Computer Graphics and

Animation

Lecture 1

Lubna Yasmin Pinky

Assistant Professor
Dept. of CSE, MBSTU,
Santosh, Tangail-1902.
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 Computer Graphics
• Computer graphics describes any use of computers to
create and manipulate images.
• It deals with all aspects of creating images with a
computer
- Hardware
- Software
- Applications
• Computer graphics inevitably requires knowing about
specific hardware, file formats, and usually a graphics
API.

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Goals of Computer Graphics
• Recognize how a visual image can be an effective
means of communication.
• Distinguish and interpret various types of typography.
• Utilize a broad range of type styles in combination
with visual images.
• Use a computer to create and manipulate images and
text for use in various print and digital mediums.

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 Graphics Areas

• Modeling deals with the mathematical specification of

shape and appearance properties in a way that can be
stored on the computer.
• Rendering is a term inherited from art and deals with the
creation of shaded images from 3D computer models.
• Animation is a technique to create an illusion of motion
through sequences of images.
 Animation uses modeling and rendering but adds the key
issue of movement over time, which is not usually dealt
with in basic modeling and rendering.

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 Related Graphics Area

• User interaction
• Virtual reality
• Visualization
• Image processing
• 3D scanning
• Computational photography

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 Application of Computer
Graphics
• Computer Aided Design
• Presentation graphics
• Computer art
• Entertainment
• Education and Training
• Visualization
• Image Processing
• Graphical User Interface
• Cartography
• 3D Modeling
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 Overview of Graphics
Systems

• Images
• Hardware
– Input Systems
– Output
Systems
• Software
– OpenGL

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 Basic Graphics System

Output device

Input devices
Image formed in FB

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 Frame buffer

Frame buffer – The picture definition is

stored in a memory is called refresh or
frame buffer.

Pixel - one element of the frame buffer

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Basic architecture of raster
graphics of frame
buffer

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 Frame buffer in Memory

• If we want a frame buffer of 640 pixels by

480 pixels, we should allocate:
Frame buffer = 640*480 bits
=307200 bits
=38400 bytes
=38.4 kilobytes

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 Image Quality
Issues

• Screen resolution • Brightness

• Color • Contrast
• Blank space between • Refresh rate
the pixels • Sensitivity of display
• Intentional image to viewing angle
degradation

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 Pixels

Pixel - The pixel (a word invented from "picture

element") is the basic unit of programmable color on a
computer display or in a computer image.
CRT - Color triad (RGB phosphor dots)
LCD - Single color element
•Screen Resolution - measure of number of pixels
on a screen (m by n)
 m - Horizontal screen resolution
 n - Vertical screen resolution

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 CRT Monitor architecture:
“Cathode rays” in a vacuum tube. Cathode rays are
high energy electrons emitted from the heated cathode
(-) of a vacuum tube
 CRT monitor working principle:

A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and

blue phosphor dots that glow when struck by an electron
beam. Electron beam travels across the screen to create a
visible image.

In a CRT monitor tube, the cathode is a heated filament.

The heated filament is in a vacuum created inside a glass

tube. The electrons are negative and the screen gives a
positive charge so the screen glows.
 How Does it Work:
• Electron gun is weak particle accelerator (only
electrons(-)).
• Aims electrons at phosphor screen where they light
up the image
• Small heater heats cathode (-), emits electron cloud
that is focused into an electron beam by two
anodes(+): accelerating anode and focusing anode.
• Black-and-white monitors only have one electron
gun; color monitors have three (RGB).
 Electrons excite phosphor to glow
 Electrons fired from the back
 Phosphor is arranged in dots called
pixels
 Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit
 Phosphore:
 It is a semi-conductor material which emits
visible radiation in response to the impact of
electrons.
(i.e. when it absorbs energy from some source
such as an electron beam, it releases a portion of
this energy in the form of light).
 In response to a sudden change in the electron
beam(from on to off), the light emission does not
fall instantaneously, there is a gradual reduction
called ‘fluorescence’ .
CRT Monitor
Specifications

 Monitor Specifications
 Size
 Resolution
 Refresh rate
 Size
 A monitor’s size affect how well we can see
images.
 With a larger monitor, we can make the
objects on the screen appear bigger.
 Monitors are measured diagonally, in inches,
across the front of the screen.
 A 17 inch monitor measures 17 inches from
the lower left to the upper right corner.
 CRT monitors viewing area is smaller than the
monitor’s overall size.
 Resolution
 The images you see on your monitor are made of tiny
dots called pixels.
 The term resolution refers to the sharpness and clarity
of an image.
 A monitor resolution is determined by the number of
pixels on the screen. It is expressed as a Matrix.
 The more pixels a monitor displays, higher will be its
resolution. Clearer will be images appear.
 For example 640 X 480 resolution means that there are 640
pixels horizontally across the screen and 480 pixels vertically
down the screen.
 Resolution = total no of Horizontal pixels * total number of
vertical pixels
Resolution
 Actual resolution is determined by the
video controller.
 Most monitors can operate at several different
resolutions. They are
 640 X 480
 800 X 600
 1024 X 768
 1152 X 864
 1280 X 1024
 As the resolution increases, image on the
screen gets smaller.
CRT Monitor
 Advantages of CRT:
 The cathode rayed tube can easily increase the
monitor’s brightness by reflecting the light.
 They produce more colours
 The Cathode Ray Tube monitors have lower price
rate than the LCD display or Plasma display.
 The quality of the image displayed on a Cathode
Ray Tube is superior to the LCD and Plasma
monitors.
 The contrast features of the cathode ray tube
monitor are considered highly excellent.
 From CRT to LCD:
 CRT
 Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube
technology.
 Using technology that was
developed in the 19th century.
 LCD
 First LCD laptop monitors were
very small due to manufacturing
costs but now are available in a
variety of sizes.
 Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have
sharp picture.
 Introduction

A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a thin , flat

panel display device used for electronically
displaying information such as text,images
and moving picture.
 LCD is used in Computer monitors,
Televisions , Instrument panels, Gaming
devices etc.
 Polarization of lights is used here to display
objects.
 Why LCD ?

• Smaller size — LCDs occupy approximately 60 percent less

space than CRT displays an important feature when office space
is limited.

• Lower power consumption—LCDs typically consume about

half the power and emit much less heat than CRT displays.

• Lighter weight —LCDs weigh approximately 70 percent less

than CRT displays of comparable size.

• No electromagnetic fields —LCDs do not emit electromagnetic

fields and are not susceptible to them. Thus, they are suitable fo
use in areas where CRTs cannot be used.

• Longer life —LCDs have a longer useful life than CRTs.

 Liquid crystals

• Liquid crystals are liquid chemicals in a state

that has properties between those conventional
liquid and solid crystals. That is a liquid crystal
may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be
oriented in a crystal like way.

• Liquid crystals molecules can be aligned

precisely when subjected to electric fields, as
like as in the way metal shavings line up in the
field of a magnet. When properly aligned, the
liquid crystals allow light to pass through.
 Liquid crystals

• Two liquid crystal materials which are important in

display technology are nematic and smectic.
 Liquid crystals

• The most popular liquid crystal structure is the nematic liquid

crystal(NLC). When they are in a nematic phase, liquid
crystals are a bit like a liquid: their molecules can move
around and shuffle past one another, but they all point in
broadly the same direction.

• The liquid is normally transparent, but if it is subjected to a

strong electric field, ions move through it and disrupt the
well ordered crystal structure, causing the liquid to polarise
and hence turn opaque. The removal of the applied field
allows the crystals structure to reform and the material
regains its transparency.
 How LCDs work

• Liquid crystals can adopt a twisted up structure and when we

apply electricity to them, they straighten out again. This is
the key how LCD displays turn pixels on and off.
• The polarization property of light is used in LCD screen to
switch its colored pixels on or off.
• At the back of the screen, there is a bright light that shines
out towards the viewer.
• In front of this, there are the millions of pixels, each one
made up of smaller areas called sub-pixels, that are colored
Red, Green, or Blue.
LCD working
 LCD working

• Each pixel has a polarizing glass filter behind it and another

in front of it at 90 degrees. Normally the pixels looks dark.
• In between the two polarizing filters there is a tiny twisted,
nematic liquid crystal that can be switched on or off
electronically.
• When it is switched on, it rotates the light passing through it
through 90 degrees, effectively not allowing light to flow
through the two polarizing filters and making the pixel look
dark.
• Each pixel is controlled by a separate transistor that can
switch it on or off many times each second.
LCD working