Chapter 13
The Transfer of Heat
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13.1 Convection
CONVECTION
Convection is the process in which heat is carried from one place
to another by the bulk movement of a fluid.
convection
currents
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13.1 Convection
Conceptual Example 1 Hot Water Baseboard Heating and
Refrigerators
Hot water baseboard heating units are mounted on the wall next to
the floor. The cooling coil in a refrigerator is mounted near the top of
the refrigerator. Each location is designed to maximize the production
of convection currents. Explain how.
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Hot water baseboard heating units are mounted on
the wall next to the floor.
The air above the baseboard unit is heated, like the air above a
fire. Buoyant forces from the surrounding cooler air push the
warm air upward. Cooler air near the ceiling is displaced
downward and then warmed by the baseboard heating unit,
causing the convection current illustrated in Figure (a)
The cooling coil in a refrigerator is mounted near the
top of the refrigerator.
Within the refrigerator, air in contact with the topmounted coil is
cooled, its volume decreases, and its density increases. The
surrounding warmer and less dense air cannot provide sufficient
buoyant force to support the cooler air, which sinks downward.
In the process, warmer air near the bottom of the refrigerator is
displaced upward and is then cooled by the coil, establishing
the convection current shown in Figure (b).
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13.1 Convection
“Thermals” can be used by glider pilots to gain considerable
altitude.
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13.1 Convection
Forced Convection
High Temperature
The forced convection generated by a
pump circulates radiator fluid through an
automobile engine to remove excess heat.
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13.2 Conduction
CONDUCTION
Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly through
a material, with any bulk motion of the material playing no role in the
transfer.
One mechanism for conduction occurs when the atoms or molecules
in a hotter part of the material vibrate or move with greater energy than
those in a cooler part.
By means of collisions, the more energetic molecules pass on some of
their energy to their less energetic neighbors.
Materials that conduct heat well are called thermal conductors, and those
that conduct heat poorly are called thermal insulators.
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13.2 Conduction
The amount of heat Q that is conducted through the bar depends on
a number of factors:
1. The time during which conduction takes place.
2. The temperature difference between the ends of the bar.
3. The cross sectional area of the bar.
4. The length of the bar.
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13.2 Conduction
Conceptual Example 5 An Iced-Up Refrigerator
In a refrigerator, heat is removed by a cold
refrigerant fluid that circulates within a
tubular space embedded within a metal
plate. Decide whether the plate should
be made from aluminum or stainless steel
and whether the arrangement works better
or worse when it becomes coated with
a layer of ice.
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13.3 Radiation
RADIATION
Radiation is the process in which
energy is transferred by means of
electromagnetic waves.
A material that is a good absorber
is also a good emitter.
A material that absorbs completely
is called a perfect blackbody.
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13.4 Applications
A thermos bottle minimizes heat
transfer via conduction, convection,
and radiation.
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13.4 Applications
The halogen cooktop stove creates
electromagnetic energy that passes
through the ceramic top and is absorbed
directly by the bottom of the pot.
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