Mechanics Of Material(MOM)
LAB REPORT:7
Semester = 4th Spring 2020
Date: 27/07/2020
Submitted by :
Hasnain Amin
Registration No:
18PWMCT0619
Section:
B
Submited to:
Engr. Wahad Ur Rehman
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR
Lab 07 : To measure the stiffness of an extension spring by Theoretical
and experimental
Objective:
To know about different type of spring
To know about the stiffness of spring
To know how to find stiffness of the spring both theoretically and experimentally
To find out the dependency of stiffness of the spring on different parameters
Software/Hardware:
Extension of spring apparatus
Hangers
Weights
Vernier Caliper.
Meter Rule
Theory:
A spring is an object that can be deformed by a force and then return to its original
shape after the force is removed. Its sole purpose is to store and utilize the energy.
Two types of deformation occur in a spring.
Elastic Deformation: When the stress is removed the material returns to the
dimension it had before the load was applied. The deformation is reversible, non-
permanent.
Plastic Deformation: This occurs when a large stress is applied to a material. The
stress is so large that when removed, the material does not spring back to its previous
dimension. There is a permanent, irreversible deformation.
The minimum value of the stress which produces plastic deformation is known as the
elastic limit for the material.
Any spring should be designed so that it only experience upto elastic deformation
mostly for efficient working.
Figure:
Fig:7.1:SS of Spring Fig:7.2: SS of Experimental Setup
Types of Spring:
Tension spring
The spring is designed to operate with a tension load, so the spring stretches as the load is
applied to it.
Fig:7.3:SS of Tension Spring
Compression Spring:
It is designed to operate with a compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is
applied to it.
Fig:7.4:SS of Compression Spring
Torsion Spring:
The load applied to a torsion spring is a torque or twisting force, and the end of the spring
rotates through an angle as the load is applied.
Fig:7.5:SS of Torsion Spring
Constant spring:
In this the supported load will remain constant throughout the deflection of spring.
Fig:7.6:SS of Constant Spring
Variable Spring:
In this, the resistance of the coil to load varies during compression.
Fig:7.7:SS of Varaible Spring
And There are many types of spring available at the market on the basis of
SHAPES.
Procedure:
Take a spring having specific number of turns and diameter.
To find theoretically stiffness we have to find number of turn(N), Wire diameter(d),
spring diameter(D) and modulus of rigidity(G).
Put these value in the Formula.
Theoretically stiffness will be obtained.
Now for experimentally following step should me followed.
Measure the diameter of wire and outer diameter of spring with the help of Vernier
caliper.
Fit the extension spring in the spring support as shown in Fig.7.2.
Load the spring by weight increments recording the change in length of the spring up
to the greatest readable deflection or the max load.
Record the spring dimensions Repeat the same process for other springs and record
the readings.
Theoretically Stiffness:
Stiffness of the spring for N=52
Wire diameter (d) = 1.08(mm)
Spring O/D = 12.274(mm)
Number of active turns (N) =79
Modulus of rigidity (G) = 77 (kN/ mm2 )
Putting the values in the formula
K=(1.08)4.(77)/8(52)(12.74)3
K=1.217x10-4N/mm2
Stiffness of the spring for N=57:
Putting the same value in the above formula and number of turn is N=57.
K=(1.08)4.(77)/8(57)(12.74)3
K=1.1109x10-4N/mm2
Stiffness of the spring for N=79:
Putting value in the above formula
K=(1.08)4.(77)/8(79)(12.74)3
K=7.996x10-5N/mm2
Experimentally stiffness:
Observation and Calculation:
Table:7.1:Observation table
Experimentally Result:
K=∆ F /∆ x
K=7.16-6.16/44.5-32.5
K=8.334x10-2N/mm2
Graph:
Fig.7.8:SS of graph
Observation and calculation:
Experimental Result:
K=∆ F /∆ x
K=179.5-172/27.5-20
K=1N/mm2
Graph:
Fig.7.9: SS of Graph
Experimental Result:
K=∆ F /∆ x
K=211.5-198.5/58-45
K=1N/mm2
Graph:
Fig.7.10:SS of Graph
Combine Result:
Fig.7.11:SS of Graph
Derive the stiffness of the spring formula
Draw the following curve using MATLA
Code in Matlab:
d = [0.5:0.1:2]; % Wire diameter
D = 12.74; % Spring diameter
N = 79; % No. of turns
G = 77E3; % Modulus of rigidity
k = d.^4*G/(8*N*D^3); % Stiffness
plot (d,k, '-bS','LineWidth',4,'MarkerEdgeColor','g','MarkerSize',10,'MarkerFaceColor','g')
hold on;
title("Hasnain Amin, 18pwmct0619",'FontSize',24,'FontName','Times New
Roman','FontWeight','bold')
xlabel("Wire Diameter in mm",'FontSize',24,'FontName','Times New
Roman','FontWeight','bold')
ylabel("Stiffness",'FontSize',24,'FontName','Times New Roman','FontWeight','bold')
Graph:
Fig.7.12:SS of Graph
Code in Matlab:
D = [8:0.05:16]; % Spring Diameter
d = 1.03; % Wire Diameter
N = 79; % No. of turns
G = 77E3; % Modulus of rigidity
k =d^4*G./(8*N*D.^3); % Stiffness
plot (D,k)
hold on;
title("Hasnain Amin, 18pwmct0619",'FontSize',24,'FontName','Times New
Roman','FontWeight','bold')
xlabel("Spring Diameter in mm",'FontSize',24,'FontName','Times New
Roman','FontWeight','bold')
ylabel("Stiffness",'FontSize',24,'FontName','Times New Roman','FontWeight','bold')
Graph:
Fig.7.13:SS of Graph
