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Chapter 2

Signal and Linear System Analysis

2.1 Problem Solutions

Problem 2.1

a. For the single-sided spectra, write the signal as

x1 (t) = 10 cos(4 t + =8) + 6 sin(8 t + 3 =4)

= 10 cos(4 t + =8) + 6 cos(8 t + 3 =4 =2)
= 10 cos(4 t + =8) + 6 cos(8 t + =4)
h i
= Re 10ej(4 t+ =8) + 6ej(8 t+ =4)

For the double-sided spectra, write the signal in terms of complex exponentials using Euler’s
theorem:

x1 (t) = 5 exp[j(4 t + =8)] + 5 exp[ j(4 t + =8)]

+3 exp[j(8 t + 3 =4)] + 3 exp[ j(8 t + 3 =4)]

The spectra are plotted in Fig. 2.1.

b. Write the given signal as

h i
x2 (t) = Re 8ej(2 t+ =3)
+ 4ej(6 t+ =4)

to plot the single-sided spectra. For the double-side spectra, write it as

x2 (t) = 4ej(2 t+ =3)

+ 4e j(2 t+ =3)
+ 2ej(6 t+ =4)
+ 2e j(6 t+ =4)

The spectra are plotted in Fig. 2.2.

1
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2 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

c. Change the sines to cosines by subtracting =2 from their arguments to get

x3 (t) = 2 cos (4 t + =8 =2) + 12 cos (10 t =2)

= 2 cos (4 t 3 =8) + 12 cos (10 t =2)
h i
= Re 2ej(4 t 3 =8) + 12ej(10 t =2)
= ej(4 t 3 =8)
+e j(4 t 3 =8)
+ 6ej(10 t =2)
+ 6e j(10 t =2)

Spectral plots are given in Fig. 2.3.

d. Use a trig identity to write

3 sin (18 t + =2) = 3 cos (18 t)

and get

x4 (t) = 2 cos (7 t + =4) + 3 cos (18 t)

h i
= Re 2ej(7 t+ =4) + 3ej18 t
= ej(7 t+ =4)
+e j(7 t+ =4)
+ 1:5ej18 t
+ 1:5e j18 t

From this it is seen that the singe-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes
2 and 3 at frequencies of 3.5 and 9 Hz, respectively, and the phase spectrum consists of
a line of height =4 at 3.5 Hz. The double-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of
amplitudes 1, 1, 1.5, and 1.5 at frequencies of 3.5, -3.5, 9, and -9 Hz, respectively. The
double-sided phase spectrum consists of lines of heights =4 and =4 at frequencies 3.5
Hz and 3:5 Hz, respectively.

e. Use sin (2 t) = cos (2 t =2) to write

x5 (t) = 5 cos (2 t =2) + 4 cos (5 t + =4)

h i
= Re 5ej(2 t =2)
+ 4ej(5 t+ =4)
= 2:5ej(2 t =2)
+ 2:5e j(2 t =2)
+ 2ej(5 t+ =4)
+ 2e j(5 t+ =4)

From this it is seen that the singe-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes
5 and 4 at frequencies of 1 and 2.5 Hz, respectively, and the phase spectrum consists of
lines of heights =2 and =4 at 1 and 2.5 Hz, respectively. The double-sided amplitude
spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes 2.5, 2.5, 2, and 2 at frequencies of 1, -1, 2.5, and
-2.5 Hz, respectively. The double-sided phase spectrum consists of lines of heights =2,
=2, =4, and =4 at frequencies of 1, -1, 2.5, and -2.5 Hz, respectively.
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2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 3

Single sided Double sided

6
10
8
4

Amplitude
Amplitude

6
4 2
2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz

0.8
0.5
0.6
Phase, rad

Phase, rad

0.4 0

0.2
-0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz

f. Use sin (10 t + =6) = cos (10 t + =6 =2) = cos (10 t =3) to write

x6 (t) = 3 cos (4 t + =8) + 4 cos (10 t =3)

h i
= Re 3ej(4 t+ =8) + 4ej(10 t =3)
= 1:5ej(4 t+ =8)
+ 1:5e j(4 t+ =8)
+ 2ej10 t =3)
+ 2e j(10 t =3)

From this it is seen that the singe-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes
3 and 4 at frequencies of 2 and 5 Hz, respectively, and the phase spectrum consists of
lines of heights =8 and =3 at 2 and 5 Hz, respectively. The double-sided amplitude
spectrum consists of lines of amplitudes 1.5, 1.5, 2, and 2 at frequencies of 2, -2, 5, and -5
Hz, respectively. The double-sided phase spectrum consists of lines of heights =8, =8,
=3, and =3 at frequencies of 2, -2, 5, and -5 Hz, respectively.
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4 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Single sided Double sided

5
8
4
6
Amplitude

Amplitude
3
4 2
2 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
f, Hz f, Hz

1
1
0.5
Phase, rad

Phase, rad

0.5 0

-0.5

0 -1
0 1 2 3 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
f, Hz f, Hz
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2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 5

Single sided Double sided

6
10
Amplitude

Amplitude
4
5
2

0 0
0 2 4 6 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz

0
1
Phase, rad

Phase, rad

-0.5
0
-1
-1
-1.5
0 2 4 6 -5 0 5
f, Hz f, Hz
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6 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Problem 2.2
By noting the amplitudes and phases of the various frequency components from the plots,
the result is

x(t) = 4ej(8 t+ =2)

+ 4e j(8 t+ =2)
+ 2ej(4 t =4)
+ 2e j(4 t =4)

= 8 cos (8 t + =2) + 4 cos (4 t =4)

= 8 sin (8 t) + 4 cos (4 t =4)

Problem 2.3

a. Not periodic because f1 = 1= Hz and f2 = 3 Hz are not commensurable.

b. Periodic. To …nd the period, note that

6 30
= 3 = n1 f0 and = 15 = n2 f0
2 2
Therefore
15 n2
=
3 n1
Hence, take n1 = 1, n2 = 5; and f0 = 3 Hz (we want the largest possible value for f0 with
n1 and n2 integer-valued).

c. Periodic. Using a similar procedure as used in (b), we …nd that n1 = 4, n2 = 21; and
f0 = 0:5 Hz.

d. Periodic. Using a similar procedure as used in (b), we …nd that n1 = 4, n2 = 7;

n3 = 11; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

e. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 17, n2 = 18; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

f. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 2, n2 = 3; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

g. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 7, n2 = 11; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

h. Not periodic. The frequencies of the separate terms are incommensurable.

i. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 19, n2 = 21; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

j. Periodic. We …nd that n1 = 6, n2 = 7; and f0 = 0:5 Hz.

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2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 7

Problem 2.4

a. The single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of a single line of amplitude 5 at 6 Hz

and the phase spectrum consists of a single line of height =6 rad at 6 Hz. The
double-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of amplitude 2.5 at frequencies 6
Hz. The double -sided phase spectrum consists of a line of height =6 at -6 Hz and
a line of height =6 at 6 Hz.

b. Write the signal as

x2 (t) = 3 cos(12 t =2) + 4 cos(16 t)

From this it is seen that the single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of heights 3
and 4 at frequencies 6 and 8 Hz, respectively, and the single-sided phase spectrum consists
of a line of height =2 radians at frequency 6 Hz (the phase at 8 Hz is 0). The double-
sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of height 1.5 and 2 at frequencies of 6 and 8 Hz,
respectively, and lines of height 1.5 and 2 at frequencies 6 and 8 Hz, respectively. The
double-sided phase spectrum consists of a line of height =2 radians at frequency 6 Hz
and a line of height =2 radians at frequency 6 Hz.

c. Use the trig identity cos x cos y = 0:5 cos (x + y) + 0:5 cos (x y) to write

x3 (t) = 2 cos 20 t + 2 cos 4 t

From this we see that the single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of height 2 at 2
and 10 Hz, and the single-sided phase spectrum is 0 at these frequencies. The double-sided
amplitude spectrum consists of lines of height 1 at frequencies of 10, 2, 2, and 10 Hz.
The double-sided phase spectrum is 0.

d. Use trig identies to get

x4 (t) = 4 sin (2 t) [1 + cos (10 t)]

= 4 sin (2 t) 2 sin (8 t + ) + 2 sin (12 t)
= 4 cos (2 t =2) + 2 cos (8 t + =2) + 2 cos (12 t =2)
h i
= Re 4ej(2 t =2)
+ 2ej(8 t+ =2) + 2ej(12 t =2)
= 2ej(2 t =2)
+ 2e j(2 t =2)
+ ej(8 t+ =2)
+e j(8 t+ =2)
+ ej(12 t =2)
+e j(12 t =2)

From this we see that the single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of heights 4,
2, and 2 at frequencies 1, 4, and 6 Hz, respectively and the single-sided phase spectrum is
=2 radians at 1 and 6 Hz and =2 radians at 4 Hz. The double-sided amplitude spectrum
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8 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

consists of lines of height 2 at frequencies of 1 and 1 Hz and of height 1 at frequencies of

4, -4, 6, and -6 Hz. The double-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at -1, 4, and -6 Hz and
=2 radians at 1, -4, and 6 Hz.

e. Clearly, from the form of the cosine sum, the single-sided amplitude spectrum has
lines of heights 1 and 7 at frequencies of 3 and 15 Hz, respectively. The single-sided
phase spectrum is zero. The double-sided amplitude spectrum has lines of heights 0.5,
0.5, 3.5, and 3.5 at frequencies of 3, -3, 15, and -15 Hz, respectfully. The double-sided
phase spectrum is zero.

f. The single-sided amplitude spectrum has lines of heights 1 and 9 at frequencies of

2 and 10.5 Hz, respectively. The single-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at
10.5 Hz and 0 otherwise. The double-sided amplitude spectrum has lines of heights
0.5, 0.5, 4.5, and 4.5 at frequencies of 2, -2, 10.5, and -10.5 Hz, respectfully. The
double-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at -10.5 Hz and =2 radians at 10.5 Hz
and 0 otherwise.

g. Convert the sine to a cosine by subtracting =2 from its argument. It then follows
that the single-sided amplitude spectrum is 2, 1, and 6 at frequencies of 2, 3, and
8.5 Hz and 0 otherwise. The single-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at 8.5 Hz
and 0 otherwise. The double-sided amplitude spectrum is 1, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 3, and 3
at frequencies of 2, 2, 3, 3 8:5, and 8.5 Hz, respectively, and 0 otherwise. The
double-sided phase spectrum is =2 radians at a frequency of 8:5 Hz and =2
radians at a frequency of 8.5 Hz. It is 0 otherwise.

Problem 2.5

a. This function has area

Z1 2
1 sin( t= )
Area = dt
( t= )
1
Z1 2
sin( u)
= du = 1
( u)
1

where a tabulated integral has been used for sinc2 u. A sketch shows that no matter how
small is, the area is still 1. With ! 0; the central lobe of the function becomes narrower
and higher. Thus, in the limit, it approximates a delta function.
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2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 9

b. The area for the function is

Z1 Z1
1
Area = exp( t= )u (t) dt = exp( u)du = 1
1 0

A sketch shows that no matter how small is, the area is still 1. With ! 0; the function
becomes narrower and higher. Thus, in the limit, it approximates a delta function.
R 1 R1
c. Area = (1 jtj = ) dt = 1 (t) dt = 1. As ! 0, the function becomes
narrower and higher, so it approximates a delta function in the limit.

Problem 2.6

1
a. Make use of the formula (at) = jaj (t) to write (2t 5) = [2 (t 5=2)] =
1 5
2 t 2 and use the sifting property of the -function to get

2
1 5 1 5 25 1
Ia = + exp 2 = + exp [ 5] = 3:1284
2 2 2 2 8 2

b. Impulses at 10, 5, 0, 5, 10 are included in the integral. Use the sifting property
after writing the expression as the sum of …ve integrals to get

Ib = ( 10)2 + 1 + ( 5)2 + 1 + 02 + 1 + 52 + 1 + 102 + 1 = 255

c. Matching coe¢ cients of like derivatives of -functions on either side of the equation
gives A = 5, B = 10, and C = 3.
1 1 3
d. Use (at) = jaj (t) to write (4t + 3) = 4 t+ 4 . The integral then becomes
1 4 ( 3=4) 3 1 3
I= 4 e + tan 10 4 = 4 e + tan ( 7:5 ) = 9:277 1013 .

e. Use property 5 of the unit impulse function to get

d2 d
Ie = ( 1)2 2 cos 5 t + e 3t t=2
= 5 sin 5 t 3e 3t
t=2
h dt i dt
= (5 )2 cos 5 t + 9e 3t = 2
(5 ) cos 10 + 9e 6
= 246:73
t=2
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10 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Problem 2.7
(a), (c), and (e) are periodic. Their periods are 2 s (fundamental frequency of 0.5 Hz),
2 s, and 3 s, respectively. The waveform of part (c) is a periodic train of triangles,
each 2 units wide, extending from -1 to 1 spaced by 2 s ((b) is similar except that it
is zero for t < 1 thus making it aperiodic). Waveform (d) is aperiodic because the
frequencies of its two components are incommensurable. The waveform of part (e) is a
doubly-in…nite train of square pulses, each of which is one unit high and one unit wide,
centered at ; 6; 3; 0; 3; 6; . Waveform (f) is identical to (e) for t 1=2 but 0
for t < 1=2 thereby making it aperiodic.

Problem 2.8

a. The result is
h i
j6 t j(10 t =2) j6 t j(10 t =2)
x(t) = cos (6 t)+2 cos (10 t =2) = Re e +Re 2e = Re e + 2e

b. The result is

j(10 t =2) 1 j6 t 1
x(t) = e + e + ej6 t
+ ej(10 t =2)
2 2
c. The single-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of height 1 and 2 at frequencies
of 3 and 5 Hz, respectively. The single-sided phase spectrum consists of a line of height
=2 at frequency 5 Hz. The double-sided amplitude spectrum consists of lines of
height 1, 1/2, 1/2, and 1 at frequencies of 5; 3; 3; and 5 Hz, respectively. The
double-sided phase spectrum consists of lines of height =2 and =2 at frequencies
of 5 and 5 Hz, respectively.

Problem 2.9

a. Power. Since it is a periodic signal, we obtain

Z T0 Z T0
1 2 1
P1 = 4 cos (4 t + 2 =3) dt = 2 [1 + cos (8 t + 4 =3)] dt = 2 W
T0 0 T0 0

where T0 = 1=2 s is the period. The cosine in the above integral integrates to zero because
the interval of integratation is two periods.

b. Energy. The energy is

Z 1 Z 1
2 t 2 2 t 1
E2 = e u (t)dt = e dt = J
1 0 2
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2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 11

c. Energy. The energy is

Z 1 Z 0
2 t 2 1
E3 = e u ( t)dt = e2 t dt = J
1 1 2

d. Energy. The energy is

Z T Z T
dt 1 dt
E4 = lim = lim
T !1 T ( 2 + t2 ) T !1 2 T 1 + (t= )2
T
1 1 t 1 1 1
= lim tan = lim tan (T = ) tan ( T= )
T !1 T T !1
1h i
= = J
2 2

e. Energy. Since it is the sum of x2 (t) and x3 (t), its energy is the sum of the energies
of these two signals, or E5 = 1= J.

f. Energy. The energy is

Z T h i2
t (t 1)
E6 = lim e u (t) e u (t 1) dt
T !1 T
Z T h i
2 t 2 t (t 1) 2 (t 1) 2
= lim e u (t) e e u (t) u (t 1) + e u (t 1) dt
T !1 T
Z T Z T Z T
2 t 2 (t 1) 2 (t 1)
= lim e dt e e dt + e dt
T !1 0 1 1
Z T Z T 1 Z T 1
2 t 2 t0 t0
= lim e dt e e dt0 + e 2 dt0
T !1 0 0 0
8 9
< e 2 T 1 T 1=
t T e 2 t0 e 2 t0
= lim +e
T !1 : 2 0 2 2 ;
0 0
1 e 1 1 1
= + = 1 e J
2 2 2 2
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12 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Problem 2.10

a. Power. Since the signal is periodic with period 2 =!, we have

Z 2 =! Z 2 =!
! 2 !
2 A2 A2
P = A jsin (!t + )j dt = f1 cos [2 (!t + )]g dt = W
2 0 2 0 2 2
b. Neither. The energy calculation gives
Z T Z
(A )2 dt T
(A )2 dt
E = lim p p dt = lim p dt ! 1
T !1 T + jt jt T !1 T
2 + t2

The power calculation gives

Z p !
1 T
(A )2 dt (A )2 1+ 1 + T 2= 2
P = lim p dt = lim ln p =0W
T !1 2T T
2 + t2 T !1 2T 1 + 1 + T 2= 2

c. Energy:
Z 1
r
1
E= A t exp ( 2t= ) dt = A2
2 2
W (use a table of integrals)
0 8 2

d. Energy: This is a "top hat" pulse which is height 2 for jtj =2, height 1 for
=2 < jtj , and 0 everywhere else. Making use of the even symmetry about t = 0,
the energy is !
Z =2 Z
E=2 22 dt + 12 dt = 5 J
0 =2

e. Energy. The signal is a "house" two units wide and one unit up to the eves with a
equilateral triangle for a roof. Because of symmetry, the energy calculation need be
carried out for positive t and doubled. The calculation is
Z 1 1
2 2 2 8 14
E=2 (2 t)2 dt = (2 t)3 = + = J
0 3 0 3 3 3

f. Power. Since the two terms are harmonically related, we may add their respective
powers and get
A2 B 2
P = + W
2 2
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2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 13

Problem 2.11

a. Using the fact that the power contained in a sinusoid is its amplitude squared divided
by 2, we get
22
P = =2W
2
b. This is a periodic train of "box cars" 3 units high, 2 units wide, and occurring every
4 units (period of 4 seconds). The power calculation is
Z
1 1 2 32 2
P = 3 dt = = 4:5 W
4 1 4

c. This is a train of triangles 1 unit high, 4 s wide, and occuring every 6 s. Using the
waveform period centered at 0, the power calculation is
Z 2 2 3 2
1 t 12 t 2
P = 1 dt = 1 = W
6 2 2 63 2 9
0

d. This is a train of "houses" each of which is 2 s wide, 1 unit high to the eves, with an
isoceles triangle on top for the roof. They are separated by 4 s (the period). Using
the even symmetry of each house, the power calculation is
Z 1
2 1
2 1 (2 t)3 1 1 23 7
Pd = (2 t) dt = = = W
4 0 2 3 2 3 3 6
0

Problem 2.12

a. The energy is
Z 1 Z 1
2
( 3+j4 )t
E = 6e dt = 36 e( 3+j4 )t ( 3 j4 )t
e dt
0 0
Z 1 6t 1
6t e
= 36 e dt = 36 =6J
0 6 0

The power is 0 W.

b. This signal is a "top hat" pulse which is 2 for 2 t 4, 1 for 0 t < 2 and 4 < t 6,
and 0 everywhere else. It is clearly an energy signal with energy

E=2 12 + 2 22 + 2 12 = 12 J
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14 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Its power is 0 W.

c. This is a power signal with power

Z T Z
1 j6 t j6 t 49 T 49
P = lim 49e e u (t) dt = lim dt = = 24:5 W
T !1 2T T T !1 2T 0 2

Its energy is in…nite.

22
d. This is a periodic signal with power P = 2 = 2 W. Its energy is in…nite.

e. This is neither an energy nor a power signal. Its energy is in…nite and its power is
Z T T
1 1 t3 1 2T 3
P = lim t2 dt = lim = lim !1
T !1 2T T T !1 2T 3 T T !1 2T 3

f. This is neither an energy nor a power signal. Its energy is

Z 1
E= t 1 dt = ln (t)j1
1 !1
1

and its power is Z T

1 1
P = lim t 1
dt = lim ln (t)j1
1 =0
T !1 2T 1 T !1 2T

Problem 2.13
R6 2 (6
a. This is a cosine burst from t = 6 to t = 6 seconds. The energy is E1 = 6 cos t) dt =
R6
2 0 12 + 12 cos (12 t) dt = 6 J

b. The energy is
Z 1 h i2 Z 1
jtj=3 2t=3
E2 = e dt = 2 e dt (by even symmetry)
1 0
1
e 2t=3
= 2 =3J
2=3
0

Since the result is …nite, this is an energy signal.

c. The energy is
Z 1 Z 8
2
E3 = f2 [u (t) u (t 8)]g dt = 4dt = 32 J
1 0
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2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 15

Since the result is …nite, this is an energy signal.

d. Note that Z t
0; t < 0
r (t) , u( )d =
1 t; t 0

which is called the unit ramp. Thus the given signal is a triangle between 0 and 20. The
energy is
Z 1 Z 10
2 2 10 2000
E4 = [r (t) 2r (t 10) + r (t 20)] dt = 2 t2 dt = t3 0 = J
1 0 3 3

where the last integral follows because the integrand is a symmetrical triangle about t = 10.
Since the result is …nite, this is an energy signal.

Problem 2.14

a. This is a cosine burst nonzero between 0 and 2 seconds. Its power is 0. Its energy is
Z 2 Z
2 1 2
E1 = cos (10 t) dt = [1 + cos (20 t)] dt = 1 J
0 2 0

b. This is a periodic sequence of triangles of period 3 s. Its energy is in…nite. Its power
is Z
2 2 4
P2 = (1 t=2)2 dt = J
3 0 9

c. This is an energy signal. Its power is 0. Using evenness of the integrand, its energy
is
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2t 2 2t
E3 = 2 e cos (2 t) dt = e dt + e 2t cos (4 t) dt
0 0 0
1 2
= + 2
J
2 4 + 16
.

d. This is an energy signal. Its energy is

Z 1 1
2 14
E4 = 2 (2 t)2 dt = (2 t)3 = J
0 3 0 3