Ch-4: Transient Heat Conduction
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Transient Heat Conduction
Many heat transfer problems are Time Dependent
Changes in operating conditions in a system cause temperature variation
with time, as well as location within a system, until a new steady state
(Thermal Equilibrium) is obtained.
In this chapter we will develop procedures for determining the Time
Dependence of the temperature distribution
Real problems may include finite and semi-infinite solids, or complex
geometries, as well as two and three dimensional conduction
Solution techniques involve the Lumped Capacitance Method, Exact and
Approximate Solutions, and Finite Difference Methods
We will focus on the Lumped Capacitance Method, which can be used for
solids within which Temperature Gradients are negligible
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Inheat transfer analysis, some bodies are essentially Isothermal and can be
treated as a “Lump” system
Temperature of such bodies can be taken to be a function of time only, T(t)
o Measurements indicate that the temperature of the copper ball coming out of oven
changes with time, but it does not change much with position at any given time
o Temp. distribution within the roast is not even close to being uniform
⇒ A small copper ball can be modeled as a lumped system, but a roast beef cannot
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
An energy balance of an isothermal solid for the time interval dt can be
expressed as:
T∞ > T
-
⇒
Integrating from t = 0 (at which T=Ti) to t at
which T = T(t) :
-
⇒
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
b is a positive quantity whose dimension is
(time)-1, and is called the Time Constant
o Eq. enables us to determine the temperature T(t) of a body at time t, or alternatively,
the time t required for the temperature to reach a specified value
o temperature of a body approaches the ambient temperature T ∞ exponentially
o temperature of the body changes rapidly at the
beginning, but rather slowly later on
o Large value of b indicates that body approaches
the ambient temperature in a short time
o b is proportional to the As, but inversely
proportional to the mCp
⇒ it takes longer to heat or cool a larger mass,
especially when it has a large specific heat
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Rate of Convection Heat Transfer
Rate of Convection Heat Transfer at time t between the body and the ambient
can be determined from Newton’s law of cooling
Total heat transfer between the body and the ambient over the time interval 0 to t
is simply the change in the energy content of the body
Maximum Heat Transfer between the body and its surroundings (when the body
reaches T ∞)
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Validity of Lumped Capacitance Method
Needa suitable criterion to determine validity of method. Must relate relative
magnitudes of temperature drop in the solid to the temperature difference
between surface and fluid
Tsolid ( due to conduction) ( L / kA) Rcond hL
Bi
Tsolid / liquid( due to convection) (1 / hA) Rconv k
⇒
Biot Number provides a measure of the temperature
drop in the solid relative to the temperature difference
between the solid’s surface and the fluid
Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature
distribution throughout the body, which is true only when the
thermal resistance of the body Mechanical
to heat conduction is zero
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Validity of Lumped Capacitance Method
smaller the Bi number, the more accurate the lumped system analysis
lumped capacitance method is valid when
hL when Bi < 0.1, the variation of temperature with location within the
Bi c 0.1 body will be slight and can reasonably be approximated as being
k uniform.
Lc = half-thickness L for a plane wall of thickness 2L
= ro/2 for a long cylinder
= ro/3 for a sphere
Convection Coefficient h is high and k is low, large
temperature differences occur between the inner
and outer regions of a large solid
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Validity of Lumped Capacitance Method – contd--
Transient
temperature distributions for different Biot numbers in a plane wall
symmetrically cooled by convection
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Validity of Lumped Capacitance Method
exponent of Eq. may be expressed as
hAs t ht hLc k t hLc t
⇒
Vc cLc k c Lc
2
k L2c
Fo = Fourier number → dimensionless time, which, with the Biot number →
characterizes transient conduction problems
Fourier number signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect
through a solid
T T
⇒ exp Bi Fo
i Ti T
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Instantaneous Heat Flow Rate
Taking derivative w.r.t time
⇒ τ → t (time)
t → T (Temperature)
⇒
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Total Heat Flow Rate
⇒
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Transient Heat Conduction
Example
An aluminium alloy plate of 400 mm × 400 mm × 4 mm is suddenly
quenched into liquid oxygen at -183 oC. Determine the time required for
the plate to reach a temperature of -70 oC. Assume h = 20000 kJ/m2.hr.oC
Example
A 15 mm diameter mild steel sphere (k = 42 W/m oC) is exposed to cooling
airflow at 20 oC resulting in the convection coefficient h = 120 W/m2. oC.
Deermine the following:
1. Time required to cool the sphere from 550 oC to 90 oC.
2. Instantaneous heat transfer rate 2 min after the start of cooling
3. Total energy transferred from the sphere during the first 2 minutes
For mild steel take: ρ = 7850 kg/m3, cp =Dept.
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475 J/kg oC, and α = 0.045 m213/h
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Transient Heat Conduction
Lumped System Analysis
Example
Predicting the Time of Death
A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room whose temperature
is 20°C. The temperature of the body is measured to be 25°C
when found, and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to
be h = 8 W/m2·°C. Modeling the body as a 30-cm-diameter,
1.70-m-long cylinder, estimate the time of death of that
person
water at the average temperature of (37 + 25)/2 = 31°C;
k 0.617 W/m·°C, ρ = 996 kg/m3, and Cp = 4178 J/kg · °C
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Transient Heat Conduction
Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
In many Transient Heat Transfer problems the Biot Number is larger than 0.1,
and lumped system can not be assumed
In these cases temperature within the body changes appreciably from point to
point as well as with time
Itis constructive to first consider the variation of temperature with time and
position in 1-D problems of rudimentary configurations such as a large plane
wall, a long cylinder, and a sphere.
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Transient Heat Conduction
Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
A large Plane Wall
A plane wall of thickness 2L
Initially at a uniform temperature of Ti
At time t = 0, wall is immersed in a fluid at
temperature T
Constant heat transfer coefficient h
Height and width of wall are large relative to its
thickness → 1-D approximation is valid
Constant thermophysical properties
No heat generation
There is thermal symmetry about the mid-plane passing through x = 0
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Transient Heat Conduction
Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
A large Plane Wall – contd--
One-dimensional transient heat conduction equation
problem (0 ≤ x ≤ L):
Differential equation:
Boundary conditions:
Initial condition:
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Transient Heat Conduction
Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
Approximate Analytical and Graphical Solutions
Solution obtained after rigorous mathematical analysis indicate that
solution involves parameters x, L, t, k, , h, Ti, andT∞, which are too many to
make any graphical presentation of the results practical
to reduce the number of parameters, we non-dimensionalize the problem by
defining the following dimensionless quantities:
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Transient Heat Conduction
Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
Approximate Analytical and Graphical Solutions
dimensionless quantities defined above for a plane wall can also be used for a
cylinder or sphere by replacing the space variable x by r and the half-thickness
L by the outer radius ro
Characteristic Length in the definition of the Biot number is:
half-thickness L for Plane Wall
radius ro for the Long Cylinder and Sphere
For Eq. charts have been prepared for a large plane
wall, long cylinder, and sphere by M. P. Heisler in 1947
and are called Heisler charts → for τ > 0.2
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Transient Heat Conduction
Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long
Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
Heisler Charts
There are Three Charts associated with each geometry:
– the temperature T0 at the center of the geometry at a given time t
– the temperature at other locations at the same time in terms of T0
– the total amount of heat transfer up to the time t
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Transient Heat Conduction
Heisler Charts
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Transient Heat Conduction
Heisler Charts
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Transient Heat Conduction
Heisler Charts
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Example
A 60 mm thick large steel plate (k = 42.6 W/m. C, α = 0.043 m2/hr), initially at 440 oC
is suddenly exposed on both sides to an environment with convective heat
transfer coefficient 235 W/m2 oC and temperature 50 oC. Determine the center line
temperature, and temperature inside the plate 15 mm from the mid-plan after 4.3
minutes.
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Steady State Heat Conduction
Practice Problems:
Book: Yunus Cengel 2nd Ed.
Example: 4.1,4.2, 4.4, 4.5,
Problems: 4.1C to 4.11C,4.14, 4.15E, 4.17, 4.19E, 4.22, 4.31C, 4.36, 4.38,
4.42, 4.45, 4.47, 4.48, 4.54, 4.55E, 4.57,
All Problems which were solved in the class
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