Intern ship project 2012

E.C

UNIVERSITY OF GONDER
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE: HYDRAULIC CAR LIFTING MACHINE
HOISTING COMPANY: NURU DIAGNOSTIC GARRAGE

BY:
AGUMAS MENGISTIE………………………………4131/08
ADEM ENDRE HUSSEN…………………………….5165/08

UNDER THE ADVISOR: Miss. MARSHET

SUBMISSION DATE: 05/02/2012 E.C

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DECLARATION

We
Have declared that this document is an independent work of us. All works
written in this document are done by our effort and exclusively suggestion
of the mentor and my supervisor.

We have satisfactorily completed the intern ship program with good performance and ethics.
This is approved by the mentor and the supervisor from the hosting company.

Name of Students: Adem Endre and signature Date

Agumas Mengistie Signature Date

Name of chief mechanic __________________ Signature_______________ Date

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Acknowledgement
We are grateful to our intern advisor MARESHET(MSC), for her comments and
suggestions while she came in the first round mentoring , and for those whole hearted
supervision during company attachment period. It would have been very difficult to
prepare this report up to this mark without their guidance. Moreover, we would also like
to express our gratitude to nuru diagnostic garage manager (nuru kemal) who gave us
good advice, suggestions, inspiration and support. We must mention the wonderful
working environment and group commitment of this company that has enabled us to deal
with a lot of things. Finally, we thank all our partners and who supports us for their
endless love, encouragement and understanding they had shown during the whole time.

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Abstract
Indeed, our internship training is difficult and educational. We were tried to see all the tasks
involved in this garage at list at each department for about one more week for the total time of
almost four months.

In this internship duration time we had gained over all benefits like improving practical
skills, theoretical skills, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, work ethics
related issues, and entrepreneurship skills.

In this internship we face different problems like work languages (1)and name of vehicle
parts(they use Italy but we were learned in English). And also it gives only about vehicle service.
Due to this we were unable to apply all the courses that were learnt for the last three more years.

 In this paper we are trying to show the background and activities that take part in our
hoisting garage at chapter one.
 Detail works, our experiences, problems that we faced during training times, are also
discussed in chapter two.
 Moreover we had seen the strength(S), weakness (W), opportunity (O) and threats (T) of
the nuru diagnostic garage and discussed briefly .

we have discussed about general benefits that we had get during intern time In terms of
upgrading my theoretical knowledge we gained detail & clear way of scheduling maintenance
plan for machine spare part on which day can be each machine maintain, what type of
maintenance can be they used ,& in what duration gap can we apply the scheduled plan for each
of them by classifying them in to daily, weekly, monthly, & yearly.

Finally, digs solution to the problem by designing hydraulic car lifting machine and study about it.

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Contents
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ I
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ II
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ III
PART -1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Back ground Of Nuru Diagnostic Garage ............................................................................................ 2
1.3 MAIN TASKS OF NURU DIAGNOSTIC GARAGE .................................................................................... 4
1.4 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUR OF NURU DIAGNOSTIC GARAGE ......................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 OVER ALL WORKING EXPERIENCE ....................................................................................................... 8
2.2 GENERAL SERVICES AND MAINTAINANCE ........................................................................................ 13
2.3 PROBLEMS THAT WE FACE DURING OUR INTERNSHIP TRAINING TIME .......................................... 26
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 28
OVER ALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERN SHIP ................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 31
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ........................................................................................................ 31
PART - 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 33
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 33
1.1 Over view of the project ................................................................................................................... 35
1.2 Back ground of the study .................................................................................................................. 36
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 37
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................... 38
1.4.1 General Objective of the study .................................................................................................. 38
1.4.2 Specific objectives of the study.................................................................................................. 38
1.5 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 39
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 40
1.6.1 Scope of the study: .................................................................................................................... 40

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1.6.2 Limitation of the study ............................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................ 41
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................................................................. 41
2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SCISSOR LIFTS ................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 51
3.0 DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPONENT OF HYDRAULIC
SCISSOR VEHICLE LIFT ................................................................................................................................. 51
3.1 INPUT SPECIFICATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 51
3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION.................................................................................................................... 52
3.3 Concept of selection ......................................................................................................................... 55
3.3.1 Bearing selection ........................................................................................................................ 55
3.3.2 Locking wheel............................................................................................................................. 56
3.3.3 Selection of factor of safety ....................................................................................................... 56
3.4 Basic dimensions of component member. ........................................................................................... 57
3.5 analyses ............................................................................................................................................. 58
3.5.1 Design of base and top plat form............................................................................................... 58
3.5.2 DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER ............................................................................................. 59
3. 5.3 Design of legs (scissor arm) ....................................................................................................... 62
3.5.4 Design of pins ............................................................................................................................. 65
3.6 method of manufacturing ................................................................................................................. 66
3.7 construction procedure .................................................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 68
4. RESUIT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 68
4.1 RESUIT ............................................................................................................................................... 68
4.2 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 70
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................... 70
5.1 conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 70
5.2 recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 70
REFERENCE .................................................................................................................................................. 71

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APENDIX – A ................................................................................................................................................ 72
Parts drawing .............................................................................................................................................. 72
APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................................. 75
ASSEMBLY DRAWING .................................................................................................................................. 75
APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................................................. 76
Names of vehicle parts and instruments in English and in Italy ................................................................. 76

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Table of figures

Figure 1: view of nuru diagnostic garage ...................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2: independent organisation shop chart............................................................................................ 7
Figure 3: show the level of power steering fluid in the reservoir ................................................................. 8
Figure 4: a broken coil spring was found under vehicle inspection............................................................ 10
Figure 5: muffler corroded was found but was not detected by the driver ............................................... 10
Figure 6: safe use of creepers ..................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 7: thermostat ................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 8: during gasket is remove ............................................................................................................... 14
Figure 9: A single overhead camshaft engine with a timing belt that also rotates the water pump. ........ 16
Figure 10: disassembled cylinder block ...................................................................................................... 18
Figure 11: spray washing............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 12: View of cam shaft ...................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 13: pascal principle .......................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 14: peter luanti ................................................................................................................................ 41
Figure 15: Hydraulic plat form vehicle lift................................................................................................... 45
Figure 16: standard designation of ball bearing ........................................................................................ 55
Figure 17: force resolution in lift mechanism ............................................................................................. 58

List of table

Table 1: Specification table ......................................................................................................................... 51

Table 2: tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the material. .......................................................... 55
Table 3: principal dimension for ball bearing ............................................................................................. 56
Table 4: value of factor of safety. ( R.S. KHURMI J.K. GUPTA page 102)............ 56
Table 5: result ............................................................................................................................................. 68

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PART -1

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Although some people are don’t expect that , the garage have benefits about this vast we are invested
our internship time in the garage. And we believe that this paper will change the perspective of many
people.

Diagnostic: any tool or technique used to find the root of a problem is called diagnostic.
Garage: a place where cars are serviced and replaced.

Then, diagnostic garage means a place where the root problems of the cars are identified and serviced
and replaced.

1.2 Back ground Of Nuru Diagnostic Garage

Figure 1: view of nuru diagnostic garage

Nuru diagnostic garage was established in 1986 E.C in Ethiopia amhara region
Gondar city. With the initial capital of 22,000 Ethiopian birr. And with that of the human
power of one person in a small place by giving 700 ETB per month. Then it started to
grow and he was sharing the garage with one other person namely nuru hussen .

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The chief mechanic nuru gained diploma certificate from Gondar poly technic collage
since 1990 E.C. When they were starting to did this work they had only wrenches. At that
time the only operation that they work was body service. They stay at this operation since
2008 e.c.
Due to the opportunity gained from the government in 2007 e.c he (nuru) goes to turkey
for about 20 days training and experience sharing.
After he gained experience from turkey mechanics he tried to build his own garage. After
challenging time with the authorities of gonder city plan and their burocracy. They gained
this place in 2008 e.c .
After creating this favorable working area he (nuru) went to German, and tiland to fulfill
necessary material for their works.

Now, in 2011e.c this organization has 25 personnel. From those personnel the seven (7)
are senor mechanic (have level 4 from poly technic collage)
in auto engine and power train service. And each mechanic has 3 co-workers. One
secretary, and also has about 3 offices and exam rooms, computer class.
Under this organization there are so many activities as we show that at the declaration. in
addition to this they give coc test up to level 5 in auto engine and power training and up
to level 1 in auto electrical services.
This garage receives certificate from Gondar poly technic college.
We take the internship training in this garage since from March 10/2011 E.C up to June
30/2011 E.C.

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1.2.1 MISSION

By overcoming, over tax problem, lack of basic infrastructures from the

government, lack of supporter and continuous assessing of the government from
the problem of position of the garage, we want to give enough service for our
customers and ensuring our sustain development.

1.2.2 VISION

It have vision to give vast modern and fast type of service for the customer by
full filling necessary Garage materials.

In addition to this we have a short time plan to establish modern type of poly
technic college that used to produce skilled man power with the new car model
(MODEL-2016).

We have also the vision to establish huge work shop to produce car and other
machine spare parts.

1.3 MAIN TASKS OF NURU DIAGNOSTIC GARAGE

1. It Gives service of any automotive problems that are declared above such as;
Wheel and tire service; including; suspension and break system.
Body service; including; color painting of body and repair the
body.
Engine service; including; cylinder head, valve seat, gasket,
cam and crank shaft, piston and connecting rod, belts, etc.
Cooling system service.

2. Gives training for junior technicians and poly technic students,in addition to
this, gives orientation and COC tests for college students those come from
different collages from level 1 up to level 5 in auto engine and level 1 in
auto electrical system.

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1.4 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUR OF NURU DIAGNOSTIC GARAGE

TECHNICIAN TEAM LEADER : A team leader is an experienced service technician
who is capable of performing most if not all of the work that the shop normally handles. The
team leader then assigns work to others in the group based on the experience or competency
of the technician. The team leader then checks the work after it has been completed to be
sure that it has been correctly performed. The number of hours of labor for each member of
the team is totaled each pay period. Each member of the team is paid an equal share of the
time but at different rates.
The team leader gets a higher per hour rate than the others on the team. The rate of pay per
hour is based on the level of training and experience. A beginning technician may or may not
be paid as part of the total team hours depending on how the team system is organized. While
some shops do not use teams, many large shops or dealerships have two or more teams.

GENERAL SERVICE TECHNICIAN: A general service technician usually has training

as an automotive technician either in one or more of the following:
 Automotive service technicians perform preventative maintenance, diagnose faults,
and repair automotive vehicles and light trucks.
 Automotive service technicians adjust, test, and repair engines, steering systems,
braking systems, drivetrains, vehicle suspensions, electrical systems and air-
conditioning systems, and perform wheel alignments. In large shops, some
technicians specialize in repairing, rebuilding, and servicing specific parts, such as
braking systems, suspension, and steering systems.
 In smaller shops, automotive service technicians may work on a wider variety
of repair jobs.

Automotive service technicians begin by reading the work order and examining the
vehicle. To locate the cause of faulty operation and repair it, a technician will:

 Verify customer concern

 Use testing equipment, take the vehicle for a test-drive, and/or refer to manufacturer‟s
specifications and manuals
 Dismantle faulty assemblies, repair, or replace worn or damaged Parts Reassemble,
adjust, and test the repaired mechanism
 Automotive service technicians also may: Perform scheduled maintenance services,
such as oil changes, lubrications, and filter replacement

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 _ Advise customers on work performed,

SERVICE ADVISOR

A service advisor, also called a service writer or service consultant, is the person at
the dealership or shop designated to communicate the needs of the customer and
accurately complete a work order.

The service advisor‟s duties include:

1. Recording the vehicle identification number (VIN) of the vehicle on the work order
2.Recording the make, model, year, and mileage on the work order
3. Carefully recording what the customer‟s complaint (concern) is so that the service
technician can verify the complaint and make the proper repair
4. Reviewing the customer‟s vehicle history file and identifying additional required
service
5. Keeping the customer informed as to the progress of the service work

PARTS MANAGER The specific duties of a parts manager usually include:

Ordering parts from the vehicle manufacturers and aftermarket companies
Stocking parts.
Organizing the parts department in a clear and orderly fashion
Locating parts quickly within the parts department
Developing contacts with parts departments in other local dealerships so that
parts that are not in stock can be purchased quickly and at a reasonable cost

N.B. However this duty is given for parts manager, the co-workers are do it in this garage.

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Owner

OFFICE STAFF
SERVICE TECHNICIAN

Service manager Part manager Service advisor

Service advisor

Power Oil Wheel & Electrical Body Under chassis

train change tire service system service repair service mechanic
Service mechani mechanics mechanic mechanic
mechanics c
Figure 2: independent organisation shop chart

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CHAPTER TWO

2.1 OVER ALL WORKING EXPERIENCE

During our training time, we experienced the following experiences:
1. With Lubrication technicians we are trained to perform routine services including:
_ Oil and oil filter change
_ Chassis lubrication
_ Fluids check and refill
_ Tire inflation checks
_ Accessory drive belt inspection
_ Air filter check and replacement
_ Cabin filter replacement
_ Windshield wiper blade replacement
As a result of these tasks the lubrication technician should be skilled in hoisting the vehicle and
able to handle the tasks efficiently and in minimum time.

Figure 3: show the level of power steering fluid in the reservoir

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2. TIRE AND WHEEL SERVICE

Inflation pressure
Tire pressure should be checked when the tires are cold. As a vehicle is driven, the flexing of the
tire and friction between the tire and the road causes an increase in temperature.

 As the tire heats up, the air inside the tire also increases in temperature.
 The increased temperature of the air increases the air pressure inside the tire.
 The air pressure typically increases in pressure 4 to 6 psi after the vehicle has been driven
several miles.
 If air is then removed from the hot tire, the tire would be underinflated. The tire pressure
specified is for a tire that has not been driven and is therefore cold, so the air pressure
should be checked before the vehicle has been driven more than 2 miles (3 km).

3. UNDER-CHASSIS SERVICES

Visual checks. Other items underneath the vehicle that may need checking or lubricating
include:
 Shock absorbers and springs.
 Transmission/transaxle shift linkage (check the service manual for the correct
lubricant to use).
 Exhaust system including all pipes and hangers.
 Brake lines for evidence of damage or leakage.
 Shock absorbers for leakage or damaged mounts.
 Steering linkage for obvious looseness or damaged or missing parts.
 Parking brake cable guides.

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Figure 4: a broken coil spring was found under vehicle inspection

Figure 5: muffler corroded was found but was not detected by the driver

4. VEHICLE LIFTING AND HOISTING

Before we serviced the vehicle the vehicle must be lift and hoist by different mechanism. our
project will be focused on this car lifting mechanism.

 CREEPERS

When working underneath a vehicle, most service technicians use a creeper, which consists of a
flat or concaved surface equipped with low-profile casters. A creeper allows the technician to
maneuver under the vehicle easily.

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SAFE USE OF CREEPERS Creepers can create a fall hazard if left on the floor. When a
creeper is not being used, it should be picked up and placed vertically against a wall or tool box
to help prevent accidental falls. This lifts the vehicle using hydraulic cylinders.

Figure 6: safe use of creepers

Hydraulic fluid can leak past seals in the hydraulic cylinders, which would lower the vehicle,
possibly causing personal injury.

VEHICLE HOISTS

Vehicle hoists include older in-ground pneumatic/hydraulic (air pressure over hydraulic) and
above-ground units.

Many chassis and underbody service procedures require that the vehicle be hoisted or lifted off
the ground. The simplest methods involve the use of drive-on ramps or a floor jack and safety
(jack) stands, whereas in ground or surface-mounted lifts provide greater access.

5. ENGINES

We saw that:

 Engine electrical diagnosis (battery, charging, cranking, ignition, and wiring)

 Engine mechanical diagnosis
 Specific engine information for each engine that may be used in the vehicle(s) covered by
the service manual, including:
 Engine identification
 On-vehicle service procedures
 Description of the engine and the operation of the lubrication system

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 Exploded views showing all parts of the engine

 Disassembly procedures
 Inspection procedures and specifications of the parts and subsystems
 Assembly procedures
 Torque specifications for all fasteners, including the torque seque

6. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION/TRANSAXLE

About this we examine:

 General information (identification and specifications)

 Diagnosis procedures, including preliminary checks and fluid level procedures
 General service, including leak detection and correction
 Cooler flushing procedures
 Unit removal procedures
 Unit disassembly procedures and precautions
 Unit assembly procedures and torque specifications

7. HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING

Under this system we saw that:

 General description
 Heater control assembly
 Diagnosis, including heater electrical wiring and vacuum system
 Blower motor and fan assembly diagnosis and servicing procedures
 Air distribution values
 Fastener torque specifications

Under Air-conditioning system we saw

 General description and system components
 Air-conditioning system diagnosis, including leak detection
 Air-conditioning and heater function tests
 Air-conditioning service procedures.
 Refrigerant recovery, recycling, adding oil, evacuating procedures, and charging
procedures.

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2.2 GENERAL SERVICES AND MAINTAINANCE

2.2.1. THERMOSTAT REPLACEMENT

Figure 7: thermostat

FAILURE PATTERNS All thermostat valves move during operation to maintain the desired
coolant temperature. Thermostats can fail in the following ways.
Stuck open. If a thermostat fails open or partially open, the operating temperature of the
engine will be less than normal.
Stuck closed. If the thermostat fails closed or almost closed, the engine will likely overheat.
Stuck partially open. This will cause the engine to warm up slowly if at all. This condition can
cause the powertrain control module (PCM) to set a P0128 diagnostic trouble code (DTC)
which means that the engine coolant temperature does not reach the specified temperature.
Skewed. A skewed thermostat works, but not within the cor-rect temperature range.
Therefore, the engine could overheat or operate cooler than normal or even do both.

REPLACEMENT PROCEDURE
Before replacing the thermo-stat, we double-check that the cooling system problem is not due
to another fault, such as being low on coolant or an inoperative cooling fan. Check service
information for the specified procedure to follow to replace the thermostat.
Most recommended procedures include the following steps.
STEP 1 Allow the engine to cool for several hours so the engine and the coolant should be at
room temperature.
STEP 2 Drain the coolant into a suitable container. Most vehicle manufacturers recommend
that new coolant be used and the old coolant disposed of properly or recycled.
STEP 3 Remove any necessary components to get access to the thermostat.
STEP 4 Remove the thermostat housing and thermostat.
STEP 5 Replace the thermostat housing gasket and thermostat.

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Torque all fasteners to specifications.

STEP 6 Refill the cooling system with the specified coolant and bleed any trapped air from the
system.
STEP 7 Pressurize the cooling system to verify that there are no leaks around the thermostat
housing.
STEP 8 Run the engine until it reaches normal operating temperature and check for leaks.
STEP 9 Verify that the engine is reaching correct operating temperature.

2.2.2. WATER PUMP REPLACEMENT

NEED FOR REPLACEMENT A water pump will require replacement if any of the following
conditions are present.

Leaking coolant from the weep hole

Bearing noisy or loose

Lack of proper coolant flow caused by worn or slipping impeller blades

REPLACEMENT GUIDELINES After diagnosis has been confirmed that the water pump requires
replacement, check service information for the exact procedure to follow. The steps usually include the
following:

STEP 1 Allow the engine to cool to room temperature.

STEP 2 Drain the coolant and dispose of properly or recycle.

STEP 3 Remove engine components to gain access to the water pump as specified in service
information.

STEP 4 Remove the water pump assembly.

STEP 5 Clean the gasket surfaces and install the new water pump using a new gasket or seal as needed.

Figure 8: during gasket is remove

Torque all fasteners to factory specifications.

STEP 6 Install removed engine components.

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STEP 7 Fill the cooling system with the specified coolant.

STEP 8 Run the engine, check for leaks, and verify proper operation.

2.2.3. INTAKE MANIFOLD GASKET REPLACEMENT

During our training time we also see and experience gasket replacement. from those gaskets we see intake
manifold gasket replacement.

When replacing the intake manifold gasket, always check service information for the exact procedure to
follow. The steps usually include the following:

STEP 1 Be sure the engine has been off for about an hour and then drain the coolant into a suitable
container.

STEP 2 Remove covers and other specified parts needed to get access to the retaining bolts.

STEP 3 To help ensure that the manifold does not warp when removed, loosen all fasteners in the
reverse order of the tightening sequence. This means that the bolts should be loosened starting at the ends
and working toward the centre.

STEP 4 Remove the upper intake manifold (plenum), if equipped, and inspect for faults.

STEP 5 Remove the lower intake manifold, using the same bolt removal procedure of starting at the
ends and working toward the centre.

STEP 6 Thoroughly clean the area and replace the intake manifold if needed. Check that the correct
replacement manifold is being used, and even the current part could look different from the original.

STEP 7 Install the intake manifold using new gaskets as specified. Some designs use gaskets that are
reusable. Replace as needed.

STEP 8 Torque all fasteners to factory specifications and in the proper sequences. The tightening
sequences usually start at the centre and work outward to the ends.

2.2.4. TIMING BELT REPLACEMENT

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Figure 9: A single overhead camshaft engine with a timing belt that also rotates the water pump.

NEED FOR REPLACEMENT Timing belts have a limited service and a specified
replacement interval ranging from 60,000 miles (97,000 km) to about 100,000 miles (161,000
km). Timing belts are required to be replaced if any of the following conditions occur.
 Meets or exceeds the vehicle manufacturer‟s recommended timing belt replacement
interval.
 The timing belt has been contaminated with coolant or engine oil.
 The timing belt has failed (missing belt teeth or broken).

TIMING BELT REPLACEMENT GUIDELINES

During our training time we also see how timing belt replaces.
Before replacing the timing belt, check service information for the recommended procedure to
follow. Most timing belt replacement procedures include the following steps.
STEP 1 Allow the engine to cool before starting to remove components to help eliminate the
possibility of personal injury or warpage of the parts.
STEP 2 Remove all necessary components to gain access to the timing belt and timing marks.
STEP 3 If the timing belt is not broken, rotate the engine until the camshaft and crankshaft
timing marks are aligned according to the specified marks.
STEP 4 Loosen or remove the tensioner as needed to remove the timing belt.
STEP 5 Replace the timing belt and any other recommended items.
Components that some vehicle manufacturers recommend

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replacing in addition to the timing belt include:

 Tensioner assembly
 Water pump
 Camshaft oil seal(s)
 Front crankshaft seal
STEP 6 Check (verify) that the camshaft timing is correct by rotating the engine several
revolutions.
STEP 7 Install enough components to allow the engine to start to verify proper operation.
Check for any leaks, especially if seals have been replaced.
STEP 8 Complete the reassembly of the engine and perform a test drive before returning the
vehicle to the customer.

2.2.5. ENGINE SERVICE

During our training time we see steps of how engine was removed and serviced.
USUAL ENGINE REMOVAL PROCEDURES The procedures that are usually specified
include:
 Remove the hood:
Removing the hood allows easier access to all of the components around the engine.
Store the hood in a place where it will not be damaged. Some technicians place a fender
cover on the roof of the vehicle and then place the hood upside down on top of tender
cover.
 Clean the engine area:
The engine exterior and the engine compartment should be cleaned before work is begun.
Using a power washer is the most commonly used way to clean the engine compartment
area. A clean engine is easier to work on, and the cleaning not only helps to keep dirt out
of the engine, but also minimizes accidental damage from slipping tools.
 Disconnect the negative (-) battery cable, and remove the battery from the vehicle if
it could interfere with the removal of the engine. Remove the air cleaner assembly.
Remove the hoses and other components of the air intake system. Mark or bag and tag all
fasteners.
 Remove all accessories. Those that usually need to be removed include the alternator,
engine driven fan, and AIR pump, if equipped.
 Drain the coolant. Draining coolant from the radiator and the engine block help
reduce the chance of coolant getting into the cylinders when the cylinder head is
removed. Dispose of the used coolant properly.
 Remove the radiator. Disconnect the transmission oil cooler lines and radiator hoses
from the radiator. Removing the radiator helps provide room for moving the engine
during removal and helps prevent the possibility of damage.

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 Disconnect the exhaust system. On some engines, it may be easier to remove the
exhaust manifold(s) from the cylinder head(s), whereas on others, it may be easier to
disconnect the exhaust pipe from the manifold(s).
 Recover the air-conditioning refrigerant. Set the air conditioning compressor aside
and do not open the system unless absolutely necessary. If the air-conditioning system
has to be opened to remove components, then the system must be evacuated. Tape or
cover all open refrigerant fittings and hoses to prevent contaminants from entering the
A/C system. Check service information for the exact procedures to follow.
 Remove the power steering pump. Remove the fasteners to the power steering pump
and set aside the pump and hoses.
 Drain the engine oil. Draining the engine oil and removing the oil filter also helps
prevent fluid loss during the removal process.
 Disconnect fuel lines. Disconnect and plug all fuel supply and return lines.
 Disconnect wiring and vacuum hoses. Mark and remove all vacuum hoses and
electrical wiring attached to the engine.
Engine disassembly

Figure 10: disassembled cylinder block

To disassemble a cylinder head, we perform the following steps.

STEP 1 Tap the valve spring retainer with a brass hammer, hitting the retainer on an
angle to “break the taper” of the valve keepers (locks).
STEP 2 Using a valve spring compressor, compress the valve spring far enough to
expose the keepers.
STEP 3 Remove the two keepers using a magnet.

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STEP 4 After the valve keepers have been removed, slowly release the compressor to
remove and to free the valve retainer and spring.
STEP 5 The valve tip edge and keeper (lock) area should be lightly filed or stoned to
remove any burrs before sliding the valve from the head. Burrs will scratch the valve
guide.
STEP 6 Remove all valve stem seals and the metal spring seats that
are used on aluminium heads.
STEP 7 When all valves are removed following the same procedure, carefully inspect
the valve springs, retainers, keepers (locks), guides, and seats.

ENGINE CLEANING
After an engine has been disassembled and before it can be over-hauled or repaired, the
engine and engine parts should go through two important operations.
1. All parts, including fasteners, must be thoroughly cleaned.
2. All components and parts must be inspected to ensure that they are serviceable and
free from faults such as cracks.

And then we clean all the engine parts by our hands by using kerosine, after this step we
clean the narrow part of the engine is cleaned by the spray washer.
SPRAY WASHING A spray washer directs streams of liquid through numerous high-
pressure nozzles to dislodge dirt and grime on an engine surface. The force of the liquid
hitting the surface, combined with the chemical action of the cleaning solution produces a
clean surface. Spray washing is typically performed in an enclosed
washer (like a dishwasher), where parts are rotated on a washer turntable.

Figure 11: spray washing

2.2.6. CYLINDER HEAD AND VALVE GUIDE SERVICE

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It is the most frequent engine repair operation of any engine component. The highest
temperatures and pressures in the entire engine are located in the combustion chamber of
the cylinder head. Its valves must open and close thousands of times when the engine is
operated.

CYLINDER HEADS

Cylinder heads support the valves and valve train, and contain passages for the flow of
intake, exhaust gases, coolant, and sometimes engine oil. In an overhead camshaft design
engine, the cylinder head also supports all of the valve train components including the
camshaft, rocker arms, or followers, as well as the intake and exhaust valves and valve
guides.

2.2.7. CYLINDER HEAD SERVICING

CYLINDER HEAD SERVICING SEQUENCE Although not all cylinder heads

require all service operations, cylinder heads should be reconditioned using the following
sequence.

1. Disassemble and thoroughly clean the heads.

2. Check for cracks and repair as necessary.

3. Check the surface that contacts the engine block and machine, if necessary.

4. Check valve guides and replace or service, as necessary.

5. Grind valves and reinstall them in the cylinder head with new valve stem seals.

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Figure 13: cylinder head and block cleaning

2.2.8. INTAKE AND EXHAUST PORTS.

PURPOSE AND FUNCTION The part of the intake or exhaust system passage that is
cast in the cylinder head is called a port.
Ports lead from the manifolds to the valves. The most desirable port shape is not always
possible because of space requirements in the head. Space is required for the head bolt
bosses, valve guides, cooling passages, and pushrod openings. Inline engines may have
both intake and exhaust ports located on the same side of the engine.
On some older engines two cylinders share the same port because of the restricted space
available. Shared ports are called Siamese ports.

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Its exhaust air may become toxic, carbon full and black colour.

Figure 14: Intake and Exhaust ports

During our training time we seen that intake ports are Larger ports and better
breathing are possible in engines that have the intake port on one side of the head and the
exhaust port on the opposite side.
Modifications in the field, such as porting or relieving, would result in restricting the
flow of such a carefully designed port. So that if the valve is not clean:
 The cars power may decline
 Its sound also changed means there is knocking.
 Its exhaust air may become toxic, carbon full and black colour.
 Then to defeat those problem we clean the ports by kerosene using washer spray.

With the same pattern coolant ports are also cleaned..

2.2.9 VALVE FAULT DIAGNOSIS

Poor seating results from too small a valve lash, hard carbon deposits, valve stem
deposits, excessive valve stem-to-guide clearances, or out-of-square valve guide and

seat. A valve seat recession can result from improper valve lash adjustments on solid
lifter engines. It can also result from mis adjustments on a valve train using hydraulic
lifters. The valve clearance will also be reduced as a result of valve head cupping or valve
face and seat wear.

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Figure 15: Infected valve

VALVE SEAT EROSION Valve seats can wear especially in those engines that were
designed for use with leaded gasoline (prior to 1975). Without lead, the valve movement
against the seat tears away tiny iron oxide particles during engine operation. The valve
movement causes these particles of iron oxide to act like valve grinding compound,
cutting into the valve seat surface. As the valve seat is eroded, the valve recedes farther
into the cylinder head. When the valve seat erodes, the valve lash decreases. This can
lead to valve burning because the valve may not close all the way.

Figure 16: Eroded valve

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2.2.9. VALVE SEAT REPLACEMENT

Valve seats need to be replaced if they are cracked or if they are burned or eroded too
much to be reground.

A counter bore cutting tool is selected that will cut the correct diameter for the outside of
the insert. The diameter of the bore is smaller than the outside diameter of the seat insert.
The procedure that we use to replace the valve usually includes the following steps.

STEP 1 The cutting tool is positioned securely in the tool holder so that it will cut the
counter bore at the correct diameter.

STEP 2 The tool holder is attached to the size of pilot that fits the valve guide. The tool
holder feed mechanism is screwed together so that it has enough threads to properly feed
the cutter into the head. This assembly is placed in the valve guide so that the cutting tool
rests on the seat that is to be removed.

STEP 3 The new insert is placed between the support fixture and the stop ring. The stop
ring is adjusted against the new insert so that cutting will stop when the counter bore
reaches the depth of the new insert.

STEP 4 The boring tool is turned by hand or with a reduction gear motor drive. It cuts
until the stop ring reaches the fixture.

STEP 5 The support fixture and the tool holder are removed. The pilot and the correct
size of adapter are placed on the driving tool.

STEP 6 The seats should be cooled with dry ice to cause them to shrink. Each insert
should be left in the dry ice until it is to be installed. This will allow it to be installed with
little chance of metal being sheared from the counter bore. Sheared chips could become
jammed under the insert, keeping it from seating properly. The chilled seat is placed on
the counter bore.

STEP 7 The driver with a pilot is then quickly placed in the valve guide so that the seat
will be driven squarely into the counterbore. The driver is hit with a heavy hammer to
seat the insert.

STEP 8 Heavy blows are used to start the insert, and lighter blows are used as the seat
reaches the bottom of the counter bore.

STEP 9 The installed valve seat insert is peened in place by running a peening tool
around the metal on the outside of the seat.

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The peened metal is slightly displaced over the edge of the insert to help hold it in place.

2.2.10. CAMSHAFTS AND VALVE TRAINS

Cam shaft

Figure 12: View of cam shaft

PURPOSE AND FUNCTION The major function of a camshaft is to open the valves.
Camshafts have eccentric shapes called lobes that open the valve against the force of
the valve springs. The valve spring closes the valve when the camshaft rotates off of the
lobe.

The camshaft lobe changes rotary motion (camshaft) to linear motion (valves). Cam
shape or contour is the major factor in determining the operating characteristics of the
engine.

OPERATION The camshaft is driven by:

 Timing gears
 Timing chains
 Timing belts

Cam Affected by different reasons from those reasons we saw that dirt is affected it.
And it can be diagnosed by washing with the kerosene.

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2.2.11. ENGINE BLOCKS

The engine block is the foundation of the engine. All parts of the block must be of
the correct size and they must be aligned. The parts must also have the proper finishes
if the engine is to function dependably for a normal service life. Engine blue printing
is the reconditioning of all the critical surfaces and dimensions so that the block is
actually like new.

During our internship time we saw how engine block is cleaned and how it is tagged
and removed as the following steps.

 After a thorough cleaning, the block should be inspected for cracks or other
flaws before machine work begins. After the block has been cleaned and the
cracked checked.

2.3 PROBLEMS THAT WE FACE DURING OUR INTERNSHIP TRAINING TIME

 Communication problem(language problem )
The name of the any parts of the vehicle was assigned by the italy language so technician
was directly use such language. so we were not communicate in English with us.
 All activities are done manually.
From management up to guard; servicing was done manually means simply by human
power. no use of automatic system except safety camera.
 Technician skill level and server problem.
Technician‟s skill was not matched and follows the following listed procedure
A) Highly skilled and experienced technician
B) Skilled technician who is capable of performing diagnosis of vehicle systems
C) Semi-skilled technician who is capable of performing routine service work
without direct supervision
 Technicians were considered us; we are outstanding automotive professional men.
 There was no material and full spare part in the company
 Customers do not know who technician or mechanic is do specified service.
That means, customers don‟t distinguish who mechanic gives service for engine, for
power train, for body, for chassis, for electrical diagnosis, for assembles and dis
assembles the parts and etc.
 Power train service section and oil change service sections are dark and needs
external flash. And may also cause danger if the deriver can‟t put over at the correct
position of the deep gully.

N.B. This forces us to do our project around how to remove this problem.

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MEASURES WE TAKE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

We:
 Take notes on the names of parts of the car as we put at the appendix to study
the work language.
 Apparently share our experience with the technicians.
 Used mobile battery to service under chassis parts.
 Design the project to solve problems created during under services.

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CHAPTER THREE

OVER ALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERN SHIP

4.1 In terms of improving practical skills
From this internship program, we have got a good chance to improve our practical skills highly.
We can see all the vehicle arts that we studied in different course. We get knowledge
maintenance of vehicles
Engine maintenance-in this part we see all the arts that are exist in an engine that we studied in
different lecture courses. We get knowledge about steps during tighten and losses of engine,. We
think we get a great skills it help us for our future life.
Suspension system maintenance-in this part we see the components of suspension system and
also we observe the parts that we didn‟t see but we studied in lecture class (dumper).
Gearbox and differential maintenance-we see the components of gearbox and differential in
detail. We observe how this vehicle parts are maintained and what parts are most of time failed.
We observe the gearbox and differential oil that we didn‟t see and touch.
Break disc maintenance-in this part we see different types of brake system and we also perform
replacement the worn out parts.
In general we get skills about the overall maintenance activity that are performed in the
maintenance, especially in nuru diagnostic garage.
4.2 In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge:
In terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge we gained detail & clear way of scheduling
maintenance plan for machine spare part on which day can be each machine maintain ,what type
of maintenance can be they used ,& in what duration gap can we apply the scheduled plan for
each of them by classifying them in to daily, weekly, monthly, & yearly.

4.3 In terms of improving interpersonal communication skills:

 Problem solving
 Motivation
 Being openness
 Self –confidence
 Honesty
 Personal right & obligation

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4.4 In terms of improving team playing skills:

We can develop very interesting behavior that is never happened before. We can improve
 How can be patient
 Giving respect for other
 How can Make Close relation with the community of our environment
 Problem solving
4.5 In terms of improving leadership skills:
 how can establish direction as a leader of a team
 Aligning people
 Motivating & inspiring
 Communication with each people under our control
 Focus on team & overall goals
4.6 In terms of understanding about work ethic
Related issues: Work ethics is a set of values based on hard work and diligence. It is also a
belief in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. From this program we can
develop how to improve work related issues before we meet such an organization or when we
contact ourselves in such social network environment ,some of them includes punctuality,
attendance, conducting quality work, respect for fellow workers, honesty, and showing initiative.
A work ethic includes being reliable, having initiative, or pursuing new skills. And also we
gained a good work ethics for better positions, more responsibility & ultimately promotion
(placed in positions of a greater responsibility).These all are teaches me a lot for the future work
life of ourselves. Characteristics that we gained generally includes being:
 Strong work ethics-that is the most efficient way to complete tasks &finding ways to save
time while completing daily assignments.
 Dependable & responsible- by attending on time, and also be responsible for the actions.
 Adaptability-adapting to the personality & work habits of co- workers & supervisors .Being
open to change & improvements to complete work in more efficient.

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 Possessing a positive attitude- to get the job done in a reasonable period of time motivates
others to do the same within challenges.
 Honesty & Integrity- is the responsibility of each person to use their own individual sense of
moral & ethical behavior when working within the scope of their job.
4.7 In terms of entrepreneurship skills:
Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary
time & effort, assuming the necessary risks, & expecting rewards for undertaking, from this
internship program we gained different ideas to:
 Make ourselves free from the limit of standardized pay for standardized work (profit)
 Freedom from supervision & rules of bureaucratic organizations (independence)
 Freedom from routine, boring & unchallenging jobs (satisfying way)
And it makes us interested in:
 High need for achievement
 Willingness to take risks
 Self-confidence
 Creativity

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CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

An internship is an important learning mechanism to improve the theoretical knowledge gained
from class to practical skill for students.

This program has the following benefit and goals:

It increase the attitude of student about their professions

It used to support our theoretical knowledge which has gained from different courses

It used to investigate organization culture and learn career related skill

mplement theoretical knowledge into practical applications

Generally, Then we believe that our intern ship training was successful and beneficial.
RECOMENDETION

We recommended that, internship is real type of learning so:

 It should be given at repeated time throughout their university life

 The IOT should work to create job opportunities for the graduated student at
those companies

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PART - 2

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CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
Before car lifts were invented, mechanics would often have to deal with cramped and dangerous
conditions while working on motor vehicles. They would often use ramps or jacks to lift
vehicles and accidents were common. Pits offered a safer option for working on vehicles, but
very often these pits did not allow a mechanic to stand comfortably while working on a vehicle.

Scientific developments in the field of hydraulics were vital to the invention of the car lift. In the
17th-century, French mathematician, Blaise Pascal, first described how a hydraulic jack might
function. Pascal developed Pascal‟s Principle, also known as the principle of transmission of
fluid-pressure.
In laymen‟s terms, it means that within closed systems, the pressure exerted on an
incompressible fluid will result in equal pressure in all directions. (ISSN: 2249 - 6289 Vol.7
No.2, 2018, pp.6-8).

Figure 13: pascal principle

The main components of the lift are:

1. Hydraulic Cylinder

2. Leg

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3. Base plates

4. Top plates

Figure 19: Please insert main components with solid work

Leg (Scissor Arm)

The most component of this scissor lifted machine also the entire part of the mechanism between
the platform and base that can rise and lower the vehicles with the reciprocating motion. This
component is subjected to buckling load and bending load tending to break or cause bending of
the components.

Hydraulic cylinder

The most common industrial scissors lifts are actuated by one, two, or three single-acting
hydraulic cylinders. These allow the lift vehicle to lift and lower. This component is considered
as a strut with both ends pinned. It is subjected to direct compressive force which imposes a
bending stress which may cause buckling of the component. It is also subjected to internal
compressive pressure which generates circumferential and longitudinal stresses all around the
wall thickness.

Top Plat

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This is the top of the hydraulic car lift. It can be supplied in a variety of sizes. This component is
subjected to the weight of the workman and his equipment.

Base plate

This is the bottom of the structure that rests on the floor. It contains the track the scissor legs
travel in. this component is subjected to the weight of the top plat form and the scissors arms. It
is also responsible for the stability of the whole assembly, therefore strength. Hardness and
stiffness are needed mechanical properties.

1.1 Over view of the project

The structure of this project is planned as follows: in the first part, the theory is presented. It
consists of several topics concerning overall of lifting car of hydraulic scissors type, things that
are needed for the design, principles of working, technical characterization and others.
The first part is needed to give a general concept of the subject and after that comes the practical
part which presents and explains how to perform the knowledge. It contains the 3D model of the
lift, calculations of the load, several diagrams, charts, and stress calculations, which confirm the
viability and validity of the theory part.

Such a project structure was chosen as the most appropriate and suitable for the chosen topic. It
allows increasing knowledge by appealing to the literature and adding an individuality of the
author by making him solve an actual practical problem using own approach.
The scissors car lift is a lifting with a system of levers and hydraulic cylinders on which the
metal platform is capable of moving in the vertical plane. This is achieved by using of linked,
folding supports in a crisscross pattern, called scissor mechanism.

The hydraulic lift was chosen as a subject of the project because it is a perfect example of
mechanical engineering field automotive stream. This mechanism combines a result of several
main fields of engineering and at the same time, it is simple and accessible for understanding.
The construction and load distribution represent statics and strength of material subjects, the

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hydraulic cylinder and the control unit involves knowledge of hydraulic systems and automation.
Material science is important for selection of a suitable material as well as knowledge of 3D
modeling.

Also, scissors lift is an integral part of most of the workshops and diagnostic garage. The key
advantage of lifts is that they even offer the best way to organize a technological, industrial
process and services for different part of vehicles. Besides, almost all lifts give the possibility to
change the place of their installation without much effort, which is important in the frequently
changing conditions in the production process these days.
The need for the utilization of vehicles is incredibly wide and it runs across garage, workshops,
factories, labs, fixing of billboards, residential/commercial buildings to repair street lights, etc.
Expanded and less-efficient, the engineers may run into one or more problems while
using(Ritchikmikie 2011).

1.2 Back ground of the study

Based on the problems that we faced during inter ship period in nuru diagnostic garage . So that our
project will be solving the problem by design preferable portable car lift mechanism to overcome
the problem of under chassis service.

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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Figure 20: power train and oil change area Dark and gully area

There was a big problem in nuru diagnostic garage. We had seen during the internship period.
The problem created related to under chassis service area. This area has the following
application; such as; oil change, engine part removing and assembling to the vehicle, under
vehicle inspection, power train and trans axel, drive shaft axel generally any service under the
vehicle would be use this area, but this area is very dark and deep gully. in addition to this the
following problems may happened:

 If Firing may happened in the gully the mechanic may harm,

 Oil may flow on mechanic,
 Because of darkness parts cannot be seen and also difficult to detach warned out parts. So
that our project will be solving the problem by design preferable portable car lift

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mechanism. The lift should be able to support weights as high as 3000kg with a factor of
safety of 3 and should be able to raise it to 2m. The external dimensions should not be
more than 1500mm by 920mm.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 General Objective of the study
The general objective of this study is to design a hydraulic scissor car lift that can be used for the
automobile under chassis services.

1.4.2 Specific objectives of the study

Specifically we are tried to design:

 Top and base plat frame

 Hydraulic cylinder
 Scissor arm
 Design & Analysis of the Hydraulic lift that should with stand maximum load without
failure in working conditions.

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1.5 METHODOLOGY

Data collection method

Primary data: by observation , measuring like, length of the plat forms l= 1.5m, width of plat
form = 0.8m, and asking the technicians.

Secondary data; by reading books, searching from the internet .

To make the project easier, planning is an important part of design and development as the work
needs to be divided and executed at the right time.

. Take practical input data from small garages Define objectives and problem statement.

Components and description Design and analysis of components.

Preparation of part drawing. Manufacturing process of components.

Assembly drawing of components.

In this section all design concepts developed will be discussed and based on evaluation Criteria
and process developed followed by a design.

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1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The scope and limitation of the project are mentioned below.

1.6.1 Scope of the study:

1. Study of the difficult problem of the lifting vehicle in small diagnostic garage.
2. Identification and problem finding.
3. Collection of input data from research work.
4. Study of weight-dimensional parameters.
5. Study of stresses, force and deformation of the lift.
6. Study of Keeping of service life at different loading.
7. Study of Reliable operation.
8. Study the manufacturing method, material used for manufacturing.

1.6.2 Limitations
During the time of study of this project, we face the following challenges.

1) there was no internet access to study further on it.

2) lack of books.
3) lack of materials to do prototype .
4) we can‟t do ansis due to lack of software and knowledge about it.
5) since, the company is new, it makes difficult to get data easily.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Man‟s quest for improvement has never been satisfied. The drive towards better and greater
scientific and technological outcome has made the world dynamic. Before now, several scientist
and engineers have done a lot of work as regards the scissors lift in general. A review of some of
that work gives the design and construction of a hydraulic scissors lift a platform.
The first hydraulic car lift was patented in 1925 by Peter Lunati, for lifting vehicles.
By 1945, there were many companies making hydraulic lifts for the motor vehicle industry.

Figure 14: peter luanti

1 UPRIGHT’S SCISSORS LIFT

In Selma California, there is a manufacturer of aerial platforms by name “UPRIGHT”, this world
– wide company was founded in 1946, and now it manufactures and distributes its product.
According to Wikipedia article, upright was founded by an engineer, Walkce Johnson who
created and sold the first platform which was called a “scissors lift” due to the steel cross
bricking that supported the platform giving it the product name “magic carpet”. The magic carpet
was able to provide instant revenue for the young company due to its quick popularity among its
companies.
the company constructed innovating and by early 1930s their product included the X – series
scissors lift. By 1986, they had introduced their first sigma arm lift, model SL20. In 1990, they
improved upon their product line by introducing the sigma arm speed level. This feature

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continued to be unique to be upright product and allow self-leveling of the platform on rough
terrains
Upright introduced an equal innovative family of boom lift in 1990s. In 1995 they produced their
first trailer mounted boom. The 8P37 (known as AS38) in 1996. This truly innovated company
has left their mark with the other products including compact scissors design and modular alloy
bridging, as well as expanding the versatility of instant span towers with aircraft docking and
faced system, you will find upright products, especially the scissors lift, as standard equipment
for a variety of application it is now a visual application in numerous fields and locations.
[www.carliftequipment.ca/inventory/upright].
2 BOOM LIFT
Boom lifts are used for lifting materials especially on construction sites; they are designed to
carry heavy equipment and materials from one place to another. They are usually connected to
ars or trucks that move from one place to another.
Boom lifts can lift materials and equipment high to height so great that carrying this equipment
by other means will almost be impossible.
According to material handling equipment from ask search engine, Boom lifts can move
vertically, horizontally and sideways and some can even rotate depending on the circumstance.
Boom lifts are very complex iron design and the jointed parts should be lubricated to reduce
friction and improve efficiency. Boom lifts are formed mainly in construction sites and building
sites. They are also utilized by Electrical companies and firms such as PHCN (Power Holding
Company of Nigeria) Plc. They are very expensive and are not available in crude or semi
mechanized type of production. Boom lift possess advantage over other types of lifts because it
can lift heavy materials, keep them at elevated heights for a long period of time; rotate and the
lift span of the equipment is long. Boom lift can fold together to become compressed and
portable.
[http://ritchienikit.com/wiki/index.php/aerial-platform].
3 MECHANICAL SCISSORS LIFT
The mechanical scissors lift is used for lifting materials especially on construction sites. This is
one of the most recent advancement on scissors lift. There, the lift utilizes a belt drive system

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connected to a load screw which constructs the “X” pattern on tightening and expands it on
loosening. The lead screw actually does the work, since the applied force from the wheel is
converted to linear motion of the lift by help of the lead screw. This can be used to lift the
working and equipment to a height.
A general knowledge however, regarding screws will reveal the loss due to friction in the screw
threats. Therefore, the efficiency of this device is low due to losses in friction. Also, the power
needed to drive the machine is manual, and much energy is expanded to achieve a desired result.
Its suitability however, cannot be overemphasized as it can be used in almost every part of the
country whether there is availability of electricity or not.
4 HYDRAULIC LIFT:
Hydraulic lift is a device for carrying persons and loads from one floor to another, in a multi-
storey building. The hydraulic lifts are of the following types.
1. Direct acting hydraulic lift and
2. Suspended hydraulic lift.
The direct acting hydraulic lift consists of a ram sliding in a cylinder. A platform or a cage is
fitted to the top end of ram on which goods may be placed or the persons may stand. As the
liquid under pressure is admitted to the cylinder, the ram moves up and the cage is lifted. The lift
of the cage is equal to the stroke of the ram. The cage moves in the downward direction when the
liquid from the fixed cylinder is removed.
The suspended hydraulic lift is a modified form of the direct acting hydraulic lift. It is fitted with
a jigger which is exactly, same as in the case of a hydraulic crane. The cage is suspended by
ropes. It runs between guides of hard wood round steel. In order to balance the weight of the
cage sliding balance weights are provided. [Gupta, 2006]

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Figure 21: direct hydraulic lift

5 HYDRAULIC SCISSORS LIFT

Scissors lifts has developed overtime, and at each stage of its development, critical problems are
solved.
The hydraulic type, but this time, the load screw is replaced by a hydraulic ram powered by a
pump and on electric motor and generator. One outstanding feature about this design however, is
its independent operation and increased efficiency. Fluid power is one of the greater forms of
power where small input results in a very large output. This scissors lift can be handled by one
person to a place of use, and power the generator. The lift does not lifting immediately, the
operators climbs on the platform and switches open the hydraulic circuit thereby leading to an
upward extension. When the required height is reached the circuit is closed, and lifting stops the
control panel or station is located on the top frame. When work is done, the scissors lift is folded
by hydraulic means and handled back to the point of collection.

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Figure 22: hydraulic scissor lift (from veshai.en.alibaba.com)

Since the invention of the first hydraulic car lift, many other lifts have been patented including
the scissors type hydraulic car lift in 1989, a 4-post hydraulic platform vehicle lift for multiple
cars in 2000, and an above-the-floor hydraulic lift in 1982.

Figure 15: Hydraulic plat form vehicle lift

Hydraulic lifts have been installed by many garages because they are easy to install and safer to
use compared to a pit, ramps or jacks. They are much cheaper than digging out a pit for vehicles
to drive over.

Car lifts are also useful for providing additional vehicle storage in your home. Many home
owners add platform vehicle lifts to their garages so they can store two cars in a one car garage.

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These Platform car lifts can also be installed into ground excavation to provide even more space
for vehicle storage.
Lifting systems are generally used for purposes of lifting a load or providing at unreachable
heights (T. Hongyou, Z. Ziyi. Design and simulation based on Pro/E for a hydraulic lift platform
in scissors type, Procedia Engineering, Vol.16, pp.772-781, 2011. )

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SCISSOR LIFTS

Classification based on the type of energy used

1. Hydraulic Lifts

The hydraulic scissors lift is operate using the fluid pressure that raises the platform via power
through the use of pressurized hydraulic oil. Slight speed variation is possible owing to
temperature fluctuations that can alter the viscosity of the hydraulic oil.

2. Pneumatic Lifts

The pneumatic lifts are operated using air pressure and they are very efficient because the power
supply is carried out by compressing the atmospheric air. Most of the units don‟t require
electricity and thus can be used at any place where the air is available.

3. Mechanical Lifts

The mechanical lifts are extended through a rack and pinion system or power screw, both of
which can convert rotational motion. All the electric lifts are mechanical. The benefit of
mechanical lift is that the teeth of its gear system prevent from slippage essentially. ( E-ISSN
2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161 ,Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet )

Classification based on their usage

(a) Scissor lifts

(b) Boom lifts

(c) Vehicle lifts.

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DEFLECTIONS IN SCISSORS LIFT

Deflection Defined
Deflection in scissors lifts can be defined as the resulting change in elevation of all or part of a
scissors lift assembly, typically measured from the floor to the top of platform deck, whenever
loads are applied to or removed from the lift.
ANSI MH29.1 - Safety Requirements for Industrial Scissors Lifts states that “. . . all industrial
scissors lifts will deflect under load”. The industry standard goes on to outline the maximum
allowable deflection based on platform size and number of scissors mechanisms within the lift
design.
What Causes Deflection?
Before attempting to discuss how to limit scissors lift deflection, it is important to understand the
contributing factors to a lift‟s total deflection. An open, or raised, scissors lift acts very much like
a spring would – apply a load and it compresses, remove a load and it expands. Each component
within the scissors lift has the potential to store or release energy when loaded and unloaded (and
therefore deflects). There are also application-specific characteristics that may promote
deflection. Understanding these Top 10 root causes helps to pinpoint and apply effective
measures to limit deflection.
Scissors Legs
Leg deflection due to bending is a result of stress, which is driven by total weight supported by
the legs, scissors leg length, and available leg cross section. The longer the scissors legs are, the
more difficult it is to control bending under load. Increased leg strength via increased leg
material height does improve resistance to deflection, but can create a potentially undesirable
increased collapsed height of the lift.
Platform Structure
Platform bending will increase as the load‟s center of gravity moves from the center (evenly
distributed) to any edge (eccentrically loaded) of the platform. Also, as the scissors open during
raising of the lift, the rollers roll back towards the platform hinges and create an increasingly
unsupported, overhung portion of the platform assembly. Eccentric loads applied to this
unsupported end of the platform can greatly impact bending of the platform. Increased platform

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strength via increased support structure material height does improve resistance to deflection, but
also contributes to an increased collapsed height of the lift.
Base Frame
Normally, the lift‟s base frame is mounted to the floor and should not experience deflection. For
those cases where the scissors lift is mounted to an elevated or portable frame, the potential for
deflection increases. To effectively resist deflection, the base frame must be rigidly supported
from beneath to support the point loading created by the two scissors leg rollers and the two
scissors leg hinges.
Pinned Joints
Scissors lifts are pinned at all hinge points, and each pin has a running clearance between the
O.D. of the pin and the I.D. of its clearance hole or bushing. The more scissors pairs, or
pantographs, that are stacked on top of each other, the more pinned connections there are to
accumulate movement, or deflection, when compressing these running clearances under load.
Hydraulic Circuit – Air Entrapment
All entrapped air must be removed from the hydraulic circuit through approved “bleeding”
procedures – air is very compressible and is often the culprit when a scissors lift over-
compresses under load, or otherwise bounces (like a spring) during operation.
Hydraulic Circuit – Fluid Compressibility
Oil or hydraulic fluid will compress slightly under pressure. And because there is an approximate
5:1 ratio of lift travel to cylinder stroke for most scissors lift designs (with the cylinders mounted
horizontally in the legs), there is a resulting 5:1 ratio of scissors lift compression to cylinder
compression. For example: 1/16” of fluid compressibility in the cylinder(s) translates into 5/16”
of vertical lift movement.
Hydraulic Circuit – Hose Swell
All high pressure, flexible hosing is susceptible to a degree of hose swell when the system
pressure is increased. System pressure drops slightly because of this increased hose volume, and
the scissors table compresses under load until the maximum system pressure is re-established.
And, as with compressibility, the resulting lift movement (deflection) is 5 times the change in oil
column height in the hosing.

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Cylinder Thrust Resistance

Cylinders lay nearly flat inside the scissors legs when the lift is fully lowered and must generate
initial horizontal forces up to 10 times the amount of the load on the scissors lift due to the
mechanical disadvantage of their lifting geometry. As a result, there are tremendous stresses (and
resulting deflection) placed on the scissors inner leg member(s) that are designed to resist these
cylinder forces. And, as already mentioned above with any changes in column length along the
line of the lifting actuator(s)/cylinder(s), the resulting vertical lift movement is 5 times the
amount of deflection or movement of cylinder hinge points mounted to leg cross members.
Load Placement
Load placement also plays a large part in scissors lift deflection. Off-centered loads cause the
scissors lift to deflect differently than with centered or evenly distributed, loads. End loads (in-
line with the scissors) are usually shared well between the two scissors leg pairs. Side loads
(perpendicular to the scissors), however, are not shared as well between the scissors leg pairs and
must be kept within acceptable design limits to prevent leg twist (unequal scissors leg pair
deflection) – which, in addition to platform movement due to deflection, often results in poor
roller tracking, unequal axle pin wear, and misalignment of cylinder mounts.
Lift Elevation during Transfer
As mentioned above, degree of deflection is directly related to change in system pressure and
change in component stress as a result of loading and unloading. Scissors lifts typically
experience their highest system pressure and highest stresses (and therefore the highest potential
for deflection) within the first 20% of total available vertical travel (from the fully lowered
position).
What can be done to Limit Deflection?
There are a variety of proven methods to reduce scissors lift deflection, with varying design and
cost impacts to accomplish each. Listed below are the most common of these methods, in no
particular order, to provide the reader an understanding of where to begin when attempting to
reduce or eliminate deflection during load transfer (i.e. applying a load, or removing a load).
Select a Lift with a Design Capacity Greater Than Required for the Application

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Most scissors lifts designed for duty at higher capacities will experience less stress in all
structural components, as well as lower system pressures, at lower, or de-rated, working
capacities. Reduced stresses & pressures always result in reduced deflection. The amount of this
reduction varies depending on the lift‟s design, so consult the manufacturer to obtain a more
specific estimate of reduction in deflection.
Minimize Potential for Air Entrapment
Scissors lift manufacturers provide an approved method of “bleeding” entrapped air from a new
or repaired hydraulic system which may have had air introduced. This usually involves operating
an empty lift through multiple cycles, and then safely cracking open fittings near high spots in
the system where air accumulates. Refer to the O&M manual for this procedure.

Limit or Eliminate Hosing

Flexible hose lengths should be limited wherever possible and replaced with pipe or mechanical
tubing as practicable to minimize or eliminate swell as the system pressure fluctuates.

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPONENT OF HYDRAULIC

SCISSOR VEHICLE LIFT

3.1 INPUT SPECIFICATIONS

During internship period in nuru diagnosis garage the maximum weight of the automobile car is
1500 kg. By this factor, our control weight would be 2000kg for safer design of the hydraulic
scissor vehicle lift platform for assembly and oil change purposes in the auto industry.

Table 1: Specification table

S/N COMPONENT SYMBOLS VALUE UNIT

1 Max allowable or payload W 3000 Mg ( N)
2 Mass of the platform 300 Kg
3 Top and base plat L*w L and w 1500 by 920 Mm
4 Length of each scissor arm D 1400 Mm
5 Max lift of the platform 2000 Mm
6 The height, breadth and
thickness of the scissor arm h, b and t 60,30 and 4 Mm
cross section
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SPECIFICATION SELECTED FROM STANDARD CYLINDER
SIZES

7 Bore diameter of the cylinder D 50 Mm

8 rod diameter of the cylinder D 36 Mm

CONSTANT NUMBERS

9 Gravity G 9.81 ⁄
10 Pi 3.14 Unit less

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3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION

Material selection plays a very important role in machine design. For example, the cost of
materials in any machine is a good determinant of the cost of the machi8ne. more than the cost is
the fact that materials are always a very decisive factor for a good design. The choice of the
particular material for the machine depends on the particular purpose and the material for the
machine depends on the particular purpose and the mode of operation of the machine
components. Also, it depends on the expected mode of failure of the components.
Engineering materials are mainly classified as:
1. Metal and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminum etc.
2. Non-metals such as glass, rubber, plastic etc. metals are further classified as ferrous
metals and non-ferrous metals.
Ferrous metals are those metals which have iron as their main constituent, such as cast iron,
wrought iron and steels.
Non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as there main constituent, such
as copper, aluminum, brass, tin, zinc etc.
Also, certain mechanical properties of metals have greatly influenced our
decisions. These properties include:
1. Strength: it is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied force without break
down or yielding the internal resistance offered without break down or yielding the internally
applied force is called stress.
2. Stiffness: it is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress.
3. Elasticity: it is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation
when the external force is removed.
4. Plasticity: it is property of a material which retains the deformation produced under load,
permanently.
4. Ductility: a very important property of the material enabling it to be drawn into wire with
the application of a tensile force. A ductile material is both strong and plastic. Ductile materials
commonly used in engineering practical (in order of diminishing ductility) are mold steel,
copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc tin and lead.

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5. Malleability: it is a special case of ductility which permit materials to be rolled or

hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material is plastic but not 80 essentially strong.
Examples include; lead soft steel, wrought iron, wrought iron, copper and aluminum in order of
diminishing malleability.
6. Toughness: it is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like
hammer blows, when heated. This property decreases.
7. Brittleness: it is the properties of a material opposite to ductility, it is the property of
breaking of a material with little permanent deformation when subjected to tensile load, brittle
materials snap off without giving any sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.
8. Hardness it embraces difference properties such as resistance to water, scratching,
deformation and machinability etc. it also measure of the ability of a metal to cut another metal.
9. It is necessary to evaluate the particular type of forces imposed on components with a
view to determining the exact mechanical properties and necessary material for each equipment.
A very brief analysis of each component follows thus:
I. Scissors arms (legs)
II. Hydraulic cylinder
III. Top plat form
IV. Base plat form
V. Bearings and pin connections
Scissors Arms (legs) or member: this component is subjected to buckling load and bending
load tending to break or cause bending of the components. Hence based on:
 strength,
 stiffness,
 plasticity an hardness. the recommended material is stainless steel.
 Stainless Steel: these are steel with high rust and corrosion resistance to meet specific
application requirements. They also have high strength and toughness.
It is an alloy of iron with about 11% chromium and other metals like nickel, molybdenum etc.
the properties of rust and corrosion resistance, toughness and strength, aesthetics and how

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coefficient of friction were considered to meet all requirements and the choice of stainless steel
for the scissors members.
Hydraulic Cylinder: this component is considered as a strut with both ends pinned. It is
subjected to direct compressive force which imposes a bending stress which may cause buckling
of the component. It is also subjected to internal compressive pressure which generates
circumferential and longitudinal stresses all around the wall thickness. Hence necessary material
property must include:
 strength,
 ductility,
 toughness and hardness. The recommended material is mild steel.
 Mild Steel contains 0.05 to 0.3 percent carbons it has for almost all purpose replaced
wrought iron, its greater strength giving it under viable advantages. Mild steel can be
rolled, wielded and down. It can even be cast, though not very successfully. Among its
application are plates for ship building, bicycle frame tubes, mesh work, bolts, nuts,
studs etc. solid and hollow constructional sections, sheet metal parts and steel castings
such as flywheels and locomotive wheel centers.
Top Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the automobile vehicle and his
equipment, hence strength is required, and the frame of the plat should be mild steel.
Base Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the top plat form and the scissors
arms. It is also responsible for the stability of the whole assembly, therefore:
 Strength.
 Hardness and stiffness are needed mechanical properties. Mild steel satisfy this so we
select it.
Wheels: the wheels are position at the base part of the scissors lift and enable the lift to move for
and back ward on the base plat.

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Table 2: tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the material.

3.3 Concept of selection

3.3.1 Bearing selection
The inclusion of a bearing is to reduce the effort required for raise the scissor arm by the
hydraulic cylinder, knowing that since the device is to be operated hydraulically through fluid.
The bearing wills be attached the lower and upper or base of the scissor mechanism. So we select
the types are ball bearing type that are rolled through slot.

The type of bearing suitable for this type of loading will be “the single-row-deep-groove roller
bearing‟‟. It is selected because of its increased load capacity when force is applied radially.
Also the standard ball bearing selection based on the bearing number. The bearing numbers are
classified based on the series. The most common ball bearings are available in four series as
follows:
1. Extra light (100), 2. Light (200),
3. Medium (300), 4. Heavy (400

Figure 16: standard designation of ball bearing

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Table 3: principal dimension for ball bearing

3.3.2 Locking wheel

A wheel is attached to the device to enable it to move the arm, for and back but a locking device
would also be mounted for safety. With much attention on the above mentioned design
considerations, the optimum aim is the manufacturability, functionality and the economic
availability of the design, in general its ergonomic advantages.

3.3.3 Selection of factor of safety

Table 4: value of factor of safety. ( R.S. KHURMI J.K. GUPTA page 102)

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3.4 Basic dimensions of component member.

Lift extension

- At maximum extension, an “X” arrangement of the lift moves 1m = 1000mm.

- Total number of tiers of scissors (combined) = 2.

- Thus, total height of extension = 2 × 1m = 2m=2000mm.
- Length of base = 1400mm.
- Width of base = 800mm.
NB the length and the width of the base of the lift is derived from the measurement of the
automotive vehicle dimensions that are preferable for services.
- At maximum extension, Angle of inclination = 50⁰

- At maximum extension, distance between two scissors = 800mm.

- Distance moved by sliding foot to full extension = 400mm.
Bearings

- Number of ball bearings = 4.

- Bore diameter of ball bearings = 30mm.
- External diameter of ball bearings = 60mm.
- Pivot pin diameter = 14.6mm.
Top Platform
- Total length = 1500mm.
- Total width of plat form = 920mm
Jointed Members
- Thickness of rectangular pipe = 4mm.
Thickness of angle bar = 4mm.

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3.5 analyses
3.5.1 Design of base and top plat form

1400mm
1m

Figure 17: force resolution in lift mechanism

From fig scissor arm cross section

( )( )
( )( )

So, density of the stainless steel type 304is, ⁄

( ) ⁄
Mass of 1 tier M*4=3.805 kg*4=15.22 kg

So, from equation

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Reaction forces along the horizontal direction at the end of the first tier.
From equation 15. We have

Horizontal force at the middle of the first tier=

For load type 2, force couple

For loading type (3)

Where b=80cm=0.8m, due to the symmetry of the system,

3.5.2 DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

Select cylinder diameter from standard cylinder sizes, the diameter of the hydraulic cylinder that
used to raise the vehicle is selected based on:

Select two diameters

( ) )

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( ) ( )

3.5.2.1 Design of cylinder Supplied pressure

Then =30.135 bar

3.5.2.2 Design of cylinder for buckling

We are used for ends pinned, buckling load. Use the given formula.

( )
But

So, L = 0.8 m, E = ……………….. for mild steel.

Buckling stress is created in the cylinder rode so, the rod diameter D=36mm=0.0036

So, area of the rod calculate as,

( )
A=

So, buckling stress E, ⁄

NB: Since the load required (5.914KN) is less than buckling load (PE)=267KN, the cylinder
safe in operation.

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3.5.2.3 Slenderness ratio

From the given diameter and the length of the rod of the cylinder D=0.036m and L=0.8
respectively.

Radius of gyration,

So, the slenderness ratio= this value indicated that the column is long column.

3.5. 2.4 design of cylinder for stress

From equation 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 we can calculate stress of the cylinder.

Hoop stress ( )

Longitudinal stress ( )

Bursting force (pressure) = )

Therefore the bursting force is equal to the resisting force, since the hoop stress is less than the
tensile stress of the material (stainless steel) that is 410 of the cylinder, so, the cylinder will

not burst.

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3. 5.3 Design of legs (scissor arm)

3.5.3.1 Design of legs for buckling

d D

( ) ( )

Buckling load for the members using mild steel E=193*

Critical stress using the buckling load.

( ) ( )

Since the critical stress ( ) is less than the yield stress of stainless steel

( ⁄ ), therefore the material is safe in operation.

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3.4.3.2 Design of members (legs) for bending

0.7 M ⁄

0.7 M O

W+ ⁄ where WF= the weight of frame

W= weight of platform + payload

Angle of inclination of scissors arm=10, 20,30,40,50

Take the mass of the frame =2kg. Then the weight of the frame WF=2.5*9.81=24.525N.

From the value of W=2943N. =force perpendicular distance.

For bending moment = ( ⁄ ) ⁄

( ⁄ ⁄ )

)⁄
(( ⁄ )

= ( )

=2037.584NM

For θ=20° Bending moment = ( ⁄ ⁄ )

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( )

=1944.271NM

For θ=30° Bending moment = ( ⁄ ⁄ )

= ( )

=1791.836NM

For θ=40° Bending moment= ( ⁄ ⁄ )

=0.7*0.766(2955.763)

=1584.972NM

For θ=50° Bending moment= ( ⁄ ⁄ )

=0.7*0.643(2955.763)

=1329.949NM

⁄ ⁄ ⁄ , therefore from the analysis of the bending moment above, the maximum
bending moment=2037.584NM occurs at the point When =10

Therefore, the smallest angle, the higher the bending moment and vies visa.

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3.5.4 Design of pins

3.5.4.1 Design of pins for sharing and crushing

F F

head

9mm 16mm

H=60mm

Tread body

Using the value of Foverall=5914N. Calculate the area of the pin (Ap).

⁄ ( )⁄

Total surface area of pin

( )

( )

= 2.969

= 92.987 ⁄

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So, crushing stress = ⁄ ⁄

= ⁄

3.6 method of manufacturing

In the design and construction of the hydraulic scissors lift, the procedures followed to achieve a
positive result are laid down in the preceding text. But first, a look at the operations and tools
involved.
Operations
1. Marking out
2. Cutting
3. Drilling
4. Joining (welding and bolt and nut)
Tools
1. Engineers rule 6. Welding machine
2. Pliers 7. scriber
3. Spanner 8. Hack saw
4. Try square 9. Hand file
5. Electric grinder 10. Drilling machine

3.7 construction procedure

Base Plat form the material used for this purpose is mild steel angle bar. (4×4 inch) thickness
4mm. The basic dimensions were marked out using on Engineers rule and scriber and then cut
with the use of hack saw after being welded firmly clamped to the vice. They are then joined
together by welding to give the base frame.
Scissors Arms these include the members that are arranged in a cross-cross „X‟ pattern and
whose construction is responsible for lifting the platform and extension and lowering of the
platform. It is usually made up of pipes with rectangular cross-section and has high resistance to
bending. The material is stainless steel for corrosion and rust resistance to give high strength.

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After marking out, they were cut to the required sizes holes of appropriate diameter were
drilled at both ends and the middle of each member. Hollow pins of external diameter
corresponding to the drilled holes we then fit into holes and welded in order to strengthen the
position then joined together to give the “X” pattern using bolts and nuts. The scissors arms were
brazed to increase the strength and bending resistance.
Top Platform
The material used for the construction of this component is mild steel angle bar for the frame and
timber for the base of the platform. The angle bar is cut into the required sizes and welded to
form a rigid platform. The timber was equally into the required dimensions, drilled at the edges
and fastened using bolt and nut to secure it in position at the base of the platform.
Component assembly of the scissor car lifts
The scissors assemblage was mounted on the base frame with one end hinged and the
other fitted with roller (bearing) to produce the needed motion of rolling along the rail to cause
lifting and lowering of the scissors lift. The scissors arm connected to the platform is also
connected with one end hinged and the other fitted with roller to effect extension and contraction
of the lit. The hydraulic cylinder is connected to the first arm of the scissors lift with both ends
hinged. This cylinder provides the force needed to lift the load on the platform.
The force is as a result of the pressure of the hydraulic supplied to the cylinder by the pump from
the reservoir. The lift is fitted with wheels to aid mobility from one location to another. Painting
of the entire unit is done to improve it aesthetics and increase the corrosion and resistance to rust.

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESUIT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESUIT
Table 5: result

No Parts name dimension Selected Quality of material

material
1 Top and base platform L= 1.5m Mild steel Strong
W= 0.8m Tough
Hard

2 Scissor arm L= 1.4m Stainless steel Strong(tensile strength >540)

W= 0.8m Stiffened
Ang.of hard
inclination= Corrosion resistance
45.5
Distance
moved by
sliding = 0.4m
Arm weight=
149.3N
3 Hydraulic cylinder D = 50mm Mild steel Has almost the same
Piston D= properties with wrought iron
36mm
t= 7mm
Max. P needed
=30.135bar
4 Pin No, pin =12 Mild steel
L =60mm
Dh =20mm
Dt = 16mm
5 Roller bearing No,bearing=4 Mild steel
Dia =30mm
6
Total extension height = 2m
Over all force which can withstand = 5.914KN

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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4.2 DISCUSSION
Hydraulic scissor car lift is is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically. The
hydraulic scissors lift is operate using the fluid pressure that raises the platform via power
through the use of pressurized hydraulic oil. Slight speed variation is possible owing to
temperature fluctuations that can alter the viscosity of the hydraulic oil. Starting from the field
observation during our intern ship period, we had seen the problems which affects the mechanic
to do in the favorite condition.

Finally, digs solution to make the under chassis service easy by designing hydraulic scissor car
lift which withstand maximum car load of 3000N and has maximum extension length of 2m
which is adjustable as the mechanic‟s desire.

Working Principles of a hydraulic scissor car lift

(Extension and contraction)
A hydraulic scissors lift is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically. The
mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a crisis - cross “X” pattern,
known as a scissors mechanism. The upward motion is achieved by the application of pressure to
the hydraulic cylinder, elongating the crossing pattern and propelling the work platform
vertically. The platform may also have extending “bridge” to allow closer access to the work
area, because of the inherent limits of vertical – only movement. The contraction of the scissor
action can be hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical (via a lead screw or rack and pinion system),
but in this case, it is hydraulic.
Depending on the power system employed on the lift; it may require no power to enter
“desert” mode, but rather a simple release of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. This is the main
reason that these methods of powering the lift (hydraulic) is preferred, as it allows a fail – safe
option of returning the platform to the ground by release of a manual valve.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial_work_platform scissors lift]

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 conclusions
The design and fabrication of a hydraulic scissor car lift by a hydraulic cylinder was carried out
meeting the required design standards. The hydraulic scissor lift is simple in use and does not
required routine maintenance. Therefore, this design will solve the problem.

5.2 recommendations
This device affords plenty of scope for modifications for further improvements and operational
efficiency, which should make it commercially available and attractive. Hence, its wide
application in industries like: automobile industries. hydraulic pressure system, for lifting of
heavy vehicle such as tractor, dozer, roller and etc. in garages, maintenance of huge machines,
and for staking purpose.
If the garages use this machine, the works of mechanic will easier, attractive and fast. Due to this
the costumers will satisfy. The garage become competitive.

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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REFERENCE
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial_work_platform scissors lift
2) http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet
3) James D.halderman, Automotive Technology, fourth edition
4) Marine Barracks, Automotive Engine Maintenance and Repair,
Washington, D.C.
5) Rajput, Machine design, 2010
6) Richard Stone and Jeffrey k. ball, Automotive Engineering
Fundamentals

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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APENDIX – A

Parts drawing

top plat form

arm

roller

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

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piston

pin

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

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cylinder

Base plat frame

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APPENDIX B

ASSEMBLY DRAWING

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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APPENDIX C

Names of vehicle parts and instruments in English and in Italy

NO. Picture Names in Names in

Italy English

1 Bella Connecting
rod

2 Stella Box wrench

3 Menzo Combined
wrench

4 Cachabitee Screw deriver

5 Open Open end

wrench

6 Pensa Slip joint

pliers

7 Pensity Needle nose

plier

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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8 Collo Crank shaft

9 Cushneeta Bearing

10 Plato Pressure
plate

11 Shimias Axel
12 Cambio Gear box

13 corechera Universal
joint

15 Volano Fly wheel

16 Testate Cylinder
head

17 Salbaty Fuel tank

18 Setocopy Oil sump

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA

 Intern ship project 2012
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19 Candela Spark plug

for SI engine

candelity
Spark plug
for desiel
engine
20 levelo Deep stick

21
filtro filter

22
dado nut
rondella Washer

UOG, IOT, DEPARTMENT OF MECHNICAL ENGINEERING GONDER ETHIOPIA