CONTENTS Section Kxperimenta 7 INTRODUCTION. sevanuomonyuvennonsnunrmonianaemnnnin ea a SURFACE CHEMISTRY «. he Sx Experiment To prepare colloidal solution (nol) of atareh ‘ SRExperiment To prepare a colloidal soluti n of gun “4 3 Experiment To prepare a colloidal solution of exe albumin \ A. Experiment Toprepare colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide (Hw/OH)) ; 5. Experimont To prepare colloidal solution of aluminium hydroxide (AN(OW)] : 6. Experiment To prepare colloidal solution of arsenious sulphide (Ass8,} 1 7. Experiment To study the dialyas of solution containing sodium chloride through a eelhoph ane parchment paper . sof pe r 8. Experiment To study the “ifectiveneas of different common oils (caster oll, cotton weed oi, enn oil, kerosene oil, mustard oil) in forming emulsions - o.Experiment To compare the offectivenoss of a number of emulsifying agents in tor emulsions... . @ Viva Voce B. (CHEMICAL KINETIC! ‘NqEiperiment To study the effect of concentration on the rate of the thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. vs SQ .Experiment To study the effect of temperature on the rate trent be and HCl. 8. Experiment To study the rate “of reaction of iodide ions with piped peroxide at room temperatur using different concentrations of iodide ions..... 4, Experiment _Tostudy the rate of reaction between potassium iodate KIO, and'sod jum sulphite (Na, Sc in acidie medium at room temperature using different concentrations of KIO ion between sod een sodium thios 1» Viva Voce THERMOCHEMISTRY, “SeExperiment — To determine the water equivalent (W) of calorimeter. iment To determine the enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or F potassium nitra 3. Experiment To determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of the reaction between strong acid (H and strong base (NaOH). 0.00 4. Experiment To determine the enthalpy change dus between acetone and chloroform. ig the interaction (Hydrogen bond format # Viva Voce D. ELECTROCHEMISTR' SeExperiment To study the variation of cell potential in Zn |Zn** | Cu’* | Cu with change in concentra’ of electrolytes (CuSO, or ZnSO,) at room temperature a eViva Voce i Se 3 i “ E. CHROMATOGRAPHY....., seen *SeeFxperiment Separate the coloured components present in the mixture of red and blue inks ' a ascending paper chromatography and find their R, values ; ‘ periment Separate the coloured components prsnt in the given grasslower by ascending pane EB matography and determine their Ry values... sparate Co** and Ni% ions present in th di 1 given mixture by using ascending p# chromatography and determine their R, values. ; } 8. Experiment © Viva Voce (6) Scanned with CamScanner% PREPARATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUN ‘To prepare erystals of Mohr's salt 1. Bxperiment g. Experiment To prepare cr ystals of Potash 3. Experiment To prepare cr tals of potassium trioxalatoferrate (ITI) fe Viva Voce PREPARATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS .. a a 60 Heereriment Topprepare a sample of acetanilide frem aniline 9 Experiment To prepare a sample of dibenzalacetone 6 Experiment Topreparea sample of p-nitroaotanilide 6 {Experiment To prepare aniline yellow from aniline e Viva Voce Be tone TEST FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: fs 66 - 80 UNSATURATION, ALCOHOLIC, PHENOLIC, PRESENT IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: atenYDIG, BETONIC, CARBOXYLIC AND AMINO (PRIMARY) GROUPS a 7 [Experiment Identify the functional group preset in the given organic compound 1¢ Viva Voce a .. . STUDY OF TESTS OF CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS ‘To test the presence of carbohydrate in the given food sample 41, Experiment 2 Experiment To test the presence of ol or fat in the given food sample GExperiment To test the presence of proteins inthe given food sample fe Viva Voce enmnnnnns ‘VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS... “Se Experiment To prepare 250 mL oi solution of oxalic acid from erystalline oxalic acid. NeExperiment Toprepare x solution of Mohr's salt (Ferrous ammonium sulphate). Using this solution find out molarity strength of the given KMnO, solution 99 YY Experiment To prepare x solution of oxalic acid. With the help of this solution, find out molarity and strength of the given KMnO, solution... 102 Viva Voce Sree ea vs - 108 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS .. Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt. Cations: Pb?*, Cu, As*, Fe**, Mn®*, Zn®*, Co”, Ni®, Ca’*, Sr”*, Ba”, Mg’, NH ‘Anions: C03, S*, SO, $0}, NO;, CI, Br, I", POs, C}, CH;COO™ (Note: Insoluble salts excluded) @ Viva Voce ernnnsnn : INVESTIGATORY PROJECT: 1. Project Dialysis of sols... eau wn 2 Project Study of the dialysis of water samples from different sewages and identification of different ions in resulting solutions 160 3. Project Coagulation or precipitation of colloidal solutions ... 163 4. Project Surface tension... 165 5. Project Preparation of 80a «1... : am 6. Project Foaming capacity of different soaps... 175 mM Scanned with CamScanner‘EXPERIMENT 1 AIM To prepare colloidal solution (sol) of starch. THEORY ‘Starch forms a lyophilic sol with water (dispersion medium). The process of sol formation can be accelerated by heating. So the sol can be prepared by heating starch and water at about 100°C. This sol is quite stable and is not affected by the presence of any electrolyte impurity. APPARATUS Beakers (250 mL and 50 mL), glass rod, filter paper, funnel, burner, wire gauze, tripod stand. CHEMICALS REQUIRED Soluble starch = 1 g, Distilled water 2 Add a few ml. distilled water to it and mix thoroughly (Fig A.1). 3. Boil 125 mL water in a 250 mL beaker “4. Pour the starch paste formed in step 2 to this water; a little at a time and with constant stirring (Fig AZ) 5. Allow it to further boil for 2-3 minute and leave it to cool. ‘the contents of the beaker through a filter paper. The filtrate obtained is a starch sol. “ih a fistilled water should be used during preparation of the sol. ‘should not be directly added to boiling water because it form lumps. It should first f igerteyd va Wi ‘is required while addition ofthe paste to the boiling water. ‘Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT 2 AM To prepare a colloidal solution of gum. Note: The experiment to be performed i similar to experiment 1.with a diffrence that i vetrin place of boiling water; since gum is quite stable in warm water, warm water is to be ' a —aems oc @ aM To prepare # colloidal solution of egg albumin. THEORY gg albumin present by shaking egg white (eee APPARATUS ‘Apparatus same as Experiment-1. "CHEMICALS REQUIRED Eeg and distilled water. PROCEDURE : 1. Break egg and separate the yolk (yellow part) from albumin (colourless part Penn ne eis in g beak and dd to it cgglaliznin ig waall amiss st Snort ~~ continuous stirring. The process should take about 20 minute. q 3. Filter the contents and the filtrate obtained is egg albumin sol. in the egg white is required to make this sol. The sol is quite stable and can be prepared «rae with cold water. Being stable, it is not affected by the presence of traces of ons 1L Cold water should be used because in hot water precipitation of egg albumin takes place. p Yellow yolk should be separated from egg albumin before making the sal Z _Adtion of egg albumin to water should be dane very slowly. : mee a cae sca iy eae ‘Scanned with CamScanner4 of catalyst: A catal al (iw) en the re Fig. B12: Effect of catalyst on activation energy ‘Techniques involved in monitoring a Reaction Depending upon the reaction; one of the following techniques may be used to monitor the reaction frit rp (a) Titration: If either reactant or product are acid or base or they undergo redox reaction. their quan can be estimated using titration method. (b) Measurement of volume of gas: The reactions where gases are evolved, the volume of the gas emnn in unit time can be recorded. _ (@) Ifcoloured products are obtained, their optical density can be measured using photometer, as the reiting progresses. (d) In case there is change in optical activity, it can be monitored using polarimeter. AIM. To study the effect of concentration on the rate of the reaction between sodium thiosulphate »»¢ hydrochloric acid. THEORY The reaction between sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid involves formation of colloidal sulphur 26 Together with” Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScannerNa,S,0, (ag) + aC) 4 Sie) 2 NaCl (ag) + 80, @) + H,0 $,0}1ag) + 2H"%(ag) ——» Sis) + 80, 4) + 10 This colloidal sulphur gives milky appearance and as the reaction proceeds, « stage comes when due to enough precipitation of sulphur the salution becomes opaque, A reverence point taken #8 an ink mark on the backround become invisible at this stage of the reaction. At difforent concentrations of reactants, the time is noted when the mark becomes invisible. (The reaction beaker is kept on the mark and viewed from the top), APPARATUS Three burettes, beakers (100 mL), stop watch, test tube, CHEMICALS REQUIRED 0.1M Na,S,0; 1M HCl, distilled water PROCEDURE 1. Label 5 beakers as A, B,C, D and E. 2. Fill three burettes with thiosulphate solution, HCI and distilled water respectively 3. Add 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mL. 0.1M thiosulphate from the burette to the 5 beakers as A, B,C, D and &. Add 40, 30, 20, 10 mL distilled water to A, B, C and D respectively. (No water in beaker E). Take 5 mL HC! from the burette, in a test tube. Put a (X) cross mark on a white tile or white paper and keep beaker A on the mark (Fig. B.3) Add 5 mL HCI from the test tube, swir! once into it and start the stop watch, View from the top. Stop the watch when the cross mark becomes invisible, Note down the time taken for the mark to just vanish from the sight. 9. Repeat the same procedure with beakers B, C, D, and E by adding 5 mL HCI to each. Note down the time taken in each case and record your observations oe px View from top eye View from top eye A A Na$,0, | Soliton + HCI Colota sulphur Taapee Tielpaper Cross mark Cross mark on theipaper disappears | | | Fig. 8.3: Stuy of rato of reacton between NaS,0, and a HCI OBSERVATIONS ‘Scanned with CamScannersee) Plot a graph between volume of thiosulphate (which will be proportional to ite concentra and time taken in second. It would be a straight sloping line ation in the tin RESULT The rate of the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid increases concentration of thiosulphate. 7 Seared ote. The reaction can be studied by keeping the volume (conc.) of thiosulphate constant and Varying the volume (cone.) of HCl PRECAUTIONS 1. Since we are studying the effect of change of cone for all the sets. The cross mark is to be viewed from the top other factors as temperature, mark should be and not from the side. 3. Start the stop watch immediately after the fall of the last drop of the acid 4. In case sulphur remains sticking to the flask, wash with cone. HNO, followed by repeated washing with water. EXPERIMENT | 2 gp eed a —_ AM To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and HCL THEORY cal reaction inereases by inerease in temperature. It has been found that fr a the rate constant is nearly doubled. The temperature Generally the rate of chemi ‘us equation (discussed in introduction) chemical reaction, with rise in dependence of rate of a chemical Increasing the temperature of the substani greater than activation energy. temperature by 10°, | reaction is explained by Arrheni ‘ce increases the fraction of molecules which collide with energies APPARATUS 100 mi beaker, burette, tripod stand, stop watch, wire gauze, thermometer, burner, test tube CHEMICALS REQUIRED 0.1M sodium thiosulphate, 1M HCI, cone. HNO, PROCEDURE 1. Take 50 mL. of 0.1M Na,S,O, solution in a beaker, srmometer. Let the temperature be T °C. 2. Place the beaker on a cross mark put on a white paper or tile. ‘Add 5 mL HCI (already measured HCI kept in a test tube) to it ani 4. Observe the cross mark. When the cross mark just becomes invisible stop the watch and ‘Wash the beaker with conc. HNO, and then thoroughly with water. 5. Again take 50 ml of 0.1 MNa,S,0, in the beaker, heat the contents on a wire gauze, kept on the tripod stand. Heat it to (T + 5)°C. ‘Add 5 mL of HCl and similarly note the time taken for the spot to become invisible. Take a few more readings at the difference of 6°C each time. note its temperature with the help of a the .d immediately start the stop watch. note the time 2 28 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScannera} axis and temperature along ve vizontal M Vertical zig and HCL inereases with th jum thiosulphate increase 10 temperaties EXPERIMENT a) the rate of reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen pero, trations of iodide ions. at To study different concent THEORY tn acidic medium, hydrogen peroxide oxidises iodide ions to iodine 2) + H,0, + 2H* ——> I, + 2H,0 I, + F ——> Ij @olyhaide ion) ‘The rate of the reaction can be followed by measuring the time taken for the appearance of blue colour with starch solution due to the formation of starch -1, complex. The method is modified and the reaction is monitored by adding sodium thiosulphate. This is done to improve the effectiveness of the observations and is called ‘nmaitor reaction’. A definite amount of sodium thiosulphate and starch is added to the reaction mixture and the iodine produced reacts with thiosulphate to give I” ions. I, + 28,0,> —> 8,02 + or Hence, iodine does not give blue colour in the beginning and is consumed by thiosulphate ions. This oseurs ‘il the entire amount of thiosulphate gets consumed. After that, the production of I, gives blue colour 1, + Starch —— Starch ~ I, complex This reaction is called indicator reaction. The time taken for the appearance of blue colour depends on: (i) Amount of thiosulphate added. sroxide. \t) Initial rate of formation of iodine which dopends on the concentration of iodide ions and hydrasen bene Ue amount and the concentration of thiosulphate is kept constant then the differences in he aBPHI CT, alse 1a elou Would depend on the concentration of I~ and H,O,. Further, ifthe comeentt “° Kept constant, the rate of the reaction with variable concentrations of iodide ion ae Chemical Kinetics ee | Scanned with CamScanneralent of calorimeter: Water id water aod by nai ns are explained in experiment 1 sation or dissolution| details explained in the lorinetee exyeris 2 neti et 2 an 3, So me a ivalent (W) of calorimeter. qo determine the water equ Rubber stopper Scanned with CamScannerApparatus Styrofoam block in which a beaker can be fitted or polythene bottle or thermos flask, thermometer Thermometer ‘styrofoam block Beaker with water a wo) ° DOODTa Od G| 20 e Doooeng of PROCEDURE 1, Take 100 mL distilled water in the calorimeter in which a thermometer and stirrer are inserts Note down the temperature of water kept in the calorimeter (¢,°C). 3. Heat 100 mL of water in another beaker to 10-20°C higher than that of room temperature. N the temperature of this water (t,). 4. Put this 100 mL warm water into the calorimeter without any delay. 5. Stir the contents and note down the temperature after mixing (¢;°C). OBSERVATION ‘Volume of water taken in calorimeter = 100 mL, Temperature of water = t Volume of warm water added = 100 mL. ‘Temperature of warm water = t,°C, Temperature after mixing = ty CALCULATION Heat given out by hot water = Heat taken by bottle and cold water 100(t, — t;) = (100 + W) (ty - ty) (tt) +W= ae 100 100g (t,t) W = |100 7; 75 ~ 100 RESULT ‘The water equivalent of calorimeter is W = 36 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT & AIM ‘To determine the enthalpy’ of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate, THEORY enthalpy of dissolution is defined as the enthalpy change per mole of « solute when dissolved in pure solvent to eye a salution of specific concentration, Enthalpy of dissolution of a solute in a solvent varies with concentration ‘and the temperature APPARATUS Calorimeter set-up with 2 holes (one for thermometer and another for stirrer), beakers, thermometer, stirrer, ‘measuring cylinder. (CHEMICALS REQUIRED iydrated copper sulphate or potassium nitrate and distilled water. PROCEDURE 1, Calculate the water equivalent of calorimeter as experiment - 1 2, Take 200 mL of distilled water in the calorimeter and fix the cover with 2 holes in it. Insert thermometer in one hole and stirrer in the other. See that the thermometer dips in the wat of water. 3. Weigh a known weight (7g) of CuSO,.5H,0 and put it in the calorimeter. Put the cover back quickly. 4, Stir it, but the speed of stirring should not be high and vigorous. Stirring will also increase the temperature and introduce error in the temperature reading. 5, Note down the temperature (f;) when the substance just dissolves. OBSERVATION ter. Note down the temperature eight of hydrated copper sulphate = w g, Volume of water taken = 200 mL, = 200 g, Temperature of water = °C ‘Temperature of water after CuSO,.5H,O is added = ¢,°C, Water equivalent of calorimeter = W g (already calculated in Experiment—1 CALCULATION ‘Assuming density and specific heat of the solution to be same as that of water, heat evolved or absorbed for dissolution of w g of the solute. @ = (W + 200) (t, ~ t2) cal = (W + 200) (¢, ~ f,) x 4.2 J = (W + 200) at x 4.2 J For 4 moles of the solute dissolved, heat change = (W + 200) at x 42.J (M = molecular mass of solute) (w = weight of solute) For 1 mole of the solute dissolved, heat change HE 20d aE J Heat of dissolution = (W+200)A8tx42xM_ y For determining the heat of dissolution of potassium nitrate, dissolve 5.5 g of KNO, in 200 mL. of water. RESULT ‘The enthalpy of dissolution of hydrated copper sulphate in water i8 0... Shmol at ¢,°C. Theromochemistry 37 Scanned with CamScannerPRECAUTIONS 1. Stir the mixture thoroughly to dissolve the solute 2. Rate of stirring should not be very high as fast stirring may lead to increase in the temperaty,, solution, 3. High precission thermometer should be used. EXPERIMENT (3 AIM To determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of the reaction between strong acid (HCD and sy base (NaOH). THEORY ‘When acid reacts with base heat is evolved. Enthalpy of neutralisation is heat evolved when one gram equiv. of an acid is completely neutralised by a base in dilute solution. The enthalpy of neutralisation of strong For more details see introduction of this unit. by strong base is constant with the value 57.1 kJ/mol APPARATU: As in Experiment-2. CHEMICALS REQUIRED 0.2M HCI and 0.2M NaOH solution. PROCEDURE 1. Take 100 mL of 0.2M HCI in calorimeter and note down it's temperature. Also, note down the temperature of 100 mL of 0.2M NaOH solution taken in another beak. 2 solutions should have same temperature otherwise wait for them to attain same temperature. ‘Transfer NaOH to HCI quickly, put the lid of calorimeter back, stir and record the temperatur mixture at small intervals till it becomes constant. Record the highest temperature reached. 3. 4. OBSERVATIONS Initial temperature of acid and base Rise in temperature = (¢ ~ )°C Mass of the mixture of the neutralisation Water equivalent of calorimeter = W g -C, Final temperature of the mixture = 200 g (Assuming the solution to have same de: CALCULATION Heat evolved during neutralisation of 100 mL of 0.2M HCI = (200 + W) x dt x 4.2 J Heat evolved during neutralisation of 1000 mL of 1M HCl = 1200-4 Wear ed 2 x 1000 y Enthalpy of neutralisation = - 200-+W)+Asn4.2 yy RESULT ‘The enthalpy of f neutralisation of HCI with NaOH is ... PRECAUTIONS ‘As in Experiment ~ 2. 36 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 ad Scanned with CamScannerPR (a) |Hylg)| H’ (aq) is assigned a zero potential at all temperature cnmrenrndinm | a= Chis Ay ota dotlrn oF yeh oh | Fig D4: Stanctart tyes saci HY (ag) + —> Lay ‘At 298 K the emf of the cell, standard hydrogen electrode | second half coil comatraeted ty + ‘hydrogen electrode as anode and other half cell as cathode, gives the reduction genes the concentrations of the oxidised and the reduced forms of the species ar: E equal to standard electrode potential. = eee 2 sae AIM To study the variation of cell potential in Zn | Zn” | Cu” | Cu with change in concentration of eleetrolyi= (CuSO, or ZnSO,) at room temperature. THEORY When Zn rod is dipped in ZnSO, solution and Cu rod in CuSO, solution and the solutions are connected internal with salt bridge and externally the rods with connecting leads, the emf generated due to the redox reaction ca be measured with the help of voltmeter connected in the outer circuit. The reactions that occur are Anode (oxidation) Zn(s) ——+ Zn” (aq) + 2 Cathode (reduction) Cu (aq) + 2° + Cu (3) Overall reaction. Zn (s) + ‘The cell potential of the cell, when the concentration of the solution and/or the temperature varies is gv by Nernst Equation. 2.303RT Baa = Eng - 7 hog @ Where E, = cell potential, E%,, = standard cell potential, n = no. of electrons, T = temperature ar @ = reaction auotient. For Daniell eet Q = [28° and n =2 3° ‘The cell potential decreases with time because concentration of Zn“* (zine sulphate) increases and that of Cu (copper sulphate) decreases and ultimately falls to zero. 42 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScanner= on simplification Nernst equation reduces to Kgy = Hy ~ 2° toy @. at T= 208 K with the value of p= 8314 JK? mol"! and F = 96500 coulomb . APPARATUS jing Toads, voltmeter, pinch-coek, rubber tube, measuring 100 mL beaker, salt bridge, or glass tube com cylinder, Key, measuring flask, CHEMICALS REQUIRED KCI, agar-agar, Zn and Cu strips, ZnSO, (1M), CuSO, (IM, 0.5 M, 0.25 M and 0.125 M). PROCEDURE ‘A. Construction of Salt Bridge 1. Take about 30 cm long glass tube and bend it twie ht angles to make U tube. 2, Take 3 g of agar-agar, 30 g of pure potassium chloride in a beaker and add 100 ml. of water, wa ‘all the solid dissolves to give a clear solution. 3, Fix about 1m rubber tube to one end of the U-tube. Dip the prepared in step 2. Suck to fill the U-tube with this solution close the that the solution does not run back. Allow it to cool down, The solution will s of the U-tube with cotton plugs. The salt bridge is ready rm till ther end of the U-tube in warm solution rubber tube with pinch cock so wet like a gel. Plug the ends Pinch cock ‘Agar-agar + KCI Rubbertubing | + Water Fig, 0.2: Construction and filing the sat bridge ‘When salt bridge is not in use, keep its open ends in saturated solution of KCL. B. Construction of the cell Cathode Potassium chioride solution Copper strip Layne Copper sulphate sluton Fig. D.3: Assembly ofthe eletrochemicol col Zn(s) [2n"(a) I] Cu (ag Cu (s) | 1. Clean the copper and zinc electrodes with sand paper. 2. In two beakers take 1M ZnSO, and 1M CuSO, solutions separately (560 mL volume of each) Electrochemistry 43 Scanned with CamScannertrips in solution of that 3, Immerse the metal s 1 of voltmeter to the cop) 4, Connect one terminal the help of connecting 5, Place the salt bridge in 6; Insert the key to complete t] 7, Note down the voltmeter rea 8, Repeat the procedure with different down your observations in tabular form Note. 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M coppe OBSERVATIONS wires. the beakers such he circuit (Fig. D8) 1 concentration: 1 05 0.25 les RESULT Cell potential decreases with decrease in ‘Note. There would be some difference in current during measurement and also we are PRECAUTIONS 1, Electrodes should be cleaned by sand paper. metal. por plate and other that it connects both th ding that gives the © + sulphate solution can be prepared concentration of copper sulphate. the measured and calculated values alculating using concentration values inste to zine plate with a key in series win, \e solutions. mf of the cell. 5 of CuSO, but same n of ZnSO,. Note 1M concentral by because voltmeter draws some .ad of activities. 2. There should not be any air bubble in the salt bridge. i 3. Use a new salt bridge for every cell. 4. Each voltmeter reading should be taken [viva after sti irring the solution. VOCE | Q.1. What is electrochemistry? ‘Ans. Electrochemistry is the study of production of electricity from chemical reactions and the use of ‘electrical energy to bring about non-spontaneous ‘chemical reactions. ”. What is a Daniell cell? Daniell cell is an electrochemical cell which is constructed by dipping zine electrode in ZnSO, and copper electrode in CuSO, solution. The two solutions being connected internally by salt bridge and externally by connecting wires. It is represented as Zn\Zn**|Cu*"|Cu. What do you understand by E.M.F.? EMF, or electromotive force is the difference of potential which causes the flow of current from one electrode to another electrode in an electrochemical cell. In fact e.m/f. is the cell potential of the cell when no current is drawn. Q.4. What is meant by an electrode? ‘Ans. A metal or carbon rod by which an electr current passes into or out of a cell is called « electrode. Q.5. What are the names of anode and cathode of « Daniell cell? Ans. Zn strip acts as anode whereas Cu strip ct as cathode. Q.6. What is a galvanic or voltaic cell? Ans. It is an electrochemical cell in which electrics! ‘energy is produced by a spontaneous chemic#! ea Daniell cell is a specific galvan cell. 44 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 pd Scanned with CamScannerAIM Separate the coloured components present im the misture of xed and tue inks by aecemting 907~ chromatography and find their R, values. APPARATUS Gas jar, glass rod, filter paper strip (Whatman filter paper 1), jar cover, fine capillary taibe, CHEMICALS REQUIRED A mixture of red and blue inks, alcohol and distilled water. PROCEDURE 1. Take a Whatman filter paper strip (20 x 2 em) and draw a line with pencil above 4 ex: from one «: 2. With the help of fine capillary tube, put a drop of the mixture of red and blue inks at the point F centre of the line, Let it dry in air. Put another drop on the same spot and dry again. Hepest = times, so that the spot gets loaded with the mixture. 48 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScannera fe crromatographic paper lq —— Whatrnan fiter paper Criginal ne about 4 em above the edge Point to put the spot ofthe mixture Fig. E. 4: Spotting of the mixture 3. Suspend the filter paper vertically in a gas jar containing thy jr euch a way that the pencil line (and the spot) remains above the solvent I of alcohol and water. Cover the jar and keep it undisturbed. The solvent will rise along ‘After the solvent has risen about 12-15 cm you will observe two on the filter paper. Take the filter paper out of the jar and mark the distance that the solvent has risen on the paper with a pencil. This is called the solvent front. Measure this using scale. Dry the paper. Put pencil marks in the centre of the blue and red spots. [Also measure the distance of the two spots from the original line. Calculate the R, values of the blue and red inks by using the formula: Distance travelled by the blue or red ink from the point of application Distance travelled by the solvent from the original line 1e solvent (eluent) with the help of a glass rod level. Solvent is a mixture with the mixture of red and blue inks different spots of blue and red colour ame R= OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION 1 | Red ink + Blue ink ‘A cm (Red ink) 2. _| Red ink + Blue ink | B cm (Blue ink) PRECAUTIONS 1. Always make use of a fine capillary tube. 2 Keep the jar undisturbed and covered during the experiment. 3. A spot should be small and rich in mixture 4. Allow the spot to dry before putting the strip in the jar. 5. Keep the strip erect. Do not let it to be curled. 6 Do not allow the spot to dip in the solvent. Chromatography 49 ‘Scanned with CamScannerSame as in experiment-1. as developing solvent. 50 Together ewith® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScannerMolecular mass n factor a factor is no, of electrons 2° released oF gsined per formula uni, C. Formulae used during titration calculation 4 N,V, = N:Vy or myMyV; = meMlaVe Si Strength = N x Equivalent mass : Strength = M x Molecular mass % purity = Calculated strength 199 oe Given strength Equivalent masses of some redox reagents Equivalent mass = MnO; + 8H" + 5e~ + Mn?" + 4,0 Potassium permanganate (acidic medium) Potassium permanganate (basic medium) ‘Oxalic acid MnO; + 2H,0 + 3e~ + MnO, + 40H" C,07 —> 2C0, + 3e” Sodium oxalate 02> 200, + 2e° igs Fe Fe +e" (hydrated) | Ferrous ammonium, sulphate Mohr's salt) Fe» Fe* +e" AIM M . " ‘To prepare 250 mL of solution of oxalic acid from erystalline oxalic acid. ‘THEORY Oxalic acid is 00H j OOH tandard. Its erystals are available with high degree of purity. It is neither deliquescent "°° sie stored for long without change in concentration, Its solution is stable and does a dicarboxylic 91,0 and molecular mast 126 cid having molecular formula as { | primary s Its solution on exposure to light os 7 wh® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScanneradding water. This is done to prevent h EXPERIMENT AIM Prepare x solution of Mohr’s salt (Ferrous ammonium sulphate). Using this solution, find out the molarity and strength of given KMnO, solution. THEORY The reaction between KMnO, and Mobr's salt is a redox reaction and the titration is therefore called redox titration KMnO, acts as oxidising agent and Mohr's salt as reducing agent. KMnQ, can act as oxidising agent in acidic, neutral and alkaline medium. However, the medium used for volumetric titration is acidic medium. ‘The reaction in acidic medium is MnO; + 8H’ + Se” —» Mn®* + 4H,0. Dil H,$0, - 4Nv 11,80, is used to provide acidic medium, Cone, HNO, can't be used as it itself is an oxidising gent and would oxidise Mohr’s salt or Oxalic acid used as reducing agent in the titration. (Hence, the reaction will not be quantitatively using KMnO, as required by the aim of titration), HC! can also not be used to Provide aciaie medium as it will get oxidised by KMnO, to evolve Cly, 2MnO; + 16H’ + 10Cl —> 5Cl, + 2Mn” + 8H,0. Scanned with CamScanner| Alkaline medium, also cannot be used for the titration as MnO, (brown solid) formed interferes, observation of end point MnO; + 2H,0 + 8° —» MnO, + 401 ‘The titration between Mohr's salt and KMn, is fast enough at room te NAM saci. 4 No separate external indicator is required for the titration a8 hanya PES GH.S6 due en of KMn0, after the equivalence point imparts pink eolour to the # 10, present. (Min®* ions are also light pink but appear colourless in dilute wolu ‘As (KMn0,) reacts with Mohr's salt Mn?* ions are predict a ‘as catalyst for the reaction, Hence in the beginning of titrati emperature tions). 1n ions produced in the fest stage ty takes time to be consumed jn, but later the colour of KMnO, fades away faster. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED ME tbe, coca, Mohe’s salt crystals, standard measuring flask, weighing bottle, funnel, burette, pipette, : weight boxes, beakers and KMnO, solution, TONIC REACTIONS Molecular equation is: QKMn0, + SH,SO, + 10FeSO,(NH,),S0,6H,0 — K,SO, + 2MnSO, ‘MnO, + 8H* + 5e° —> Mn” + 4,0, (Fe? —> Fe +e] x5 + 5Fe(SO,), + 68H,0 + 100vH, MnO, + 8H* + 5Fe”* —» 5Fe"* + 4H,0 + Mn” PROCEDURE ; ‘A. Preparation of standard solution as discussed in previous experiment. B. Titration of KMnO, solution against x ‘Mohr's salt solution. 1. 10 mL Mohr’s salt solution to be taken in conical flask, 10 mL. of dil H,SO, is also added 2. KMn0, solution is taken in the burette. 3. Perform the titration as discussed under ‘Process of titration’. 4. Record your observations as under. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION A. Preparation of standard solution of Mohr’s salt Calculation of weight to be weighed to prepare 100 mL, x solution of Mohr’s salt. Weight 1000 Form pee Weight Ce, 000s See rsiemntan Weight,” Vda Weight of empty weighing bottle = y g (say) 11.820 g Weight of bottle + Mohr's salt = (x + y) g (11.820 + 1.96) g = 19.78 g B. Titration between KMnQ, solution and Mohr’s salt solution Solution to be taken in the pipette = Mohr’s salt, Volume of the pipette = 10 mL Dil. H,SO, to be added is 10 mL, Indicator — KMnO, self indicator Colour change ~ From colourless to light. pink Weight 1000, weight = 1% 1 20 392“ 100 100 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScannerOBSERVATION TARLE, Burette Readings Reading Rend 8 are assumed) ' 0, used (in rt) | Final Volume of KMn0, Reading, baie. .| 116 10.5 21.8 | 10.3 82.1 | cag 424 103 RV (Say) Coneordant reading = 10.3 ml h used. th = MV, perm KMn0, ~ Mobrissali n=5 nel Pagar, * M, 1-610 Mromo, = “Mots Mrvonrssait* Viohes salt” 20 = 0.0097 M Pxatno, * Viwino, 5x 10.3, 4 Strength = (Molarity x Molecular weight) g/L. Calculated strength of KMnO, 0.0097 x 158 = 1.53 WL. RESULT ‘The molarity and strength of KMnO, is found to be 0.0097 M and 1.53 g/L. Note: The titration between oxalic acid and KMn0, in the reaction and procedure involved. Also, Reaction would be is to be done in a similar way with the following change note that the ‘n’ factor of oxalic acid is 2. (MnO, + 8H" + 5° —, Mn® + 4H,0) x 2 (C,07° — 200, + 21 « 5 2Mn0; + 16H" + 5C,0}- —+ 2Mn* + 8H,0 + 10CO, Molecular reaction is 2KMnO, + 5C,H,O, + 3H,SO, —> K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 10CO, + 8H,0 Change in the procedure Since, the reaction is very slow at room temperature; the titration is done at 60-70°C. For this the contents of conical flask, i.e. (oxalic acid + dil. H,SO,) to be heated over the Bunsen flame by placing conical flask on the wire gauze kept on a tripod stand. Tocheck the temperature is 60-70°C touch the conical flask on the back of your hand. The moment the touch becomes unbearable, start the titration. Donot overheat the conical flask as oxalic acid on overheating will get decompose 7 10 CO, before undergoing reaction with KMnO, and hence, accurate volumetric Wires : ig. IAT: Checking the analysis would not be moon temperature of Oxale Ace Ta pr? CO, + CO + HO i OOH beta Different possible Aims and the Calcul Required. A. Preparation of a solution of Mohr's salt containing exactly 17 g of it in 1 litre solution, With the help of this solution, determine the molarity and strength of KMnQ, solution provided to you Hint: Weigh exact 4.250 g of Mohr’s salt to make 250 mL. solution, Rest of the procedure and calculations are same, Volumetric Analysis 101 Scanned with CamScannerfore starting the titration, Contents of tho a vel Pee AGsllciacid to Co, ines nical flask should not be overheated as it will lead to wigan cle oi oing reaction with KMnO, and hence, accurate volumetric ool (COOH), __hieh tem and Molecular a o8l eon: + 00, + Co + eactions TOES soni IMnO; + 8H* + 56 2 + 8H" + Ge” —_, Mn 4 41,0) x 2 Ic,0? —> 2CO, + 2] « 6 2MnO," + 16H" + 50,0? a + 5C,0;° ——> 2Mn’* + 8H,0 + 1060, reaction: Nolecslae 2KMnO, + 5C,H,0, + 3H,80, —, K,S0, + 2MnSO, + 10CO, + 8H,O appaRATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED atid oxalic acid, standard measuring flask, weighing bottle, funnel, burette, pipette, test tube, conical flask, , tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, KMnO, solution procEDURE M zi ‘ ‘A. Prepare =, (100 mL.) solution of oxalic acid by dissolving 0.262 g of oxalic acid to make 100 ml. solution Please note that dil. H,SO, is not to be added while preparing standard solution of oxalic acid. i B, Titration of => solution prepared alone against KMnO, solution (provided in the lab). 1, KMn0, solution is taken in the burette. 2, Pipette out 10 mL of oxalic acid solution to the conical flask and add 10 mL of dil. H,SO, to it 3, Heat the contents of the conical flask over the Bunsen flame by placing conical flask on the wire gauze kept on the tripod stand. The contents to be heated to 60-70 °C. To check the temperature, touch the conical flask on the back of your hand. The moment the touch becomes unbearable, start the titration. 4, Titration is to be performed as discussed under ‘process of titration’ 5. Record your observations as under. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION A. Preparation of standard solution of Oxalic acid. me — Weight 1000 _, _1_ Weight 1000 _, Weight - Molecular Weight == V(in mL) 50 126 100 Weight of empty weighing bottle = y g (say) 11.820 g. Weight of bottle + Oxalic acid = (x + y) g say (11.820 + 0.252) g = 12.072 g B. Titration between KMnO, solution and Oxalic acid solution. Solution to be taken in the pipette = Oxalic acid Volume of the pipette = 10 mL. Dil. H,SO, to be added = 10 mL, Indicator — KMn0, as self indicator, Colour change ~ From colourless to light pink. 252 g Volumetric Analysis 103 Scanned with CamScannerOBSERVATION TABLE (ADINGE AIK APBUMIED) 05 104 104 04 Bay) Comemndant readion, = 10 MY, lM Pormnila used KMn0, ” Oxalicncid mab ned ar4 410 Moun, » Matte” A taste” Vater = ss = 0018 A eae Msg” Visbory IW Sarr Acdece aA RESULT ‘The molarity and strength of KMnO, C. Determine the number of water molecules of 2 tatn0, solution. You are aso provided with Mobs salt solution prepared ty disw i: 7 106 gf or students may be asked to prepare 250 ml. of Mohr's salt solution by dis my 49 g of Mohr’s salt. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED KMn0, solution, Mohr's salt solution, dil. H,S0,, beakers, burette, pipette, fannel, test tube, comical “=< Theory, reactions and procedure as per experiment-2. solution ia Sound out to be O07 and 12.27 ofl reepectively crystallisation of Mohr's salt by titrating it agin. OBSERVATION TABLE (Volume of Mohr's salt pipetted for each titration = 10 ml.) 1 Ez oon] 3 ‘WA 101 roy 04 405 CALCULATION Find out Molarity of Mohr’s salt by applying 2AM, . MV, _ KMn0, ~ Mots salt 1s al 5x Ty Fe,(SO,), + 20NH,),SO, + 13,0} 5 2AMnO, + 8H,SO, + 10FeS0,(NH,),S0,6H,0 ——> K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 5Fe(SO,), + 10(NH,),SO, + 68H,0 PROCEDURE 1. Prepare s Mohr's salt solution as in experiment-2 2, Perform the titration of this Mohr’s salt solution with KMnO, solution provided in the lab. Titration to be performed as in experiment 2. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION Bein, *Va, 1 yy txt cig tet ae rr 520 vB Strength of alkali metal permanganate in the solution 16 g/L. = Molarity x Molecular weight 1.6 4 x (Molecular weight of KMnO,) Volumetric Analysis 105 ae SC ee Scanned with CamScanner>» “Ay !Momic mass of Alkali meta (say a)] + Mass of Mno,) = Ari = a=.6«5V)- 119 Calculate the value of ‘a’ the atomic mass of alkali metal. RESULT ‘The atomic mass of alkali metal in alkali metal permanganate is a u. [FOONs| and E, Determine the percentage composition of mixture of sodium oxalate a (COONa! oxalic acid . 2H,0 | You are provided with M Kmn0, solution. (COOH 50 APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED. Mixture of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate, x KMn0, solution, dil. H,SO,, apparatus for titration as ;, experiment C. Chemical Reaction * FOOH 91,0 + [0] —> 200, + 8H,0 =~ coou 00N: JOON® | H,S0, + [0] ——> 200, + H,0 + Na,S0, COONa Tonic Equation (MnO; + 8H* + 5e> ——> Mn™ + 4H,O ] x 2 [C,0,° —+ 200, + 2e']x 5 (from both oxalic acid and sodium oxalate 2MnO, + 16H* + 5C,0? ——> 2Mn™ + 10CO, + 8H,O PROCEDURE 1. Weigh 1 g of the mixture to make 250 mL solution. 2. Perform the titration of this solution with KMnO, as in experiment C. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION Volume of the solution of the mixture pipetted out for each titration = 10 mL. dil. H,SO, added = 10 mL. CALCULATION 106 Together with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 Scanned with CamScannerof percentage composition of mixture, conan jot of (oxalate Hon from oxalic ‘ acid + oxalate ions from sodium oxalate) Me gg-ehe solution of the mixture = 4 w/t ( 250 ml, solution) 1 1g. was dissolved to make seth of oxalate ion from oxalic acid in solution = y WL vate of oxalate ion from sodium oxalate would be = (4 — y) WL Strength = Mota xture (total motes of oxalate ions per litre of mixture) pa 29 Strength ty « Molecular Weight =» Molarity = Si5jecular weight s of ee (moles of oxalate ions por litre from oxalic acid) + (mole =~. ns per litre from sodium oxalate) eS kets 4-y 0.005 = ( 3 + (4 2 Sb eos 126 a no, of moles of sodium oxalate alate the value of y, % of oxalic acid T the & of oxalic acid in the mixture is and the % of Sodium oxalate in the mixture is ; fF, You are provided with partially oxidised sample of ferrous sulphite (FeSO,7H,0 - green vitriol) crystals. Prepare a solution by dissolving 1.4 g of these crystals to make 100 mL solution and determine the percentage oxidation of the given sample. You are provided with x KMn0, solution. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED < KMnO, solution, partially oxidised solid of FeSO,-7H,0 [or FeSO,-7H,0 crystals mixed with small amount i of Fe{SO)s, dil. H,SO,, apparatus for titration as per experiment 2. MOLECULAR AND IONIC EQUATIONS Molecular equation: 2KMn0, + 3H,S0, ——> K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 3H,0 + 5{0] [2FeSO, + H,SO, + [0] —> FeSO), + HO] x 5 2KMn0, + 8H,S0, + 10FeSO, ——> K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 5FeSO,), + 8H,0 MnO, + 5Fe’* + 8H* ——> 5Fe™* + Mn + 4H,0 PROCEDURE 1. Prepare 100 mL of FeSO,-7H,0 (partially oxidised) solution by dissolving 1.4 g of the crystals. 2 Perform the titration as per experiment 2. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION . Concordant reading = V mL (say) Volumetric Analysis 107 Scanned with CamScannerCALCULATION mY) = AM Mra wot Via. 8 Maaniy ® Viatany \ Myaoymyo 8 8" V 1 Strength of FGOY THO in the oxidised solution» 555 Note that the calculated molarity and strongth is die to Fe Already oxidised Pe do not participate in the redox titration, Strength of partially oxidised sample = M4 g/l, (ax 14g of thin a Ted, oe ee 100 V = Congortant reacting of ¥ vM 1000 200 0 jolume of KMaO, used Vx 278 (Molocular woight of FeSO, 711,0) 2+ Jone of the solution oxidised to Po" by Ky, sample wan dissolved to make 109 solution) => Strength of oxidised ferrous sulphate = (14 = y) wh ey % oxidation we x 100 RESULT ‘The & oxidation of the given sample of green vitriol is %, [viva voce QA. What is oxidation? ‘Ans. A reducing agent gets oxidised itself “Ans. Oxidation may be defined as one of the following: the other substance, eg. Mobr's salt and Ova acid, (2) Lass of electrons, eg. Zn —> Zn®* + 2e Gi) Loss of hydrogen, e.g, H{O —> Hy + 2 0, water is oxidised 8 (ai) Gain of oxygen, eg C + 0, —> CO, carbon is getting oxidised. Q-2. Define a reduction reaction (electronic concept) Ans. A reaction involving gain of electrons is called a reduction reaction, Q.3. What is a redox reaction? Ans. A reaction where reduction and oxid occurring simultaneously is called a redox reaction. Q44. Give an example of a redox reaction Ans. In this reaction, Zn is getting oxidised and CuSO, is getting reduced CuSO, + Zn —+ ZnSO, + Cu. Q.5. What is an oxidising agent? Give one example of an oxidising agent, ‘Ans. An oxidising agent is the one which oxidises the other substance and get reduced itself, HNO,, K,Cr,0,, KMnO, are oxidising agents. Q.6, What is a reducing agent? Give one example of a reducing agent. ion is Q.7. In the following reaction, identify the species ti is oxidised and the species that is reduces! Sn + Hg"? —> Sn!* + Hy,” ‘Ans. (i) Sn* is oxidised to Sn** (loss of electron (ii) Hg’ is reduced to Hy," (or Hg") (gain celectrons), Q8. Name some oxidising agent used in redo reactions. Ans. KMn0,, K,Cr,0;. Q.9. What is the oxidation state of Mn in KMo - KMn0, + lore 2x +t Q.10, What is the formula of Mohr's salt? Ans. FeSO,(NH,),S0,6H,0. Q.11. What change do KMnO, and Mobr's salt uncles when they react during redox titration done acidic medin? Ans, 8H'+ MnO, + be Fe" — From Mol’ salt Q.12 Which out of KMnO, and Mobr's salt act reducing agent? »Mn*"+4H,0 (reduction > Fel +6 (oxidation 108 Jagether with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 eed Scanned with CamScannera nr salt act as reducing agent, sinc ting oxidised itself from Fo” it is Give one example of a redox titration where 1 solution is used yp solution is used for titrating @ hypo solution * Lich is sodium thiosulphate solution, ‘The Feactions would be 28,0? —> 8,0% + 2 Ty + 2° —> 2 Write the reduction reaction where potassium dichromate acts as oxidising agent. r,0} + 14H" + 6° —> 2Cr** + 7H,0 What change does oxalic acid undergo during the redox reaction between it and KMn0,? 00 — 2CO, + 26° (oxidation process) COO" Oxalic acid is getting oxidised to CO,, hence acts as reducing agent. What is the principle of volumetric analysis? (oxidation) (reduction) Qu Ans. Quis. 16. see In volumetric analysis, concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a known ‘volume of a solution to react quantitatively with another solution of known concentration. What is an indicator? Substance which changes colour when the reaction between two reactants is complete, is called an indicator. It gives different colours in different medium and helps in the detection of the end point. ‘What is an equivalence point? ‘The stage of the titration when the reaction is just complete is called equivalence point. What is an end point? ‘After the reaction between the substance and the standard solution is practically complete; with one extra drop the indicator shows a clear visual change in the liquid being titrated. The stage in the titration at which this occurs is called the end point. Q.20. What is a titrant? Ans. The reagent of known concentration is called a titrant. Q21. What is a titrand? Ans. The substance being titrated is called a titrand. Q22. How are reactions classified in volumetric analysis? Ans, The reactions employed in titrimetric, volumetric analysis falls into two main classes: (a) Those in which no change in oxidation Quit. Q.18. Ans, Qus. Q.28. Ans. Q24. ‘Ans. Q27. Q28. Ans. Ans. state occurs; these are dependent upon the combination of ions, It includes neutralisation (acid-base) reactions, complex formation reactions (EDTA-titrations) and precipitation reactions change of oxidation state; as redox reaction between KMnO, and Mohr's salt or Oxalie acid What is a standard solution? A standard solution is one which contains @ known weight of the reagent in a definite volume of solution What is a primary standard? A primary standard is a substan concentration solution can be prepared by directly weighing the sample and dissolving it in given amount of the solution. It's concentration value is accurate. Give examples of primary standard solution ce where exact . Mobr’s salt solution and oxalic acid solution. . What are the conditions that a primary standard solution must satisfy? ‘A primary standard substance should sa the following requirements (a) It must be easy to obtain, to purify and to preserve in pure state. (b) The substance should be unaltered in air during weighing, ie. it should not be hygroscopic nor oxidised by air; nor affected by CO, ete. (©) It should have a high equivalent, so that the weighing errors may be negligible (d) The substance should be readily soluble and its solution should be stable Is KMnO, solution a primary standard? No. Why is KMnO, not a primary standard? KMnO, sample available is usually contaminated with MnO, and is not pure. Moreover, its solution is affected by heat and light and slowly gets decomposed to MnO, on standing, Why is Mohr’s salt solution a primary standard? Mohr’s salt is a double salt having formula FeSO,(NH,), SO/6H,O. It is available in pure crystalline form and is a stable salt. It is not hygroscopic in nature and the concentration of its solution does not change on keeping for long time, Its molecular mass is also high and so, errors involved in weighing are minimised, Volumetric Analysis 109 Scanned with CamScannerQAK0, What is a secondary standard? Ans. A substance whose sohation of exact concentration cannot be prepared by weighing is called a secondary standard QL, Can FeSOLTHAO be considered a primary standart? Ans, No, it is a secondary standard since it ie an efforescont salt, Tt will lose water of crystallization and change its composition 4.82. Why is NaOH a secondary standard? ‘Ans, Because it is deliquescent in nature, ie,, absorbs moisture from air. Hence, it can't be weighed accurately, Q33. Define molarity, ‘Ans. Nolarity is defined as the number of moles of ‘solute present per litre of solution, Weight Molecular weight” V Q.84, Define normality. ‘Ans. Normality is defined as the gram equivalent of solute present in 1 L of solution. Weight__, _1000__ N= Faunalent weight ~ VGnml) Q35. How are molarity and normality related? Ans, N= nM n= no. of electrons gained or lost by 1 molecule during reduction or oxidation reaction it is undergoing. Q.36. How will you determine the equivalent weight of an oxidising agent? Ans. The equivalent weight of an oxidising agent " Molecular weight No.of electrons gained by 1 molecule e4., Equivalent weight of KMn0, __ 158 (its molecular weight) ~ 5 (no. of electrons gained) 37, How can M solution be diluted to get 500 ml. aint Fy olution? ‘Ans. Use the formula, M,V, = MV, Take 100 mL of x solution in standard flask of 500 mL capacity. Make up the volume by adding water. Why do buretto nnd pipette should be rng Qk. the solution for which they are to hun! ‘Ana. Burotte and pipette should be rinsed hor so that any drop of water present in 4 ‘washing do not affect the concentraiin doing titration PW Q.A19, Should a titration flask als0 be ringeyy —| ‘Ana, No; since the rinsing of the titration fay, increase the volume, will make it oy the pipetted one. ut, Why the last drop of the pipette must nr out? ‘Ams, Because the last drop in the jet of the .,, fe not eounted in the volume of the pins | Why should pipette not be held from iy Bocause the heat of the body may expan, lass atthe bull, thereby increasing the, Soho pipette and hence introducing an ,, asurement of the volume in me . Why is it essential to remove the air from the jet of the burette before st titration? Because the air bubbles may escape an during the titration and thus affecting volume of the titrant. Why is upper meniscus read in coloured solutin like KMn0,? Because in case of coloured solutions; the meniscus is not clearly visible What is anti-parallex card used for? It is a piece of white paper put on the burs that helps in reading the burette corre What is molality? It is number of moles of solute disolved per iy of solvent. Why is dil, H,SO, added to the Mohr’ « while preparing it’s standard solution? Dil. H,SO, is added to prevent the hyde of Mohr's salt. Can we use dil. HCI or dil. HNO, to p acidic medium in KMnO, titration? Give res No, dil. HNO, is itself an oxidising agent whe HCI gets oxidised to Cl, by KMn0, 2KMnO, + 16HC] —> 2KCI + 2MnC +5Cl, + Why is dil,H,SO, added before doing the between KMnO, and oxalic acid or “bo salt? Q.a3. Ans. Qa. ‘Ans. Q.48. 110 agecher with® Chemistry Lab Manual—12 —" Scanned with CamScannerjde acidic medium. Since, we are using oO ction of KMnO, ato act in acidic medium I ne eaiam is provided by dil. 180, acide ™ potassium permangnate titrations done ‘adie medium even though it acts ass ‘ng agent in neutral and basic mediums ol? can act as an oxidising agent in acidic, 04 ans Oe and neutral medium as following: e%fq neutral and weakly basic medium, it ‘undergoes the following change. MnO, + 2H,0 + 3e —~> MnO, + 4011 (p In strongly alkaline medium, MnO; + & —+ MnO; Permanganate ion ‘The manganate ion produced further reduced to MnO, when a reducing agent is present. MnO} + 2H,0 + 2e° —+ MnO, + 40H Hence, the complete reaction would be MnO; + 2H,0 + Se —> MnO, + 40H- (came reaction as neutral medium) (© In acidic medium, MnO, + 8H’ + 5e° —> Mn” + 4H,0 We see that in basic and neutral medium MnO, a brown ppt. is obtained which will hinder the observation of the colour change at the end point. Hence, the acidic medium is choosen for the titration. (50. Why do we titrate Mohr’s salt and not FeSO, with KMnO,? ‘Ans. Because FeSO, gets readily oxidised by air thereby change in the composition or concentration of the solution would occur, introducing errors in the volumetric measurements. Q51. KMn0, solution bottle develops a brown layer on glass, why? ‘Ans. Due to the decomposition of KMnO, to MnO, in presence of light and heat. (Q52 Why do we heat the oxalic acid solution to 60-70°C in case of oxalic acid-KMn0, titration? Ans. To increase the rate of reaction as the rate of the reaction between them is very slow at room temperature. 53. Why is strong heating at 100°C not recom- mended? Ans. On strong heating oxalic acid may decompose 0 CO, and CO thereby change in concentration of the solution will occur. 54. Mohr’s salt ve KMnO, titration is done in cold why not in hot? As (a) The rate of reaction is fairly high at room temperature, hence there is no need to heat. Manganate ion a Qs. Ans. 0.56. Ans. Q097. Ans. Q58. Ans. Ans. Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. Q.62. Ans. Q.63. ‘Ans. Ans, oxidised to Fe” at high (b) Fe? get temperature the end point? or Mohr’s salt full and an extra drop of the solution. w At the end point oxalic acid 4s oxidised to CO, o Fe KMn0, furnishes pink colour in What is the colour of Mn”? Mn” ions are light pink but in ‘ lour at the end point at happen dilute appear solutions, colourless, The pink cok due to MnO; ions and not due to Ma What is the meaning of auto-catalysis im ration to KMnO, 0» oxalic acid titration? Mn” ions produced during the initial stat Aitalyse the reaction and the react t catalysis eof the titration, catal; is fast later. It is called auto~ What is meant by normal solution? A solution containing 1 gram equivalent of solute dissolved per litre of solution is called a normal solution. What is the equivalent weight of KMnO, acidic and basic media? In acidie medium equivalent, weight Molecular weight _ 158 _ 346 sgt ee In neutral or feebly basic medium, Equivalent Molecular weight 2.6. 3 Why is KMnO, solution not filtered through filter paper? Filter paper being organic matter reduces KMnO, and itself gets oxidised. Why should KMnO, be stored in dark place? It slowly decomposes on exposure to sunlight What is a molar solution? A solution containing 1 g mole of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution is called a molar solution. Which out of molar and molal solution will not undergo change in concentration with change in temperature? Molal solution will not undergo change in cone. with temperature. Molality depends on weight of solvent and molarity depends on volume of solution. With change in temperature weight remains same but volume changes. Hence, molal solution's concentration does not change with change in temperature weight = What is the minimum weight that can be weighed with the chemical balance? On a usual balance provided with a ided wi rider we can weigh 2x 10+ g (with rider) r Volumetric Analysis 111 Scanned with CamScanner