Tutorial

Chapter 26

11. A ray of light impinges from air onto a block of ice (n = 1.309) at a 50.0° angle of
incidence. Assuming that this angle remains the same, find the difference θ2,ice -
θ2,water,water in the angles when the ice turns to water (n = 1.333).

11. REASONING The angle of refraction 2 is related to the angle of incidence 1 by Snell’s
law, n1 sin 1  n2 sin 2 (Equation 26.2), where n1 and n2 are, respectively the indices
of refraction of the incident and refracting media. For each case (ice and water), the
variables 1, n1 and n2, are known, so the angles of refraction can be determined.

SOLUTION The ray of light impinges from air (n1 = 1.000) onto either the ice or water at
an angle of incidence of 1 = 50.0. Using n2 = 1.309 for ice and n2 = 1.333 for water, we
find that the angles of refraction are

n1 sin 1  n1 sin 1 
sin 2 = or 2  sin 1  
n2  n2 

 1.000  sin 50.0 

Ice 2, ice  sin 1    35.8
 1.309

 1.000  sin 50.0 

Water 2, water  sin 1    35.1
 1.333

The difference in the angles of refraction is 2, ice  2, water  35.8    0.7

13. The drawing shows a coin resting on the bottom of a beaker filled with an
unknown liquid. A ray of light from the coin travels to the surface of the liquid and is
refracted as it enters into the air. A person sees the ray as it skims just above the
surface of the liquid. How fast is the light traveling in the liquid?

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 1 Dr. S.H. Choy

13. REASONING We will use the geometry of the situation to determine the angle of
incidence. Once the angle of incidence is known, we can use Snell's law to find the index of
refraction of the unknown liquid. The speed of light v in the liquid can then be determined.

SOLUTION From the drawing in the text, we see that the angle of incidence at the
liquid-air interface is

 5.00 cm 
1  tan 1    39.8
 6.00 cm 

The drawing also shows that the angle of refraction is 90.0°. Thus, according to
Snell's law (Equation 26.2: n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2 ), the index of refraction of the unknown
liquid is

n2 sin 2 (1.000) (sin 90.0)

n1    1.56
sin1 sin 39.8

From Equation 26.1 ( n  c/v ), we find that the speed of light in the unknown liquid
is

c 3.00 108 m/s

v   1.92 108 m/s
n1 1.56

19. A man in a boat is looking straight down at a fish in the water (n = 1.333) directly
beneath him. The fish is looking straight up at the man. They are equidistant from the
air/water interface. To the man, the fish appears to be 1.5 m beneath his eyes. To the
fish, how far above its eyes does the man appear to be?

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 2 Dr. S.H. Choy

19. SSM REASONING Following the discussion in
Conceptual Example 4, we have the drawing at the right to use
as a guide. In this drawing the symbol d refers to depths in the
water, while the symbol h refers to heights in the air above the h
water. Moreover, symbols with a prime denote apparent h
distances, and unprimed symbols denote actual distances. We
will use Equation 26.3 to relate apparent distances to actual Air
distances. In so doing, we will use the fact that the refractive Water
d
index of air is essentially nair = 1 and denote the refractive index
d
of water by nw = 1.333 (see Table 26.1).

SOLUTION To the fish, the man appears to be a distance

above the air-water interface that is given by Equation 26.3 as
h  h  nw /1 . Thus, measured above

the eyes of the fish, the man appears to be located at a

distance of

n 
h  d  h  w   d (1)
 1 

To the man, the fish appears to be a distance below the air-water interface that is
 
given by Equation 26.3 as d   d 1/ nw . Thus, measured below the man’s eyes, the fish
appears to be located at a distance of

 1 
h  d  h  d   (2)
 n w 

Dividing Equation (1) by Equation (2) and using the fact that h = d, we find

n 
h  w   d
h  d  1  nw  1
   nw (3)
h  d   1  1  1
h  d   nw
 n w 

In Equation (3), h  d is the distance we seek, and h  d  is given as 1.5 m. Thus,
we find

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 3 Dr. S.H. Choy

 h  d  nw  h  d    1.3331.5 m   2.0 m

27. A glass is half-full of water, with a layer of oil (n = 1.47) floating on top. A ray of
light traveling downward through the oil is incident on the water at an angle of 71.4°.
Take the refraction index of water to be 1.333. (a) Determine the critical angle for the
oil-water interface. (b) Will the ray penetrate into the water?

27. REASONING The light ray traveling in the oil can only penetrate into the water if it does
not undergo total internal reflection at the boundary between the oil and the water.
Total internal reflection will occur if the angle of incidence θ = 71.4° is greater than the
critical angle θc for these two media. The critical angle is found from

n2
sin c  (26.4)
n1

where n2 = 1.333 is the index of refraction of water (see Table 26.1), and n1 = 1.47 is
the index of refraction of the oil.

SOLUTION Solving Equation 26.4 for θc, we obtain

n   1.333 
c  sin 1  2   sin 1    65.1
 n1   1.47 

Comparing this result to θ = 71.4°, we see that the angle of incidence is greater than the
critical angle (θ > θc). Therefore, the ray of light will not enter the water ; it will instead
undergo total internal reflection within the oil.

33. The drawing shows a crystalline quartz (refractive index 1.544) with a rectangular
cross section. A ray of light strikes the slab at an incident angle of 1 = 34.0°, enters
the slab, and travels to point P. This slab is surrounded by a fluid with a refractive
index n. What is the maximum value of n such that total internal reflection occurs at
point P?

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 4 Dr. S.H. Choy

33. REASONING Total internal reflection will occur
at point P provided that the angle  in the drawing
P
at the right exceeds the critical angle. This angle is
determined by the angle 2 at which the light rays 

enter the quartz slab. We can determine 2 by

using Snell’s law of refraction and the incident
angle, which is given as 1 = 34°.

SOLUTION Using n for the refractive index of the fluid that surrounds the crystalline
quartz slab and nq for the refractive index of quartz and applying Snell’s law give

n
n sin 1  nq sin  2 or sin  2  sin 1 (1)
nq

But when  equals the critical angle, we have from Equation 26.4 that

n
sin   sin  c  (2)
nq

According to the geometry in the drawing above,  = 90° – 2. As a result,

Equation (2) becomes

sin  90   2   cos  2 

n
(3)
nq

Squaring Equation (3), using the fact that sin22 + cos22 = 1, and substituting from
Equation (1), we obtain

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 5 Dr. S.H. Choy

 n2 n2
cos 2  2  1  sin 2  2  1  sin 2
1  (4)
nq2 nq2

Solving Equation (4) for n and using the value given in Table 26.1 for the refractive
index of crystalline quartz, we find

nq 1.544
n   1.35
1+sin 1 1+sin 34
2 2

43. A ray of sunlight is passing from diamond into crown glass; the angle of incidence
is 35.00°. The indices of refraction for the blue and red components of the ray are:
blue (ndiamond = 2.444, ncrown glass = 1.531), and red (ndiamond = 2.410, ncrown glass = 1.520).
Determine the angle between the refracted blue and red rays in the crown glass.

43. REASONING The angle of each refracted ray in the crown glass can be obtained from
Snell’s law (Equation 26.2) as ndiamond sin 1 = ncrown glass sin 2, where 1 is the angle of
incidence and 2 is the angle of refraction.

SOLUTION The angles of refraction for the red and blue rays are:

n sin 1    2.444  sin 35.00 

Blue ray  2  sin 1  diamond
  sin 1    66.29
 ncrown glass   1.531 
 

n sin 1   2.410 sin 35.00 

Red ray  2  sin 1  diamond   sin 1    65.43
 ncrown glass   1.520
 

The angle between the blue and red rays is

 blue   red  66.29  65.43  0.86

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 6 Dr. S.H. Choy

47. The drawing illustrates the dispersion of light by a prism. The prism is made from
a certain type of glass, and has a cross section shaped like an equilateral triangle. The
indices of refraction for the red and violet light in this type of glass are 1.662 and
1.698, respectively. The angle of incidence for both the red and violet light is 55.0°.
Find the angles of refraction at which the (a) red and (b) violet rays emerge into the
air from the prism.

47. REASONING We can use Snell's law (Equation 26.2: n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2 ) at each face of
the prism. At the first interface where the ray enters the prism, n1 = 1.000 for air and n2 = ng
for glass. Thus, Snell's law gives

sin 55.0
1 sin 55.0  ng sin 2 or sin 2  (1)
ng
We will represent the angles of incidence and refraction at the second interface as
1 and  2 , respectively. Since the triangle is an equilateral triangle, the angle of incidence
at the second interface, where the ray emerges back into air, is 1  60.0  2 . Therefore,
at the second interface, where n1 = ng and n2 = 1.000, Snell’s law becomes

ng sin (60.0  2 )  1 sin 2 (2)

We can now use Equations (1) and (2) to determine the angles of refraction  2 at
which the red and violet rays emerge into the air from the prism.

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 7 Dr. S.H. Choy

 SOLUTION

Red Ray The index of refraction of flint glass at the wavelength of red light is
ng = 1.662. Therefore, using Equation (1), we can find the angle of refraction for the red ray
as it enters the prism:

sin 55.0
sin 2   0.493 or 2  sin 1 0.493  29.5
1.662

Substituting this value for 2 into Equation (2), we can find the angle of refraction at
which the red ray emerges from the prism:

sin 2  1.662 sin  60.0  29.5  0.844 or 2  sin 1 0.844  57.51

Violet Ray For violet light, the index of refraction for glass is ng = 1.698. Again
using Equation (1), we find

sin 55.0
sin 2   0.482 or 2  sin 1 0.482  28.8
1.698

Using Equation (2), we find

sin 2  1.698 sin  60.0  28.8  0.880 or 2  sin 1 0.880  61.60

51. A camera is supplied with two interchangeable lenses, whose focal lengths are
30.0 and 150.0 mm. A woman whose height is 1.60 m stands 9.00 m in front of the
camera. What is the height (including sign) of her image on the image sensor, as
produced by (a) the 30.0-mm lens and (b) the 150.0-mm lens?

51. REASONING We can use the magnification equation (Equation 26.7) to determine the
image height hi. This equation is

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 8 Dr. S.H. Choy

 hi di  d 
 or hi  ho   i  (26.7)
ho do  d 
 o

We are given the object height ho and the object distance do. Thus, we need to begin by
finding the image distance di, for which we use the thin-lens equation (Equation 26.6):

1 1 1 1 1 1 do  f fdo
  or    or di  (26.6)
d o di f di f d o fdo do  f

Substituting this result into Equation 26.7 gives

 d   1  fdo   f 
hi  ho   i   ho      ho   (1)
 d   d  d  f
 o  o  o   f  do 

SOLUTION

a. Using Equation (1), we find that the image height for the 35.0-mm lens is

 
 f 
 30.0  103 m   0.00535 m
 f  d  
hi  ho   1.60 m 
 o 

  3

30.0  10 m  9.00 m 


b. Using Equation (1), we find that the image height for the 150.0-mm lens is

 
 f  150.0 103 m
 f  d  
hi  ho   1.60 m     0.0271 m
 o

 
150.0 10 m  9.00 m 
3
 

Both heights are negative because the images are inverted with respect to the object.

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 9 Dr. S.H. Choy

55. A tourist takes a picture of a mountain 14 km away using a camera that has a lens
with a focal length of 50 mm. She then takes a second picture when she is only 5.0 km
away. What is the ratio of the height of the mountain’s image on the camera’s image
sensor for the second picture to its height on the image sensor for the first picture?

55. REASONING The height of the mountain’s image is given by the magnification equation
as hi = –hodi/do. To use this expression, however, we will need to know the image distance
di, which can be determined using the thin-lens equation. Knowing the image distance, we
can apply the expression for the image height directly to calculate the desired ratio.

SOLUTION According to the thin-lens equation, we have

1 1 1
  (1)
di do f

For both pictures, the object distance do is very large compared to the focal length f.
Therefore, 1/do is negligible compared to 1/f, and the thin-lens equation indicates that di = f.
As a result, the magnification equation indicates that the image height is given by

ho di ho f
hi  – – (2)
do do

Applying Equation (2) for the two pictures and noting that in each case the object
height ho and the focal length f are the same, we find

 ho f 
 – 
 hi 5 km  do 5 km  do 14 km 14 km
    2.8
 hi 14 km  ho f   do  5.0 km
 –  5 km
 d o 14 km

61. An object is 15 cm in front of a diverging lens that has a focal length of -12 cm.
How far in front of the lens should the object be placed so that the size of its image is
reduced by a factor of 2.0?

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 10 Dr. S.H. Choy

61. REASONING The magnification equation (Equation 26.7) relates the object and image
distances do and d i , respectively, to the relative size of the of the image and object:
m  ? d i / d o ) . We consider two cases: in case 1, the object is placed 15 cm in front of a
diverging lens. The magnification for this case is given by m1. In case 2, the object is moved
so that the magnification m 2 is reduced by a factor of 2 compared to that in case 1. In other
1
words, we have m 2  m 1 . Using Equation 26.7, we can write this as
2

d i2 1  d i1 
–  –   (1)
d o2 2  d o1 

This expression can be solved for do2. First, however, we must find a numerical
value for di1, and we must eliminate the variable di2.

SOLUTION

The image distance for case 1 can be found from the thin-lens equation [Equation
26.6: (1/ d o )  (1/ d i )  (1/ f ) ]. The problem statement gives the focal length as
f  –12 cm . Since the object is 15 cm in front of the diverging lens, d o1 18 cm . Solving
for di1, we find

1 1 1 1 1
 –  - or di1 = -6.7 cm
di1 f do1 -12 cm 15 cm

where the minus sign indicates that the image is virtual. Solving Equation (1) for do2,
we have

 d o1 
d o2  2d i2   (2)
 d i1 

To eliminate di2 from this result, we note that the thin-lens equation applied to case
2 gives

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 11 Dr. S.H. Choy

 1 1 1 do 2 – f f d o2
 –  or d i2 
d i2 f d o2 f d o2 d o2  f

Substituting this expression for di2 into Equation (2), we have

 2 f d o2  d o1   d o1 
d o2     or d o2  f  2 f  
 d o2  f  d i1   d i1 

Solving for do2, we find

 d     15 cm  
do2  f  2  o1   1  (-12cm)  2  -6.7 cm   1  42 cm
  di1      

AP10001 Introduction to Physics 12 Dr. S.H. Choy