Chapter 5

Network Layer:
The Control Plane
(Part 3/3)

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7th edition
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Network Layer: Control Plane 5-1
Chapter 5: outline
5.1 introduction 5.5 The SDN control plane
5.2 routing protocols 5.6 ICMP: The Internet
▪ link state Control Message
▪ distance vector Protocol
5.3 intra-AS routing in the 5.7 Network management
Internet: OSPF and SNMP
5.4 routing among the ISPs:
BGP

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-2

 Software defined networking (SDN)
▪ Internet network layer: historically has been implemented
via distributed, per-router approach
• monolithic router contains switching hardware, runs proprietary
implementation of Internet standard protocols (IP, RIP, IS-IS,
OSPF, BGP) in proprietary router OS (e.g., Cisco IOS)

▪ ~2005: renewed interest in rethinking network control

plane

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-3

 Software defined networking (SDN)
Why a logically centralized control plane?
▪ easier network management: avoid router
misconfigurations, greater flexibility of traffic flows
▪ table-based forwarding allows “programming” routers
• centralized “programming” easier: compute tables centrally
and distribute
• distributed “programming” more difficult: compute tables as
result of distributed algorithm (protocol) implemented in each
and every router
▪ open (non-proprietary) implementation of control plane

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-6

 Analogy: mainframe to PC evolution *

Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap Ap
App
Specialized p p p p p p p p p p
Applications Open Interface

Specialized Windows Mac

or Linux or
Operating (OS) OS
System
Open Interface
Specialized
Hardware
Microprocessor

Vertically integrated Horizontal

Closed, proprietary Open interfaces
Slow innovation Rapid innovation
Small industry Huge industry
* Slide courtesy: N. McKeown Network Layer: Control Plane 5-7
Traffic engineering: difficult traditional routing

5
3
2 v w 5

u 2 1
3 z
1
2
x 1 y

Q: what if network operator wants u-to-z traffic to flow along

uvwz, x-to-z traffic to flow xwyz?
A: need to define link weights so traffic routing algorithm
computes routes accordingly (or need a new routing algorithm)!

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-8

Traffic engineering: difficult
5
3
2 v w 5

u 2 1
3 z
1
2
x 1 y

Q: what if network operator wants to split u-to-z

traffic along uvwz and uxyz (load balancing)?
A: can’t do it (or need a new routing algorithm)

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-9

 Networking 401
Traffic engineering: difficult
5
3
v
v
w
w
2 5

zz
u 2 1
3
1
2
xx yy
1

Q: what if w wants to route blue and red traffic

differently?

A: can’t do it (with destination based forwarding, and LS,

DV routing)

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-10

 Software defined networking (SDN)
4. programmable
control routing
access
control
… load
balance
3. control plane
functions
applications external to data-
plane switches
Remote Controller

control
plane

data
plane

CA 2. control,
data plane
CA CA CA CA separation

1: generalized“ flow-
based” forwarding

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-11

Chapter 5: outline
5.1 introduction 5.5 The SDN control plane
5.2 routing protocols 5.6 ICMP: The Internet
▪ link state Control Message
▪ distance vector Protocol
5.3 intra-AS routing in the 5.7 Network management
Internet: OSPF and SNMP
5.4 routing among the ISPs:
BGP

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-24

ICMP: internet control message protocol

▪ used by hosts & routers

to communicate network- Type Code description
0 0 echo reply (ping)
level information 3 0 dest. network unreachable
• error reporting: 3 1 dest host unreachable
unreachable host, network, 3 2 dest protocol unreachable
port, protocol 3 3 dest port unreachable
• echo request/reply (used by 3 6 dest network unknown
ping) 3 7 dest host unknown
▪ network-layer “above” IP: 4 0 source quench (congestion
• ICMP msgs carried in IP control - not used)
datagrams 8 0 echo request (ping)
9 0 route advertisement
▪ ICMP message: type, code 10 0 router discovery
plus first 8 bytes of IP 11 0 TTL expired
datagram causing error 12 0 bad IP header

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-25

Traceroute and ICMP
▪ source sends series of ▪ when ICMP message arrives,
UDP segments to source records RTTs
destination
• first set has TTL =1
• second set has TTL=2, etc. stopping criteria:
• unlikely port number ▪ UDP segment eventually arrives at
destination host
▪ when datagram in nth set ▪ destination returns ICMP “port
arrives to nth router: unreachable” message (type 3,
• router discards datagram and code 3)
sends source ICMP message ▪ source stops
(type 11, code 0)
• ICMP message include name
of router & IP address

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes
Network Layer: Control Plane 5-26
Chapter 5: outline
5.1 introduction 5.5 The SDN control plane
5.2 routing protocols 5.6 ICMP: The Internet
▪ link state Control Message
▪ distance vector Protocol
5.3 intra-AS routing in the 5.7 Network management
Internet: OSPF and SNMP
5.4 routing among the ISPs:
BGP

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-27

 What is network management?
▪ autonomous systems (aka “network”): 1000s of interacting
hardware/software components
▪ Computer Networks are complex.
▪ other complex systems requiring monitoring, control:
• jet airplane
• nuclear power plant
• others?

"Network management includes the deployment, integration

and coordination of the hardware, software, and human
elements to monitor, test, poll, configure, analyze, evaluate,
and control the network and element resources to meet the
real-time, operational performance, and Quality of Service
requirements at a reasonable cost."

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-28

Infrastructure for network management
definitions:

managed device
managed devices
contain managed
objects whose data is
gathered into a
managed device Management
managed device
Information Base
(MIB)

managed device
managed device

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-29

Infrastructure for network management
definitions:
agent data

managed device
managed devices
contain managed
agent data
objects whose data is
gathered into a
agent data
managed device Management
managed device
Information Base
(MIB)
agent data
agent data
managed device
managed device

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-29

Infrastructure for network management
definitions:
managing entity
agent data
managing
managed device
managed devices
entity data
contain managed
agent data
objects whose data is
gathered into a
agent data
managed device Management
managed device
Information Base
(MIB)
agent data
agent data
managed device
managed device

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-29

Infrastructure for network management
definitions:
managing entity
agent data
managing
managed device
managed devices
entity data
contain managed
agent data
objects whose data is
network gathered into a
management
protocol agent data
managed device Management
managed device
Information Base
(MIB)
agent data
agent data
managed device
managed device

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-29

 SNMP protocol
Two ways to convey MIB info, commands:
Request/Response Trap message
manager-to-agent: “get me data” Agent-to-manager: inform manager
of exceptional event

managing managing
entity entity

request
trap msg
response

agent data agent data

managed device managed device

request/response mode trap mode

 Chapter 5: summary
we’ve learned a lot!
▪ approaches to network control plane
• per-router control (traditional)
• logically centralized control (software defined networking)
▪ traditional routing algorithms
• implementation in Internet: OSPF, BGP
▪ SDN controllers
• implementation in practice: ODL, ONOS
▪ Internet Control Message Protocol
▪ network management

next stop: link layer!

Network Layer: Control Plane 5-39