Rectangular Beam Analysis
Data:
• Section dimensions – b, h, d, (span)
• Steel area - As
• Material properties – f’c, fy
Required:
• Nominal Strength (of beam) Moment - Mn
• Required (by load) Design Moment – Mu
• Load capacity
1. Calculate d
2. Check As min
3. Calculate a
4. Determine c
5. Check that et 0.005 (tension controlled)
6. Find nominal moment, Mn
7. Calculate required moment, Mn ≥ Mu
(if et 0.005 then phi = 0.9)
5. Determine max. loading (or span)
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 10/48
Rectangular Beam Design
Data:
• Load and Span
• Material properties – f’c, fy
• All section dimensions – b and h
Required:
• Steel area - As
1. Calculate the factored load and find factored
required moment, Mu
2. Find d = h – cover – stirrup – db/2 (one layer)
3. Estimate moment arm z = jd. For beams j 0.9
for slabs j 0.95
4. Estimate As based on estimate of jd.
5. Use As to find a
6. Use a to find As (repeat…until 2% accuracy)
7. Choose bars for As and check As max & min
8. Check that t 0.005
9. Check Mu ≤ Mn (final condition)
1. Design shear reinforcement (stirrups)
2. Check deflection, crack control, steel
development length.
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 22/48
Rectangular Beam Design
Data:
• Load and Span
• Some section dimensions – b or h
• Material properties – f’c, fy
Required:
• Steel area - As
• Beam dimensions – b or h
1. Estimate the dead load (h L/12) and find Mu
2. Choose (equation assumes t = 0.0075)
3. Calculate bd2
4. Choose b and solve for d (or d and solve b)
b is based on form size – matches column size
h is between L/12 to L/18 and b:h 1:2 to 2:3
5. Estimate h and correct weight and Mu
6. Find As = b d
7. Choose bars for As and determine spacing
and cover. Recheck h and weight.
8. Check that t 0.005 (if not, increase h and
reduce As)
9. Design shear reinforcement (stirrups)
10. Check deflection, crack control, steel
development length.
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 3/48
Non-Rectangular Beam Analysis
Data:
• Section dimensions – b (or be), h, d, (span)
• Steel area - As
• Material properties – f’c, fy
Required:
• Required Moment – Mu (or load, or span)
1. Find T=As fy and C= 0.85 f’c Ac
2. Set T = C and solve for Ac
3. Draw and label diagrams for section and stress
1. Determine b effective (for T-beams)
2. Locate T and C (or C1 and C2)
4. Determine the location of a.
Working from the top down,
add up area to make Ac
5. Find moment arms (z) for each block of area
6. Find Mn = C z
7. Find Mu = Mn
8. Check As min < As < As max
9. Check that t 0.005
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 4/48
Eccentric Loads
• Load is offset from centroid
• Bending Moment = P e
• Total load = P + M
Interaction formula
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 5/22
Tension + Flexure
NDS Equations
CASE 1. Tension is critical. Eq. 3.9-1
* no CL
CASE 2. Flexure is critical. Eq. 3.9-2
** no CV
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 6/22
Empirical Concrete Masonry
Using TEK 14-8B (2006 IBC)
Given: location, geometry, material
Find: strength (load capacity)
1. Check axial loading – must be within
middle 1/3
2. Check seismic category to be A, B, or
C , or only A if part of the seismic
lateral force resisting system.
3. Check wind speed (ASCE-7 2005)
compare with table 1, TEK 14-8B
4. Check minimum thickness.
1 story ≥ 6” 2 story ≥ 8”
5. Check lateral support (vertical or
horizontal) tables 2 and 3 TEK 14-8B
6. Determine allowable compressive
stress from table 4 TEK 14-8B
7. Allowable load = stress x gross area
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 7/35
Unreinforced Masonry Analysis
for axial compression using TMS 402 (2011)
Strength Design – non-reinforced
Given: geometry, material
Find: axial compressive load capacity, Pn
1. Determine the masonry strength, f’m, based
on unit strength, fu, and mortar type
2. Find the net area, An, and Moment of
Inertia, In (see TEK 14-1B)
3. Calculate r = √ ⁄
4. Check ⁄
5. Choose the axial strength equation, Pn:
If ⁄ < 99 use TMS 402 eq.3-11
If ⁄ > 99 use TMS 402 eq.3-12
6. Calculate øPn where ø for axial force = 0.90
7. Check that øPn is greater than Pu.
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 8/35
Cable Truss – stress analysis
determine cable prestress
1. Break beam load into 2 parts.
1. applied load, 2. cable + strut
2. Solve moment for beam with
applied load (load 1)
3. Solve second moment for beam
loaded with struts and cables
with strut force as unknown.
4. Equate the moments from the
two moment equations to cancel
at some point (eg. the CL).
5. Solve for the strut and cable
forces.
6. Construct moment diagram for
the beam with all loadings
combined: applied load + cable
at ends + struts.
7. Solve combined stress in beam
using interaction equation.
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 9/30
Pre-stressed Concrete
• More concrete active in resisting
moment
• Produces stiffer section with less
material
• Lighter weight
• Longer spans possible
• Analysis by combined stress
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 10/30
