oF Tale) Tae Cla iaelaea eel aval e learningAcknowledgements Introduction Module 1 Global Atmospheric Conditions 3 Module 2 Weather Systems, Climatic Change, Microclimates 19 Module 3 Vegetation Types 35 Module 4 Soil Formation and Soil Conservation 51 Module 5__ oe: Economic Structure 65 Module 6 ‘ Agriculture 6 Module 7 104 Industry " Module 8 Module 9 Development and Underdevelopment Module 10 Global Disparities in Development Module 11 Regional and Local Diss in Development Module 12 Measures to Overcome DisparitieIntroduction i Purpose The Caibbean Examinations Council ( nd Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Fxsmination * eto f innerpe, a ended for 2 ex ; factual inform soe to the level of dhe CSEC MH Course Aims The course aims to enable student 1 develop an understanin ation distribution Gol: plese 2 develop rstanng ofthe nature of Physical 0 Hum. aphy and their interac esplain the pn hin Physical 4 develop an understanding ofthe environmental 5 develop an appreciati : Ps ms in the ial 6 encourage an app 7 lp in the understanding and appl spatial models an i 8 develop an understanding of th echniques, the acquisition of praia skills an an appreciation of information x enbance geo Structure he reso ructutal Managing Your Tim Module Structure‘The force of gravity influences all atmosphere processes. The ai eld to the earth by gravity an loser tothe ground the ats compressed ‘ntoan increasingly smaller space bythe weight ofthe sr above The dir exerts on i tegions are wetter chan colder ai continental areas. ‘Meadule2 on Weather Systems and Micrclimates wil look more closely ‘at processes operating ona smaller sae, I wil be fcused on systems ‘which reste changing weather Ic will also examine climate change land plbal warming, Content © Global heat budget and patterns of vertical and horizontal temperature variaion Global potters of verti and borizontal pressure variation and ‘sce and upper wind eeulation, s+ Atmospheric humidity condensation and types of precipitation. Global Heat Budget The atmosphere “The earths atmosphere i thin (a ‘mete’ 1000 kam atts maximum stent as compared tothe earth’ adi of more than 6 000) sel ofA abet ot H fenengy that athe ener Insolation Piawre 3 Argo) othi igure 1.6 Fauinaxandthe cele of MunnatonLong wave radiation Pr PReea coagrcns ol in sain bleee te LESSEE Ti at elas oe reached in OP ee a ae igs wmpeaures of he de as asm de equatorial belt reduces loud cover, More frequent cou Seu merci, Yuce decrease ows he PO. Ine ec ery Pe 17. Bate sul oar ees plc. The cn bal Abed bythe ocean and atmonphere a oe aides emery enter maintained because Tent high lates. This s accom ghee 20 percent. ego meta Se 2 Sensible heat is hea A above, initially | Som ttanteren theo 2 Te tee tetas se inc, Brim cro Be Sade ant a‘or higher). Conversely, La Nida episodes are associated with stronger Pacific trade ‘winds and warmer sea temperatures and enhanced rainfall over much of ‘Australia, The waters in the central and eastern topical Pacific Ossan ‘become cooler during this time. La Nifia events create conditions that are ‘more favourable for the development of burricanes in the Caribbean as Volcanic eruptions send dust and gases into the stratosphere where they remain tend to cover the globe. In pariculay, sulphur ‘apr aid which is highly receive and Seater incoming soar radiation. ide in the atmosphere fet the der Pastoral activity 1 ent greenhouse 28-1 peste enh 8 al veetsion wich | acral on nreaning amount carbor slo a nc ‘One mea reduce carbon dioxide p ‘trap the very solar enexgy and use Sins 1 ce ond enewsGeography Unt2 sof human acti 00 sl 700 os of ntercepion of eal nreaad {less itation ond rept, Soil conservation Agronomic Method:5 Economic Structure Ts ed Introduction PONTTESETTTIMEEETAM Ecoriomic activities fall nto one of five cae pets hae tertiary, uatemary and quinary These an factors, including the physical environ rc resources available for use, culture, which may af ey and agricultural activity, the level of techn ‘country, which has implications for the provi level of efficiency of the industries inthe Which may affect the location and types of country and economic factors such as make an Anata tees This module defines the five ca examples of each, Their changing and reasons for those changes wil to economic development will also be examined, Gree oer ee eee) Content ees napoli ‘The characteristics of primary secondary, tert The changing relative importance ofthe ty The reasons for the changes and the relat development Characteristics of Economic Activities Primary Sector Primary economic activities refer a involves the prediction of raw mater a6 Agriculture ‘General objectives eee erent eet os eer Introduction Many diferent factors influence the kindof agriculture practised in a particular area. Among these ate climate, soi, water availability, ‘topography, proximity to matlets transportation faites, land cost technology and general level of economic development. Climate, sa ‘water availability and topography vary widely throughout the world. Thi ‘atiation brings about a wide range inthe scale of agricultural production Food products include cereals, 100 crops, and vegetables, while animals tanging from cate to goats ate seared in pastoral settings. Raw material for agro-processing industries incidessupae to make nim and molasses and cota for textiles, while eattle may provide bee as well sides for leather “The spatial organisation of agriculture i examined by Von Thunen who looked at the efet of uansportation costs on agricultural production. His theory produce a model of concentric rings around a centalised market, and ineroduced concep of loeational rent, and maygns of elation fn transference, This theory as limited applicability today because of the changes in technology and transport since it was formulate, Agriculture's dependence an the physical environment can often lead to ‘dggaiation and pollution if sustainable farming isnot practised. The tdlects of agriculture on the envionment wil vary according tothe scale ‘Of the agricultural activity as well as its location, certain enviroments fre more fragile than others and, therefore, more prone to damage tlso wary because of cultural practices, Content Modern faming inthe Baopean Union able, lestoc 1 edidonal and non-adtionalarcure inthe Caribbean ctor influencing arming inte Caribbean and the Earopean Unie nent impact of asc ad envonmental confits = evo pcan MD and Doe son Thunen’s model of allan we. ‘Economic change in agriculeure. tou ipac imate change on farming systems LDCSBfeicransponation, land and pr ete se 5 nd profit and produc meres prouct for market Bee mms therefore farmed near the city. Product B sells fr les tut has eng transport costs, becomes the most profitable product ; transport costs. Ata certain distan Distance rom city ———>- tape Graxng Residential + Cayce Figure 6 von Thuner’s Model Yon Thuner’s model has some applicability expecially at the loca level Gane eck of and use do not nezsuy ent mun y wen Cem, But many areas expetialy at he local scale do sbow pater wl ae ooe to Von Thunens land use mode. The more rote of Toad the area under examination, the moe key sc confers > Retnieel i tclpkgal ages and farms the concene of distance as ates evant wo travel one rather tha eanspor costs, HOT Men Thumen-qpe pater ae evident ine immediate neha! flag cess othe il farms of southern Ul. As te eta themaretplce increases, crop invensiication descases N69 tansra ‘tes no being well develope. ‘Av the national or international scale, the a ee arraly, changes and mmproverenes So eect fae nace sony of his obmervaione 0 NG Tee, ‘Thunen’s model greatly oversimplified many ‘real-world situat imitations of Von Thunea’spractical exercise: Flow lines Flovline maps should be as unite rea : ; Ads must be chosen sth ’ : Begs Brig 1 ow Line map 4 Decide ona scale and draw a 2- Look up the value of the fst av 4-Drawan arrowhead to show the direction of move. 6 Ada tite to say what the map shows. Thousand tonnes of bananas Gountry | Volume of Banana Export (tonnes) Sites 75000 lines tothe map ia Figure 68 ce rot from the three countries bsted in1B ceography Unt? sirmanentercinee ent of cabbean come nde Fotbct ee sun wc ry mae th ge imseduton pasa gvo xpecaly mimestone dant Tossancrargl tht ic5eP° si rounawete for domestic on gi Tesedoroenscs foroarele arse eresingy tonic elles scat raed vastcralegese Ie tame the carbon Nera a amingrebecoringmoxewicese? reer cn he SEAL Bee tet fs take 1 Sere ured decd and cated he Taio eee onthe ysl enormeif Industry cancun or ea Introduction the late 18th cent nd in the 20 of Ena states, resulted in a drasti gh sole towns expanded OF Were created jan core ne ey hie eye ay oprar se Pr eres This mole discus the chang inthe manufac sou lth and 2st centres. Changes in ehnolagy ene aig Shaan a chap tant have apn release eben Any Some arc i th MDC hate Race ced ses haber eindtslaed SP = tteernraciuie i : 'Geography Unit 2 strial location wear eo wi ada hecrss eg Al es he le coe San aie a haocy a in A Ce So us) and hy wee all "im a Tey theory of indus weber's pe eae, He rte an 52 elma bt vale iar ty tein a cone Caen ela of tems and sane verve Hoo Seaton ee sone ems aerial 0 ' porn ae nde tind the‘atvity 71 figure 71 Weber last cot location model Poi islocation of he a rawmaterial2 b cheap abour Pri Xis location of © ‘matkt location 4 maximum transport, Theran material inthe diagram would have a material index 2 eualteone geaterthon one 4 negative one Inthe century singe Weber proposed his theory, many changes in tology and transport have affected the relevance of his model Seme of the limitations are * TRansport com is no longer dretly proportional to distance nor ist «Stor given weights of materials. Passport cons are ae the bass of lcational decisions («10 pe (eat of ost), There are improved modes and reduced costs & Bestcity is ubiquitous tours mobile waGeography Uni iby th that is, relations between com ion, it ‘nore important than his rong seme as emer vee aprach o Last cos locaton ss pa bs ober stati Te of illerent actos iia aaa of yes wold. Ua be applied slobally actos Serre ema sn a a renter sees navonal boundaries and isodapanes Gael ode Factors Influencing Industrial Develop and Change in a Major Industrial Region i MDC- North East United States ‘The actors mentioned above such as raw material ‘ain ones initiating che development of NE 4s dsewhere was atthe core of inked industries assembly and chemicals. Figure 7.2 shows the g “omens tering ice Soa fool Neri nd Wagon es ‘oevareo Cleland, Devt and Chagas aw trl Mos lc: inde eions ‘of available coal anc iron ead United States, cea ftom the Lake Superior shores fed the Pitsburg deve bur deco dose Towns such asfa, Baki ped fit printed. a fds neds Figure 72 dsr ein Development. Linkages beewcen industries couse industri areas to grow: Fanctional Tikes refer to the inks becween industries, for example, sec i the a material of many other industries, There a ok Ferrod linkages between ste! industry aml car manufacturers ship hulding an later airrat making (that inthe duccton ofthe finshed peo, Backward hneages with industries producing the ensgonent parts or semi-finished raw’ material, for cxample textile VenclKinkages where refining industries would be linked t shaping tend product, for example pup eo newepnint Horizontal linkages (olicrigin) refer to shared product fom semble pats, such as brakes, tes, radiators fr the atonmobile Digna! nkges auli-destinaion| aise when che products share by subsequent industries, for example nts and bolts use by cars shocks and appliances, These processes resulted in ‘locational leaders’ of industry ~ heavyFique 9.3 Poverty ino Figure 94 Selingapercor nis mere ete © What aspects of the country are shown in the phocographs above? Why do these differences exist, especially in countries with linge porlatons? Figure 9.6 Aoement compl Fewe 3.5 wat sng enunery Hot, why not © Arc these images ci a deve 5 you expect to Mating psf dersph the Rural En Geography nit thug Aap is proving Ea Acta aml Comm Tt he Windsor Case Fama ea i vegcable— mat al es which Fo ob sok ole mara ret 2 Err lowed the group wo dai fone ae cr igaton a eat allowed forthe increase in produ ans and dip eter has ala provement int and lina a ncreass Fura aces, As the g7OUP prod ving of che larmen oyment opportunities for pe i asi, ex ‘enmity wl azo be increased case is provided to improve longterm These may include programm clr product, 0 improv parelpegt empibyertay pt eas Seed pceseee a eave VeRerne one form of mater ad Public or Official Development Assistance includes in ‘mverment assistance, known as bilateral aid as well donor agencies such asthe International Mon ‘Banks offering multlteal aid. Private Development Assistance comes from private nom ‘twaisations (NCOs) such asthe Red C ‘leer ais one Of the most common types of aid fend flow dice det Angola eropmest ot Sem ithas does latent yn In th natin incre ‘only five countries (Norway. Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands anv eg easel ac tmge ae O74 peal income nai Japan ges US 10 developing counties, Sm ge aml es AMES a Lae ich hap cnn The Sahel ce ec [en yun may ni ON Nh, A maa ewe many ees ae myn OR Dour Ssrunt esin tn me atVS ——— aid of multilateral Disadvantages of oe ia i ME ool oe gcbeepeipe Privassation of eesentil services st ‘government subsidy which may mal Population, Pi cote nancy ompanics are thereto make the enterpase prota and may dive che cost ofthe services out Condiionalites ean, therefore, havea hac increasing their poverty rather than co al eric, Non-governmental aid and ch. Less than 10 per ent ofa y aid sid scolected by non-governmental isto INGOs) hough voluntary donations. Aldus haiRecipients ‘Retivity 123Aid Impact Sdtecirlogy evelopment Aid that works Casostudy? ’ When Naomi Kwara was six years ol she started primary schoo el Acts, she capital of Ghana. Batly term later, she was forced 0 dP out Bess her mother could not alfor essential schol access our years later - thanks to help with schee costs ~ he has bee abe 8 Had sh een unable to return a school it would have been tage ! Hastus for Naomi but or her comamnity and her own cee BS ! {ens imo the classroom has a phenomenal ec, not HC ‘hem, hit thet fancy | Sgballs Naom! wil carn more and have more cconoasi ‘ndevendee, She willbe less hcl vo marty young have feReshma yh Thy we mor ibe ena casestudy2 ethno edema fis lives dramatically. She lived miles trom the nearest payline er merge nobile services re pouring villages and even opened a stationery shop HIN offer mobile services to er neighbour Petit ae loan and, with her son, began too No Ropista can now afford to send her children to school re future wellare of the family. The proces of offering sal loans {Spoor people who want to generate income is known a5 m om people have ben exciudd rom normal nancial saareeaand forced to rely on moneylenders who charge extortionate at oe dee bortowers further into poverty | = | pueproviding small oans (less than $200 ple (particular 5 aay ieaetualy an enormously eficient use of money: No ony an Te pal in full within months hut the repayments are recycled 2 tem ae eons to other women. The small Businesses n everyting cand baking to brick-making and bicycle repay, elpfamlics ane covery in Bangladesh, at afte of 10,000 women every month See families eat better, are healthier and besteredveated ton; And : aesEiy women who ear their own money usualy have more sll Shean more aay end more status in their homes and neighbourhoods Activity 12.4 Blateral aid flows rom 2 onegoverent to another Bete cporarrtieral cnpsiacien (NCO) bo a ean CORY savor counties tone COuY 4: one country to several countries ee 2 Malate aids chaneled ued i The Wor Bark save thechlren Ii actors without Borders 1 Them | © tenly tandivoniy © Wandin only ¢ Mandi ony te a? Wen f theses an example Fs My 2 ete buleig in otis © Providing pray education or 48ea bes mae eee harder oso “i They a aa jest 1 inal err vdbeed countries lack the rights wo ald no say “migration flows from LDCs development problems in LDCS, neither rc wil always be some corrupt ade vi to buy weapons ot build paces rather But even smal 5 of debe ei ‘example A prefer fo wse the pro Han improving thee people's aca vo rrnarkable results. F more than doubling school enrolment in Ugand sosfully stabilised HIV rates in Barking syogtammes that plans toad more than 4,500 teachers and 800 medial personnel Further debt cancellation would give impoverished country sovemie eter chance of reducing inequality and protecting the environment {Source: wor globalplic onyimages/plf0 Sdcbuboom. ral Appropriate Technology Appropriate technology may be defined as ‘an approach t community Aeveiopment consisting ofa body of knowledge, techniques, and an underying philosophy’ (Akabuc- 2000), Kes not sate eae 2s appropriate technology improves the productive capabilities of ‘community, the communiey ifluences and improves the lve technology as well The appropriateness of technology’ snot lin nly to job creation, using eal resources and tsi renewable {uety resouees, hi ii als about beng afordable, easy o manta ‘compatible with existing ineastructue, efficient inthe use of aR natural sours, environmentally Ito sal saa sti lly benign and partial wo smalKey Points Conclusiona a oli hey men suggested Further Reading us Aabos, A Development in T nt i woe peice RBs ret ftom men, Fand Sth, D. eon haphsuts.ond on . sooner wah fndtest x | 1 Desrbe two forms of ae : coer demiegine esterase eto coe Ene Feeback pe oF os pin on contrat ("© ao o® Eetaint Nigeria cra ft LETS octet inet 6 eee omens, Mclaren ue sfthe donor Usual there ave song econo Sthough poll es between te dona are Motes rea naye Ne Beereat ofthe county atte ai Several cour numberof counties. the aru smauctherseofincerest SH Chale ai id etened by chortle 0 Ottomans is rmre ey t0BE PON ne he pedi justiied and tere 0 tes The charles come unde hoCaribbean Examinations Council” ‘The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC®) has developed this self-study de to provide candidates both in and out of school with an additional ce to help you prepare for the CAPE® Geography Unit 2 examination, shave been prepared by experienced educators with expertise in the Saat ete | ao y concepts to be covered in each cored ee understanding and aplication of the concepts ee eee ser ened Distributed by | Nelson Thornes Caribbean I wii