, date given and to whom
It is therefore become imperative to maintain accurate written site records, which
given
include; Maintain record of variation orders given, date given
Work progress and to whom given
Material quality for quality control
Weather data
Keep record of measurements, co-signed
Working hours Record details of works before covering up( ex.
Any incidents Foundations)
Material on sites
Keep record of tests and relevant material data
Labor and equipment deployed
Instructions issued (co-signed by all)
Construction work progress recordings Reports
and keeping dairies
The following items should also be a part of the construction The purpose of the inspector’s site visit is to become
administration record keeping “generally familiar” with the progress and quality of the
work and to determine if the work is being done in a manner
Field observations reports: follow-ups on all unresolved items which will yield results consistent with the contract documents.
Shop drawings, samples, product data, checklist of all required
submissions The supervisor is required to keep the owner informed of the
Submittals: checklist of all required submittals correspondence progress and quality of the work.
Payment requests, schedules of contract sum and time, change orders
Change orders and construction change directives Most inspectors discharge this continuing obligations by
Drawings and revisions sending the owner a written report of each site visit with a
Specifications and revisions copy sent to the contractor.
Status of requests for information's and requests for quotations The report should be a complete record of the proceedings
Memos on delay caused by weather, strikes, unavailability of
materials, and other things. at the inspector’s job site visit and should include;
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Reports …Formats
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Date
Time, duration Site Diary
Weather conditions
Persons present
Progress report
Percentage of work completed by trade
Schedule
Work progress compared to schedule
Work now being accomplished, work scheduled before next visit
Questions raised by the contractor or owner
Determinations made by the engineer
Any questions or actions which remain pending for appropriate later
attention.
