Chapter 1
Introduction to Database Management
Welcome!
l Database technology: crucial to the
operation and management of modern
organizations
l Major transformation in computing skills
l Significant time commitment
l Exciting journey ahead
Book Goals
l First course in database management
l Practical textbook
– Fundamentals of relational databases
– Data modeling and normalization
– Database application development
– Database administration and database
processing environments
l Detailed material
Outline
l Database characteristics
l DBMS features
l Architectures
l Organizational roles
Initial Vocabulary
l Data: raw facts about things and events
l Information: transformed data that has
value for decision making
l Essential to organize data for retrieval and
maintenance
Database Characteristics
l Persistent
l Inter-related
l Shared
University Database
Faculty
Registration
Entities: Assignment
students, faculty, courses,
offerings, enrollments
Relationships:
faculty teach offerings,
Grade students enroll in Course
Recording offerings, offerings made Scheduling
of courses, ...
University Database
Water Utility Database
Payment
Billing Processing
Entities:
customers, meters, bills,
payments, meter readings
Relationships :
bills sent to customers,
Meter customers make payments, Service Start/
customers use meters, ...
Reading Stop
Database Management System
(DBMS)
l Collection of components that support data
acquisition, dissemination, storage,
maintenance, retrieval, and formatting
l Enterprise DBMSs
l Desktop DBMSs
l Embedded DBMSs
l Major part of information technology
infrastructure
Database Definition
l Define database before using
l Tables and relationships
l SQL CREATE TABLE statement
l Graphical tools
University Database
University Database (ERD)
Student Offering Faculty
StdSSN OfferNo FacSSN
StdClass OffLocation Teaches FacSalary
StdMajor OffTime FacRank
StdGPA Has FacHireDate
Supervises
Accepts
Registers Course
Enrollment CourseNo
CrsDesc
EnrGrade
CrsUnits
Nonprocedural Access Loop
l Query: request for data to answer a
question
l Indicate what parts of database to retrieve
not the procedural details
l Improve productivity and improve
accessibility
l SQL SELECT statement and graphical
tools
Graphical Tool for
Nonprocedural Access
Application Development
l Form: formatted document for data entry
and display
l Report: formatted document for display
l Use nonprocedural access to specify data
requirements of forms and reports
Sample Data Entry Form
Sample Report
Procedural Language Interface
l Combine procedural language with
nonprocedural access
l Why
– Batch processing
– Customization and automation
– Performance improvement
Transaction Processing
l Transaction: unit of work that should be
reliably processed
l Control simultaneous users
l Recover from failures
Database Technology Evolution
Era Generation Orientation Major Features
1960s 1st Generation File File structures and
proprietary program
interfaces
1970s 2nd Generation Network Networks and hierarchies
Navigation of related records,
standard program
interfaces
1980s 3rd Generation Relational Non-procedural
languages, optimization,
transaction processing
1990s 4th Generation Object Multi-media, active,
distributed processing,
more powerful operators
DBMS Marketplace
l Enterprise DBMS
– Oracle: dominates in Unix; strong in Windows
– SQL Server: strong in Windows
– Informix: significant Unix marketshare
– DB2: strong in mainframe environment
l Desktop DBMS
– Access: dominates
– FoxPro, Paradox, Approach, FileMaker Pro
Data Independence
l Software maintenance is a large part (50%)
of information system budgets
l Reduce impact of changes by separating
database description from applications
l Change database definition with minimal
effect on applications that use the database
Three Schema Architecture
External
View 1 View 2 View n Level
External to
Conceptual
Conceptual Conceptual
Mappings
Schema Level
Conceptual
to Internal
Mappings Internal
Internal Level
Schema
Differences among Levels
l External
– FacultyAssignmentFormView: data required
for the form in Slide 16 (Figure 1.9)
– FacultyWorkLoadReportView: data required
for the report in Slide 17 (Figure 1.10)
l Conceptual: tables in Slide 11
l Internal
– Files needed to store the tables
– Extra files to improve performance
Client-Server Architecture
a) Client, server, and b) Mulitple clients and 1 server
database on the on different computers
same computer
Client Client Server
Server
Client
Client Database
Database
c) Multiple servers and databases on different computers
Client Server Server Client
Client Client
Database Database
Organizational Roles
Specialization
Functional User Information Systems
Indirect Parametric Power DBA Analyst/Programmer Management
Technical Non Technical
Database Specialists
l Database administrator (DBA)
– More technical
– DBMS specific skills
l Data administrator
– Less technical
– Planning role
Summary
l Databases and database technology vital to
modern organizations
l Database technology supports daily
operations and decision making
l Nonprocedural access is a crucial feature
l Many opportunities to work with databases
