Rupture Disk-
Conventional
Features
Tension Failure
Application
Vapor or liquid
services
+_NOT under PRV's
‘Advantages
‘> Economical
‘+ Wide range of services
‘> Disk fragmentation .
+ Only operate at ~70% of set
pressure
Rupture Disk
Composite
‘Slots in disk control tensile
re
Membrane seals in
process
‘= Vapor or liquid
services
Under PRV's
+ Nonfregmenting
Wide range of services
Fewer parts exposed to
process
‘Membrane easily damaged
‘+ Only operate at ~80% of setf
pressure
Rupture Disk-
Graphite
‘> Machined graphite
Brite fracture
‘= Corrosion services
NOT under PRV's
Highly corrosion resistant
Limited burst pressures
Disk fragmentation
Wide manufacturing range
Rupture Disk=
Reverse
Buckling Pre-
‘Scored
‘Scored to control tensile
fellure
Bucking feature initiates
fallure
‘Vapor or iquic
services
Under PRV's
‘Can operate up to 80% of
burst pressure
Cycle toterent
May burst at greater
overpressure If damaged
Rupture Disk-
Reverse
Buckling Knife
Blade
Knife blades in disk holder
cut disk
DO NOT USE for
now installations,
Can operaté Glose'to burst
pressure
Cycle tolerant
“Lighid service problems
High overpressures if
damaged
Knife blade maintenance
Emergency
Vents
Weighted cover
‘Small tanks
Tanks without
frangible roof,
imple design
+ Economical
Fugitive emissions
esta
SLEAPI 510 A.L/Engineers Responsibilities Exercise
Read the API 510 Code and determine the responsible person(s)
Aetivity AY] Bue
[ALAND
Eng.or Cor.
Specialist?
‘Assure owner that testing, nspeation, and examination
activities meet 510 Code
Evaluate and accept NDE examination resulls
Review inspection plan for elevated temperature equipment
inspection
‘Approval of thickness measurement procedure fo determine
actual thickness is greater than that on the data report for use
when determining MAWP.
Review and approve RBI approach that extend inspection
beyond 10 years
Determine if on-stream extemal inspections may be substituted
for internal inspections
Determine most appropriate corrosion rate long term or short
term
Determine fa pressure test is required
‘Approve all methods of design, materials, WPSs, NDE and
testing
‘Authorize ait vessel Te)
Authorize all repairs to Division, 2 vessels
‘Authorize al alterations
‘Approve all repair and alteration work al completion of work
Designate hold points for fabrication inspection and approval
‘Authorize the repair welding of cracks
‘Authorize the repair welding of cracks athigh stress points
Review the use of Preheat in lieu of PWHT.
Review the use of controlled deposition welding In lau of
PWHT
Review the use of fo
PWHT
| PWHT in place of ful encirclement
Review the repair procedure for Stainless Steel cladding
Monitor the repairs made to cladding
‘Approve the use of filet-welded paich repairs
Allow temporary welded repairs to remain in place (until next
fepair opportunity)
‘Approve use of lap band repair
‘Approve substituting NDE for a pressure lest after repairs
‘Approve alternative NDE to ASME requirements after repairs or
alterations
Perform calculations for re-rating ( unless performed by
manufacturer)
Oversee the aitachment of a nameplate aller re-ralingFeatures
‘Advantages
Disadvantages.
Disk it proportioned to
‘overpressure
25% overpressure at rated
cepacty
Esonamical
+ Not good for vapor service
+ Senstive to backpressure
Safety Valve
‘Opens quicky
©% overpressure for rated
capacty
‘Open bonnet
‘Geol or vaper senvoa
Nol good frigid santos
[Not goad for process eanvces
‘Safely Relief
Valva~
Conventional
Opens qucky
10% overpressure frets
apace
osed bonnet
Wide chemical & temperate
‘compatiity
Goad for vaper or quid services
ara
Se
comer
a
Safety Ret
Vave- Bellows
‘Opens quicay
10% overprassut fr rated
cepaciy
Vented bonnat
lh andlor versble
lckpressures
4
Wide chenical & eroeraure
compatilly
+ Good for vapor cr lquid sarvions
Less sonsitve to backpressure
Intomals protected from tke
process
Teaks near sat praseurs
{Long biomdown in quid
servica
Generally more expensive
Bellows can be damaged
Process pressure prowdes
seating force
Pot valve controls dome
pressure
Fiton/oyindor arangement
Fiph pressure
appications
‘Aimpephere rele
i
Can operate coserto set
pressure
++ Not sensitive to back pressure
‘+ Smaller overpressure and
lowdown
‘Sof goods iit chercal &
temperature compatiity
Fetenitlplugaingfoung in
susceptible services
‘Process pressure provides
seating force
Plot valve controls dome
pressure
Diaphragm arrangement
Toll pressire
applications
Storape tanks
Tow set pressure capablany
Can operate closer to set
Pressure
‘Not senstve to back pressure
‘+ Smaller overprscure and
‘lowdown
‘Not evalable above 50 pag oe
Pressures
‘Soft goods limit chemical &
temperature compatbity
Potential pluggingouting in
‘suscoptble services
Seating ores prondea By
weights
Economica!
Large office sizes avaiable
Tow aor pressures only
100% overpressure for fl if
rated capacity
er ee eeIRC
‘ASME IX AND V TEST
copYRIGHT 2900. IRCISCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 00 NOT cOFY OR DISTRIB!
QW-482 (Back)
ws Rev Mo
[POSITIONS (QW-405) [POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (QW-407)
Position(s) of Groove: __ALL temperatuie Range
Hetng Progression: Up__X down x | Time Range. aa
Positions(s) of Filet Scorer erereereceeeeear
PREHEAT (QW-406) GAS ((QW-408)
Preheat Temp Min: __ 100° MINIM Percent Composition
| interpass Temp Max ___650° MAXIMUM Gasies) (Mature Flow Rate
Preheat Maint Shielding: _YES 00% AR___10-15 CEH
‘Trang: NONE.
ERR Nig POR INT ‘Backing: YES TSARI25CO2 __2.CFH
ELECTRIGAL CHARACTERISTICS (QW-408)
Current AG or DC _DC Polarity_REVERSE
‘Amps Range _ 100-120 Volts (Range) _24-27
ange ardels ange SOU be read foreach tered se
Penge shea eT rforaton say belie 3
‘Sr trm sma at hown betow )
Tungsten Electrode Size and Type
‘Pare Targaan Be Thad Ge
SPRAY OR SHORT ARC.
Boray are. show creung are cre)
Mode of metal Transfer for GMAW
Electrode Wire feed speed range
‘TECHNIQUE (QW-410)
String or Weave Bead STRING
Orifice or Gas Cup Size 412"
peer esnd interness Cleaning (Brushing, Ganding, ete) BRUSHING AND GRINDING
Mathod of Back Gouging ‘AIR AR
Oscillation REVERSE
Contact Tube to Work Distance ia
‘Multiple or Single Pass (per side |_____MULTIPLE.
Multiple or Single Electrodes SINGLE
{SIEM - 30 1PM.
NONE
Travel Speed (Range)
Peening
Other ae
i | ie 7
Type
| wera Da Polar ame |
j_tevera | Process Case ange lL
aL Gina | ERSOS BF) TAB -ST_ | CRP ea) Tea FM
L SPRAY i
c i t 7
£ t i T
i r
L i
C
i
cOPYRIOGHT 2i-
IRG?SCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL FIGH
HTS RESERVED -00 NOT COPY OR DIgpuucacacooansacomsosanageasonoeeann
ASME IX AND V TEST IRC
COPYRIGHT 2000-IRC/SCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
‘API 510 COURSE
ASME V AND IX TEST
ANSWER SHEET
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aR
ASME IX AND V TEST IRC
COPYRIGHT 2000: IRCISCHINOLER 2 ASSOCIATES _ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 00 YOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
‘QW-483 (Back)
PQR No: GMAW-SP-1
Tensile Test (QW-150) eee
Type of 1
Specimen | Total Loaa Faiuro &
No. Width | Thickness | Area) bb.
ra HA [soa DIA) tg7__| 4.200 DF-HAZ
acer NA “500 DIA. “186 | 12.000 DE-HAZ
: t i =
C L I i i
Guided Bend Tests (AW-160)
ype and Figure No. Result
FACE Wis" GRACK OK
ROOT ‘CORNER CRACK OK
FACE NO INDICATION OK
ROOT 1ia° CRACK OK
Toughness Tests (QW-170)
innpact Values
specimen | Notch | Specimen | Test
scien | Not | reise. | Temp. | Fetbs. | %Shear | mils | Drop Weight Break (VN)
|
i | T
1
1
t
Comments:
Fillet Weld Test (QW-180)
Satisfactory: Yes: No: Penetration into Parent Metal: Yes: No:
Result
Macro ~- Results’ z
Other Tests
Type of Test:
Deposit Analysis:
Other:
Welders Name: _JOE BLOW JR. Glock No. ‘Stamp No.:
Tests conducted by: _ XYZ COMPANY. Laboratory Test No: _1234
We cortty thatthe statements in this record are correct and that the test welds were prepared, welded, and
tested in accordance with the requirements of Section IX of the ASME Code.
Manufacturer: _ XYZ COMPANY.
Date: By: _JOE BLOW SR.
COPTRIGGRT UT IRGTSGHINDLER & ASSOCIATES -ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -DO NOT COPY OF DISTRIBUTEoe
ASME IX AND V TEST IRC
COPYRIGHT 2000- IRC/SCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - DO NOT GOPY OR OISTRIBUTE
‘QW-482 SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION (WPS)
(See QW-200.1, Section IX, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code)
Company Name: __ XYZ COMPANY. By:__ JOE BLOW SR
Welding Procedure Spec. No.: _GMAW-SP-1 Date:
Revision No: _0 Date; _2-2-92
Welding Process(s):_GMAW-SPRAY ARC _ Typet
JOINTS (QW-402) : eras
Joint Design:_SEE PRODUCTION DRAWINGS.
Backing: (Yes) _X wo) _X.
Backing Mateflal: (Typey WELD METAS, if USED
‘Refer fo both backing & retainers)
XMotal | Nonfusing Metal
) should be 16"
c
@
should be 1/16" - 500°
should be 3/16" = 2°
29 The preheat temperature shawn on the WPS.
is acceptable
should be increased to 20°F
should be decreased to 50°F
‘should be increased to 180°F
COPYRIOGHT 2)-1RC7SCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -DO NOT COPY OR DISTRISUTE31
32
33
36
ASME IX AND V TEST
COPYRIGHT 2000- IRC/SCHINOLE!
‘Tha tension iests shown on the PC!
22 acceptable 2= shown
‘are dimensionally unacceptable to the Code
‘The bend tests shown on the POR:
are acceptable 2s shown
should be all side bends
are unacceptable because the root bend has a corner crack
none of the above
goce
‘The ultimate stress shown on the POR:
a. is unacceptable for T-2
1B, is unacceptable for T-1
@ is too high for both specimens
@ should be at least 75,000 PSI for both specimens
‘The joint design specified on the WPS is:
acceptable as shown, ifthe drawings show the required details
should show only a single vee groove weld
should not address backing
should be drawn on the WPS as a sketch
nord
‘The POR is unacceptable because:
the position of welding does not match the product welded
the gas backing mixture does not match the WPS:
the joint design is not shown as a sketch on the POR:
the travel speed is too fast
‘The A# shown on the WPS and POR:
is acceptable as shown
ig unacceptable because ait should have been used
a
5) is unacceptable because it does net correlate to chrome filer metal
d
ts unacceptable because A-t filler metal requires PWHT per ASME IX
COPYRISGHT U- RC?SCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -D0 NOT COPY OR DISTRIBU
IRC
RASSOCIATES -ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE.ASME IX AND V TEST IRC
IRCISCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES -ALL RIGHTS RESERVED .DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
“GW-483 SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION RECORDS (PGR)
(See QW-200.2, Section IX, ASME Boiler and Pressure vessel Code)
Record Actual Conditions Used to Weld Test Coupon
Company Name: _XYZ COMPANY
Procedure Qualification Record No.: _ GMAW-SP-1 Date: 2-29-82
|AW-SP-1
(GMAW (SPRAY ARC)
‘ute ‘SEMEAUTO.
JOINTS [aw-402)
Groove Deigna! Test Cosson
( oreoronation qusfcasons the daosiag wos meal edness sa be cored ft ach er mete proves use}
[BASE METALS (GW-403) POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (QW-407) |
Material Spec.:__SA 387 CL.4 ‘Temperatu:
Type or Grade: GR 22 Time: NONE,
P-No. 5A ‘to P-No: 5A Other
‘Thickness of Test Coupon:, 500
Diameter of Test Coupon: __N/A aoe
Other: COMPOSITION - 27/4% CHROME, 1% MOLY
PASS THICKNESS 1/5”
GAS [QW-A08)
Percent Composition
FILLER METALS (QW-404)
Gas(es) (Mixture) Flow Rate
SFA Specification: _5.8
| AWS Classification: ER 90SB2 Shielding: _YES 400% ARGON 20-30 Cf
Filler Metal F No:: 6 Trailing: _ NONE
Weld metal Analysis No 1 Backing: YES 00% ARGON 10-48 CPHL
Size of Filler metal: _1/8 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (QW-408)
j Other: 2 114% CHROME Current:___DC
| FILLER METAL Polarity: REVERSE
Weld Metal Thickness: _.500 Amps.:___128 Vents: 24
Tungsten Electrode Size: NIA
FOsTION(aw4s)SS—~—~SN othe: eee te
Position of Groove: 6G
Weld Progression (Uphill, Downhill): UPHILL TECHNIQUE (W470)
Other: |_| Travel Speed: _12 1PM
String or Weave Bead: STRING.
Oscillation REVERSE, ae
Preheat Temp. 250° Multipass or Single Pass (per side):__MULTIPASS
Interpass temp.; 650° MAX Single or Multiple Electrodes:__ SINGLE -
Other: SOLID WIRE ONLY, NO SUPPLEMENTAL — | Other:
POWDER, FILLER, OR FLUX USED
PREHEAT (QW-406)
COPYRIGHT TI IROTECHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - 00 NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTEead
APIS%0 FINAL EXAMINATION 1 - OPEN-BOOK ec
COPYRIGHT 2000 - IRCISCHINOLER & ASSOCIATES = ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - 00 NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
apisio
FINAL EXAMINATION #1
OPEN BOOK
DATE,
NAME. Suet eee
Questions 4-10 analy to WPS 11 ang Susoorting POR #15, attached on back.
Ht The P #'s shown on the WPS are: F
A. qualified by the POR
B should be changed to P3 to P3 only
should not show P #4
D- should show P1 to Pt only
2. The AWS Classification shawn on the WPS:
a, A. should be changed to & 71T1-4
B is acceptable as shown
Cig a 90,000 tensile electrode
1. is acceptable ff the "T” was changed to “S"
3 The base metal thickness range shown on the WPS:
A, Is correct as shown
B. should be 1/16" = 1/2"
CC should be 3/16" = 1/2"
©. should be 3/16" 1"
4 The pestweld heat treatment condition shown on the PAR:
‘A. is not acceptable to the Code
Bis acceptable to the Code
© should be changad to show PWHT was done
1D should show the required pre-heat
5 ‘The ges mixture shown on the WPS is unaccepteble because!
ao
A. the CO2 was not property qualified
5 the Argon was not properly qualified
C. the flow cate is beyond the range allowed
0 bon S&C above 4
6 The tensile test results shown on the POR are:
-eptable as shown
8 ‘otable - the tensile strength on 7-1 is too low
© unacceptable - the load on T-2 is too low
D. unacceptable - the area calculations are incorract on
‘The bend test results shown on the PQR are:
acceptable as shown
Unacceptable - side bend #1 has unacceptable porosity
unacceptatle - not snough specimens were tested
both B & C above
vam»
|S ASSOCIATES - ALL FIGHTS RESERVED -0O NOT COPY OR OISTRIGUTE
COPYRIGHT 20¢0 = 1RCISCHINO10
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COPYRIGHT 2000 - IRCISCHINOLER & ASSOCIAT
APIS10 FINAL EXAMINATION 1 - OPEN BOOK IRC
“ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -DO NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
The POR should be
A, notarized
B legalized
© rormaiized
D certified
The pass restriction of QW 403.9 is:
acceptably addressed on the WPS only
acceptably addressed on the POR only
acceptably addressed on both the WPS and PAR
unacceptably addressed on both the WPS and the POR
o0n>
‘The A# range shown on the WPS is:
unacceptable - should show A-t only
‘unacceptable - should show A-2 only
‘unacceptable - should show A-3
acceptable as shown
comp
A pressure vessel has been designed using SA516 - 60 material (32,000 yield). Totallength of
‘support is 8 feet. The stamped MAWP (external )is 180 psig @ S00°F. Theod is 48°. Can
this vessel be safely operated If the thickness has correded down to 250"?
A yes. this vessal is safe down to 250"
5 no. this vessel is not safe for 150 psig
CC. not enough infarmation provided to solve the problem
Dyes. this vessel could actually be operated at 250 psig
‘An existing vessel is inspected on a given year end found to be 500” thick in the shell and
heads. The next inspection is performed 3 years later, anc the thickness of the shell and heads
is shown to 2 310° (uniform) The vessel minimum thickness is calculated to be 200°. From
this information. the Remaining Life (RL) and internal inspection Interval (1) on this vessel is
approximately
13
A. Syears RL. 10 years LI
B 7 years RL. 15 years |
© 173 years RL 173 years I
DB tO years RL. 10 years L
MOMT of -38°F. (not
‘niuch wail require
'cact testing?
‘An ammonia processing vessel is stamped for an MAWP cf 50 asig with
‘examoted per UG-201) Various materials have cracked and/or coi
welded recairs Which of the following materials, if any. will require
© A. SA 537 Class 1, 3/4” thick
BSA 387 Grade 21 normalized and tempered, 4/8" thick
© SA 516-70 normalizec thick’
none of ne above will require impact tests
A full size (or standard) Charpy impact specimen is:
A ue xe
B 10mmx 10mm
© temx 10cm
D 3eex tem
ERVED 00 NOT 79 OR OISTAIBUT:
NGHTS Fi
COPYRIGHT 2000 IRCISCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - A17
18
20
API 510 FINAL EXAMINATION 1 - OPEN 300K IRC
COPYRIGHT 2000 - IRCISCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -DO NOT COPY OR OISTRIGUTE.
‘Avvassel shell is 66° .O and is made from material with a stress value of 13.200 psi. The
vessel has Category A Type 1 buttwelds and is stamped “RT-2". Ifthe thickness has
corroded down to 285° thick, what MAWP can oe allowed on this vesset?
A. 400 esi
B. 190 psig
© 250 psig
D139 psig
‘Awire 10! with a diameter of 020° would be found in an ASTM SET
A
a
c
D
cour
‘A fat unstayed circular head with a diameter of 14” is operating at 360 PSI @ S00*F. The stress
value Is 17,500 PSI with an efficiency of 1.0 and aC Factor of 33. Can this head be operated
with @ corroded thickness of 1.25"?
A. yes, can continue to operate
B. na, cannot be operated
. °C" Factor is incorrect for design
D. circular heads cannot be use at 1 25°
‘Avvessel has @ nozzle installed as shown In Figure UW-16 Sketch (using two equal size fille
welds The shell thickness is 3/4” and the nozzle wall thickness is 7/16". Using equalleg fillet
welds, wnat eg dimension is required on these welds, rounded up to the next 116°?
A gne
B 76"
coune
0 3a"
In visual examination. the procedure is qualified by using @ test methed thet allows
resolution of a fine fine that is __" or less in wath.
A132
Be
C18
Dove
Gna 1" thick piece that will be MT tested by procs. the soacing Setwsan the prods wil
‘ct amp range fer this spacing would be:
4900 - 2000 ames
150 - 300 amps
106 -125 ames
500 - 825 amps
A
©
D
An ASME vessel is to be repai
stamped °RT-3". and the total length of the buttw
Complete the work on both patches How many radiographs will be
10 API S10?
nas to the shell The vessel is
‘One waider wil be used to
Wired. f the work is core
sw Aus
is willbe
by adding wo
cour
OPY OR OISTRISY
COPYRIGHT 2000 ~IRCISCHINDLER 8 ASSOCIATES ~ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 00 W'23
24.
25
28
2
28
wz
2
‘API510 FINAL EXAMINATION 4 - OPEN BOOK IRC
COPYa:GH? 2000 IRCISCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -DO NOT COPY C2 DISTRIBUTE
‘An exampie of 2 ‘siandard pressure par on a pressure vessel would be:
A. apiece of 1 nick piss
&. a welded elliptical head.
C. a pipe fitting (Forged)
3 22 length of SA-106 B pipe
9
A radiograph is produced to “full RT requirements Thrae elongated slag inclusions are seen
the radiograoh that are measured individually at 1/2" long, 3/4" ong. and 3/8" erg. Tne weic 1s 3
1/2" thick The interpretation of this radiograoh i
See eee :
B. unacceptaole
C. slag inclusions are not a factor in RT
D. none 6f the above
‘A standard seamless torispharical head has a skirt od, of 56" and a correded micxress of 1.27"
The material stress value is 16,100 psi, and the head is atached to the bottom cia vertical ves:
that {5 20' tall ful of water. Ifthe vessel is stamped "RT-2", what approximate MAV/P would be
allowed on this vessel? Sea
A. 600 psig
8 402 psige-~
C704 psig
D302 psig
Aweld repair is made on P-4 material, 3 1/2" o.d. pipe, 3/8” thick, carbon con
minimum preheat of 200°F is maintained. Is PWHT mandatory on this repair?
A no
Byes
©. depends upon servic:
D depends upon joint efficiency
10%. anda
A2" thick carbon steel pressure vessel is to be postweld heat treated, The re:
(ebove 300°F up to 1100*F) on this vessel shall nat exce:
A. 400°F ne
B g00*Fmr
200°Fihr
‘A vessel is ultrasonically inspected when itis new and cold in June 1987 anc
thick in the shell. The next inspection is done in June 1995 and the vessel is teu":
50° thick. If the minimum thickness by calculation is $10", when (approxime:
I or on-streem inspection be scheduled, per API 5107
wary 1989°~
8 November 2010
©. June 2005
© October 2002
An example of a “double wall exposure, double wall view" would b:
A, ellicical exposure (ellips®)
5 suermposed exposure
C_ single wall exposure (sour
D both A&B above
in middle of cylinder)
CosvaiGHt 2000 - IRCISCHINOLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -00 NOT COPY OF 2ISTRI23
30
1
32
33
API510 FINAL EXAMINATION 1 - OPEN BOOK IR
COPYRIGHT 2000 ~IRCISCHINOLER & ASSOCIATES - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - 00 NOT COPY OR DISTRIBUTE
A welding cperator is qualified by making a radicgraph of her first production wele an 2 spot (R7-
3) vessel that is 1/2" thick. The weld shows several rounded incications that are 1/4” diameter
tnat are interpreted as gross porosity. This welder would be:
A. accepted to weld in production
5. accepted 10 wela in progucuon, put on:
© not accepted to weld in production —~
©. automatically requalified by welding two more test coupons
1 a 26 posicn
‘Acozzle is 1" thick and is attached to a pressure vessel 1 1/2" thick using a joint configuration
waters Sig Wane # Geateh tak Tea af theags ar he sor curation (tc) wou"
be
ar
8 saute
& sa
Bt
Reinforcing plates and saddles attached to the outside of a vessel with filet welds shall be
provided with at least one tell-tale hole with a maximum tap size of NPS
Auge
812
C13
Dt
‘A hydrostatic test is conducted on a vessel that is 60' tall, A pressure gauge is located 35°
up from the bottom of the vessel. If the stress ratio Is 1.0 and the MAWP of the vessel is 100 Fsi,
what zoproximate‘fressure should the gauge read to mest ASME Vil requirements?
A. 141 psigh
B 143 psig
©. 130:
D188 psig
‘Awelder hes been qualified in the 6G position on 3/4” thick material, How many bend tests wit
bee required?
A, 4 side bends-~
& 2 side bends
© 2 root bends
no bend tests - tension tesis only
All of the following statements conceming a “UM’ vessel are true xceat
A. “UM" vessels are exempt from inspection by API 310
© “UM" vessels Mig. Data Raports are not signed by an Al ~
© "UM" vessels are exempt ay ASME Vill from the scope of the Code
1D “UM vessei manufacturer's must maintain an inspection agreement wits an AIA
Atensicn tast specimen is made from welded plate, SA-299. The diameter of the turned:
simen ig 300° and the load is 15 KSI. Does this specimen mast ASME IX requirements?
A no
B yes
© tension specimens are nat required by ASME 1X
D. the diamater of tne specimen does not mest Cace
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COPYRIGHT 2000 ~ IRCISCHINOLFAPI 510 FINAL EXAMINATION 1 - OPEN BOOK IRC
COPYRIGHT 2000 -IRCISCHINDLER & ASSOCIATES ~ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED -00 NOT COPY OR OISTRIGUTE,
‘QW-482 SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION (WPS)
(See QW-200.1, Section IX, ASME Boller & Pressure Vessel Code)
Company Name: XYZ COMPANY, By JOE BLOW
Welding Procedure Spec. No _11 Date: .57-82Supporting PR No. (s):_46
Revision No.:_0 Date:
FCAW-SPRAY ARC TRANSFERType(s): _SEMI-AUTOMATIC
Welding Procass(s) -SEMI-AUTOMATIC _
(Automatic, Manual, Machine, or Semi-Auto
JOINTS (QW-402) = Details
Joint Design:__ DOUBLE VEE GROOVE, ONLY
Backing: (Yes) x. (No}
Backing Material: (Type): WELD METAL ONLY
(Refer to both backing & retainers)
xXMetal + Nonfusing Metal
+ Nonmetalic + Other
‘Sketches, Production Drawings, Weld Symbols or Written Description ROOT OPENING - 1/16" - 1/8"
‘Should show tne general arrangement of the parts to be'welded. Where GROOVE ANGLE - 60° - 70°
2pplcable. the root spacing and the details of weld greove may be
ecified
Gettne option ofthe Migr, Sketches may be attached to Mustrate ont
Gesign. weld layers. and the bead sequence, e.g. for notch toughness
procedures. for multiole process orocedures, etc.)
TBASE METALS (QW-403) Z
P-No.___3 Group No. 1 to P-No. Pd. 3.1 Group No. 1
oR
Specification type and grade
to Specification type and grade
oR
Chem. Analysis and Mech. Prop.
to Chem. Analysis and Mech. Prop.
Thickness range:
Base Metal: Groove: _1/16"
Pipe Dia. Range: Groove: ALL
Other:_NO PASS GREATER THAN 1/2" THICK
Fillet: ALL
ALL
TFILLER METALS (QW-404)
Spec. No. (SFA): SFA 5.29 ee
AWS No. (Class): __E81T4 (1.2.3.4) TS
Filler Metal F-Nos 6 ne
Chem. Comp. -A No TOR2 ee
Size of Filler Metais: ALL a
Weld Metal
Thickness range
Groov: Te MAX ——————
Fillet ALL oO
Electrode-Flux (Class):
Flux Trade Name:
Consumable Insart: oe
Other, _NOSUPP. FILLERS OR PeReeeeeere eee eeeeee
POWDERS TO BE USED
= Zach base metabfiler metal combination should be recorded individually
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API 510 FINAL EXAMINATION 1
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‘Qw-482 (Back)
WPS No: Rev Nos
[ POSTTIONS (aw-405) | POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (W607) 1
Position(s) of Groo ALL Temperswure range 1130 = 1200¢
Welding Progression: Up __X Down | Time Range 1 HR PER INCH, 15 MINT MINIMUM
Positions(s) of Fillet__ALL |
| GAS (ance)
Parcent Composition
1p Min.:200° MINIMUM
Interpass Temp Max:__650° MAXIMUM Gas(es) (Mixture) Flow Rate
Preheat Maint: NONE. Shielding ARGONICO2 _75%-25% __ _10-20 CEH
ina Traling?
; Backing: _O2 700% 5.10 CF
Ta We MGs Ee TE ET
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (QW-408) 7
=, ‘Currant AC or DC —_DC. Polarity_REVERSE
ee ‘Amps Range __ 100-150" Volts (Range) _18-25,
{Amps and vls Tage should Be recorded for eat elecade SB.
positon, and ikness, ete. This information may be std in
{ular form sia to rat show below.)
‘Tungsten Electrode Size and Type,
‘Pars Tongaien, Be Thersied. we]
Mode of metal Transfer for GMAW SPRAY ARC TRANSFER ONLY
‘(Soray ae anor rearing we ee) oo
Electrode Wire feed spaed range
FECHNIQUE (QW-410)
String or Weave Bead _BOTH.
Orifice or Gas Cup Size iz _
Initial and Intergass Cleaning (Brushing ie. ) BRUSH AND GRIND BY USING MANUAL
METHODS af
Method of Back Gouging ___ CARBON ARC
Oscillation _NONE _
Contact Tubs to Work Distance 1/4" = 1/2"
Multiple or Single Pass (per side)_MULTIPASS
a
or Multiple of Single Siectrodes: SINGLE.
a es Peerage Reece Teen
cee Sree eae ALLOWED
otner
|
RE ar ae 7 1 i
veg. seman
reve, | Sonmane met f
wate Spee d
years) | Prats | cess Renae q
ALL ALE DCREV_ 100-150 a
1
| amo
Pare
r
T
L
1
i
T
EB
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‘OW-183 SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION RECORDS (POR)
(See QW-200.2, Section IX, ASME Boiler and Pressure vessel Code)
Record Actual Conditions Used to Weld Test Cougon
Company Name:___XYZ COMPANY
n Record No.: 44 Date: 8-31-82
Welding Process(s): FCAW (TUBULAR) —
Types (Manual, Automatic, Semi-Auto. ): __ SEMILAUTOMATIC SPRAY TRANSFER,
JOINTS (Gw-202)
Groove Design of Test Coupan
(For combination quaifcations, the deposed wold metal thickness shall be recordad foreach Mer metal of process used.)
BASE METALS (QW-403) POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (QW-407)
Material Spec: __SA 302. ‘Temperature: _NONE USED
Type or Grade: __ GRADE 5. Time:
2.No: __3 to PN 3 Other:
Thickness of test Coupon:__/2 THICK E
Diameter of Test Coupon: ___N/A= PLATE
Other.
NO PASS GREATER THAN 1/8" THICK
GAS (QW-408)
FILLER METALS (GW-404) Percent Composition
SFA Specification: _SEA- 6.29 Gas(es) (Mixture) Flow Rate
AWS Classification: _E7iT1-4 Shielding: _CO2 100% 42.18 CEH
Filler Metal F No. € Trailing: __NONE.
Weld metal Analysis No. A2(80,000 TENSILE). Backing: NONE
Size of Filler metal: _1/8"___ ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (QW~403)
Other: NO SUPPLEMENTAL FILLERS OR Current: _ DIRECT
POWDERS USED. Polarity: REVERSE rece
Weld Metal Thickness: __ 1/2" THICK Amps.:____130 Volts: 28
Tungsten Electrode Sizer __
Other: :
POSITION (QW -405)
Position of Groove:__ FLAT
Weld Progression (Uphill, Downhill: NIA TECHNIQUE (aW-10)
Other: Travel Speed: __15 12M
String or Weave Sead: _ WEAVE
Oseillation: NONE
Multipass or Single Pass (per side):_MULTIPASS
Interpass temp! Single or Mu
Other: Other:
PREHEAT (W205)
Preheat Temp.:___400°F
le Electrodes:_SINGLE ___
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QW-483 (Back)
PQR No: __14
Tensile Test (QW-150)
| | [ _Uitinaie’ | Gisate | Type of
Specimen Total toad | unit stress | Falture &
No. | Width _| Thickness |__Area_ | tb. |__Lecation
we | ae se [OG | SRBASE
| | METAL
[eae | besASe
METAL
i 1 1 T i 1
I I i [os I i
Guided Bend Tests (QW-180) 7
Type and Figure No. Result
= | [SEBEND HT ow-622 POROSITY - Ge" DIA) - ACCEPTABLE
| [SIDE BEND #2 - QW. 462.2 ‘CORNER POROSITY - 1/8” DIAM. - ACCEPTABLE
Toughness Tests (QW-170)
Impact Values =
Specimen | Notch | Specimen | Test
No. | Location ize _|Temp.| Ft.Lbs. | %Shear| mits | drop Weight Break (YIN)
=
{
Comments:
Fillet Weld Test (QW-120)
Result — Satisfactory: Yes: No: Penetration into Parant Metal: Yes:_No:_~_
Macro — Results:
Other Tests
Type of Test:
Deposit Analysis:
Other:
Welders Name: JOE BLOW JR. GlockNo: A Stamp No __4
Tests conducted by: __ BILLS TEST LAB. Laboratory Test No.:_123.
We cartify that the statements in this record are correct and that the test welds were prepared,
welded, and tested in accordance with the requirements of Section IX of the ASME Cade
Manufacturer: ___XYZ COMPANY.
8/31/92 a By! _JOE BLOW SR.
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AP! 510/570 COURSE
ASME SECTION IX AND V TEST (ALL OPEN BOOK)
NAME DATE,
1. AWS s primary purpose is to:
a qualify the POR
qualify the WP
sc, provide direction to the welder during production welding
document all non-essential variables
2. APQR's primary purpose is to:
sa,’ qualify the WPS
qualify the WPQ
cc. _ provide direction to the welder when making the test welds
d— botha&c, above
3 AWPQ's primary purpose is to:
a. _ chow ine ranges quid by 2 wolderopeator
b show the actual variables used to qualify a welder/operator A
Reet per eet
& a all of the above
4 ‘The nan-desvucve examination tht wil be covered bythe AP 510/570 sxrinaton
a #
> F
elton
$e
5 What ypes of ane maybe detected by PT?
ay sutece only
B Mea ony
c surface cracks. only
Fee erty abeutace
é—sanduest acceptance cite is specifedin Paragraph __ of ASME Seton ik
2 awass
2 Santee
2 Bates
§ Gkagh
7 Wanting the SMAW process a decrease of more han YOO" in the peseat
temperature qualified is an variable
Essential
Non-Essential
Supplementary Essential
Not a variable
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12
13
14,
15
ASME IX AND V TEST IRe
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SFA 5.28 's considered to be an Fi, per ASME IX.
A penetrameter is used for?
Judging RT flim density
by Judging RT fim sensitivity
¢ Judging RT film exposure
qd Judging UT acceptability (
‘What is the minimum frequency range of ultrasonic instruments to be used for ASME Code
examination?
a 25 MHz
b 18 Khz
cc 8-10 MHz
d. none of the above
What is the difference between X and Gamma Rays?
Xi a longer ray than Gamma
‘Gamma is a harder ray than X
‘Tne origination of the ray (source vs machine)
Xis only used in alloy analysis
MT using AG yokes is:
acceptable to find all discontinuities
acceptable to find surface discontinuities, only
acceptable to find sub-surface discontinuities
acceptable to find cracks, only
What device or devices may be used to measure RT film density?
2 Calibrated density strip
b Calibrated densitometer
c Calibrated penetrameter
@— Botha&b. above
‘Tension tests may be used to.
a Qualify a welder
b Qualify a walding operator
c Prove the ductility of a proposed welding procedure:
Qualify a welding procedure
Essental variables must be addressed on
a wes
b PAR
c¢ wpa
d— Allof the above
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copyaIGHT 20% =
sessure test shail be p:
18 Ahar rapairs are completed to a pressure vessei
[Atha repairs an alteration
3.) the API-510 inspector believes one is necessary
C the Pressure Vessel Engineer believes one is necessary
D. no NDE is done in iau of the pressure test
17 The ASME Code requires that safety valves be marked wit!
A. tbine steam capacity
(8) MAW of the valve
C. valve supolier
D bursting pressure
Se
{8) An exchanger that has a tube bundle that is free to move in the snaii, which pam
\/ expansion and contraction with temperature changes is 2
Ax, Floating Tubesheet exchanger
(B) Floating Head exchanger
© Floating Body exchanger
D. Fixed U Tube heat exchanger
‘The scope of API 510 includes:
CA.) miniature vessels (UM stamped vessels)
Coast Guard vessels
C. vassals rated for 10 psig
D none of the above
20. _Erasion problems would be more likely in which of the following concitions
A, sampling lines
(3 impingement point across from a vessel nozzle inlet
T the battom of a fractionating tower
©. the bottom of a kettle-tyoe re-boiler
Sensitization (or carbide precipitation) occurs in stainless steels when heated in the
temperature range of °, and then slowly cooled
‘A. 2000 - 25000
5
Git
D
22 Aprassure vessel is 4° thick and made from carton steel (P-1 material) This vessel will hav
sired with a flush patch using a Category A butweld. Per ASME Vill. this recair will
EA, szot radiographed
© fully adiographed
C radiographed, if 2 joint efficiency of 1 0 is used
© Ulrasonically examined per UW-12 requirements
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23. Aradiograph that meets ASME V requiremients will have a density range of i
produced with an X-Ray source
A 20-40
18-40
13 (composi
© 23-38
24 Amateriai test report is requires for au rai par ASME vin
@rse and plate product
pipe
© fiting.
D pressure-retsining
25 The allowable mill undertalerance an piping is
B 12.5%
: © 125%
= 1s
at D. 01" of 6% of ordered thickness:
(2s ,) Acomman type of stress corrosion cracking that occurs in carton stee!s in petroleum
refineries is that caused by sodium hydroxide This type is commeniy called:
‘A, chloride cracking
‘B.)caustic embritiement
© erosion/carrosion
© high temperature embrittlement
27 When repairing vessels with stainless steet weld averiay and cladding (vessels constructed
of P-3 Pot. or P-5 base materials) the base metal in the area of repair should be examined
for cracking by UT per ASME Section V This UT inspection should be made at least
hours aiter repairs have been completed for equipment in hydrogen service.
Fapedaly for chromium-molyodenum alloys that could be affected dy delayed cracking
ANZ
(Bye
‘C38
D 42
®
28 For corrosion calculations the surface of the weld is considered to De!
Bs inch en eter se ofthe wel orice the minimum heknes onan side of he
sna wsicnave is greater
whicneve 8 23 até o2 times the minimum biekness on ether side of
viatea hisnaveriegrestar
ee ee weld or ties the minimum tienes on
"enet icneveris greater
cee ene ee rea eld or 6 ies the minimum thickness on siter side of
Sane michaves is greats:
&
er side o
28 Which of the following is not a tool for measuring thickness of vessel shells?
A ecoustic emission transducers
'B ultrasonic instruments
C radiography with step gages
© corrosion buttons and depth drilling
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30 Vessel production i
\JA) the base metal must be impact tasied
8 raculred by the Inspector
CC the metal will be operated 2¢ -20°F
©. UHA St requires them to be performed
31 ita WPS shows a single "Vee" Groove weld is to be used and the POR was qualified witn
a double "Vee" Grocve:
A. the WES can be used without requalification
5 the WPS must be requalifie
C, the POR must be retested
‘D> the WPS must be modified to show the
A. itis always used in vapor service
, itis always used in hazardous service
: Circular Flat Unstayed q
1D. Hemispherical
40 Ifa steel has exceeded its yield point upon the removel of pressure and heat it wil
‘A. return to its original shape
CB) contain a permanent deformation
“6 spitrupture
D be scrap
41 Of the lypes of stresses placed on a thin walled cylinder, the most severe is
A) circumferential
B longitudinal
C compressive
D radial
rsile strength
men is 15 KSI The ultima:
42 The ultimate load on a $10" diameter tensiie sp:
on this specimen is approximately’
A) 73.528 psi
90.200 psi
C 85 100 psi
D 18.389 psi
43. The “Piezoelectric” effect is used in:
44 Onthe PH Scale 2 reading of 7 0 would be
A. acidic
yn
C alkaline
BD fatwlant
45 One of he most common welding defects abserved in the root pass of 2 welc
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A, porosity
B. lack of penetration
C tergster inc!
D overies
48 _ Ifa probable corresion rate cannot de determined from reviewing data from ihe same or similar
service vessels or estimated form published data, on-stream determinations shallbe made after
approximately hours of service by using NDE methods anda corrosion rete is
established
@> 1900
Cc” 3000
© 10500
47 What datarminas the inspection interval af 2 pressure-reileving device?
‘A. The interval is determined by the authorized pressure vessel inspector
'B The interval is determined by the owner-user.
Grain growth.
D Graphitic corrosion.
64 —_In-cases where the remaining safe operating life is estimated to be less than 4 years, the
inspection interval may be the full remaining safe operating life up to @ maximum of
8
(> mus be at least 20°F above MON
3 mended tobe a least 30°F above MOLT
63 “CREEP’is affected by:
ep strength
09 HoT cory oF OIS TRIS
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A guy wire is used for:
ar
QD sesing tetra wind lading) suppor to a tat vss
$ooig Hon eo ut vee!
uiding 2 level gauge through 2 tower
© pre-placement of insulation over a corroded surface
oak
68. _ The two NDE methods referenced by API 510 for measuring metal thickness ars
(Ac REET
8) RT. UT
UT, AET
OD MiPT
6 Radiography of zirconium (P51 ~ P62 metals) for purposes of welder qualifications is:
é permitted by ASME IX
6.
5} not alowed by ASME IX
net addressed by ASME (X
D acceptable per ASME Vil
70 Ralleving devices in a dirty, corrosive service must be removed and inspected at least every:
A. 10 years
B. year
(E> 5 years oy
5 10 years if the Inspector approves
71 The primary difference between GMAW and FCAW is:
B) the gas used
the wire used
D the power source used i
6 the wire feeder used
72 Ifthe ownership and location of a vessel are changed the vessel must oe:
A. revregistered withthe state
3 tevheat treated after instalation
G. cleaned before moving
(Gdinsoected after instalation atthe new location
should have 3 on the downstream side to indicate if leakage or rupture
73 Acupture
has occurred
(Bnscatng lasso ole
ots
é fr
D alarm
74 Anameplate shell be attached to a vessel after 2
A repair
_&, alteration
(i erating
D allof the above
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API 510 FINAL EXAMINATION 1 - CLOSED BOOK IRC
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High temee: drogen attack wil usually ocxur at temperatures above
A, 1900°F
8 10.000°F
20°F
(D.450°F
76. When the temper-bead welding technique is used in lau of PHT per APi 510, the
minimum praneat temperature shall be __ °F and the maximum wierpass i!
shall be
A, 350. 450
B 450.550
, 850, 750
D. 280, 380
17. Cathodic protection systems are normally supplied in either one of two ways:
A, expressed current or impressed current
(B) impressed current or sacrificial anode
sacrificial anode or impressed anode
D. sacrificial anode or artificial cathode
78 Before a hydrostatic test of an existing vessel is performed:
(CAbithe vessel should be checked to ensure itcan withstand the lcadings frem the height of
the water
the vessel must be fully rauiographed
C the vessel should be PWHT'd
D the vessel should be purged of air by opening a connection at the lowest point on the
vessel
ina pressure vessal record file
78, The three types of information that should be retainex
(according to API 510) are!
A. crawings. caleulations, specications
2 permanent, progressive, historical
© Sperating and inspection history. construction design and repair. alteration anc
m_ferating information
(basic deta, field notes, data accumulated in a “continuous file”
80 An Authorized API Inspectors duties may include:
(A, “authori
approve re-rating designs
repairs & alterations
5
C periarm radiography
D. install nameplates
er
SB fatigue
© corrosion
© brittle fracture
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a4
8s,
e6
ar
88.
a3
API 5t0 FINAL EXAMINATION 4 - CLOSED 800K IRC
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Fer ASME IA, a welding operator may be Gualified by
test plates (bend tests)
production weld radiography
Raciograohy of a tast pipe
‘D) all of the above
Goer
Which PT examination may not follow the other?
(@ fuorescent my not follow visible
visible may not follow fluorescent
C. mutidicectional may not follow longitu
D_ exponential may not follow subrotational
‘When conducting extemal vessel inspections, specific attention shoult be directed to:
A tray support rings
8 downcomers .
Cskirt attachment area
‘Dantivartex devices
‘The dish of a torispherical head will normally be than an elliptical head, and
therefore will have to be thicker for the same pressure
A, thinner
|B. rounder
©) hater
D_ more obround
A pressure vessel that reduces vapor to liquid is called a:
A, heat exchanger
8. seboiler
(C) condenser
“D. mutti
hoon
Per Ariicie 9. personnel perierming visual 2:
A. be qualified to SNT-TC-1A
B. have 20 years experience
. have an annual vision testo J-1 Standards
_¢&) have an annual vision test to 12 Stancarcs
shall
‘An inquiry submitted to the AP! committee requesting an interpratation on an API S10
requirement should be composed so that the committee reply can be made in a
format.
‘A Nes or no”
B. legal
©. lengthy
D. narrative
When steel is heated to a high temperature followed by rapid cooling, the substructure
becomes very hard This is caused by the formation of
(martensite
8 austenite
C bainite
©. pearite
The scope
A, vessels rated for less than 15 psig
(Ep vores less nan carte
non-stationary vessels (moveable vessels) over 15 psig
D piping and
{In checking a
bbe oriented
Ay parallel
fired heaters
wald fer longitudinal
tothe cracks
(8) perpendicular
© aligned
© similar
.SME VII! includes which of the following:
Jes using the MT method, the magnet field should
Graphitization is @ phenomena that occurs when steels operate for 2 fong time in the.
TSF - 100"
250°F - 504
gio w >
cosvaicHt 2000
*F range
}O°F range
11,000°C - 15.000°C range
25°F - 1.400°F range
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97. When relief valves are transported from a valve repair faciity back to a plant after they have been
2d they shoul
A shipced laying down
B. shipped is Sealed conainers
C shipped in visqueen
“) shipped inthe upright poston
98. An UT indication in excess of % of the DAC must be investigated to determine its
validity. per ASMEV
A 20
B 90
c.30
D 50
99 Anchor balts (holding a vessel in place) should be examined visually and also should be tested
for soundness by
4B) tapping with a hammer
ulrasonics
©. eddy current
©. excavating and checking any available NOE method
100 An owner-useris responsible for developing, documenting. implementing, executing, end
‘2ssessing pressure vessel inspection systerns and inspection procedures that will meet the
requirements of API §10. These systems and procedures will b=
A. maintained in a engineering procedure document
& kept as a standard procedure.
(E, contained in a quality assurance inspection manvel.
1D in hand and available at owner-user headquarters
401 A pressure test is normally required after
‘Aan alteration
“8. 2 repair
©. allighining strike
D. aunt upset
402 The external inspection of a pressure vessel should start with:
A. vessel foundation and anchor bolts.
(Bladders, stairways, platforms. or wakways conne
\¢nazzles and connecting siping
D protective coatings and insulation
ted or bearing on the vessel
403 When a pressure-relief valve is first received in the shop. what should be cone?
A dismantle and clean the valve
8 check the valve spring for corrosion
© dip the valve in 2 cleaning solution
1D ‘test pop the valve to determine the."as received" relieving eressure
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108
107.
108
103
110
‘AP|510 FINAL EXAMINATION 1 - CLOSED BOOK IRC
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The maximum allowable warking oressure for the continued use of a pressure vessel shal
2 Dasea on computations determined by using ine
Aa wen of xa National Boller
the vessei was buiit
(BNlatest edition of the ASME Code or the con:
“uit.
latest ecition of the APVASME Code or the construction cade to which the vessel was
built
© lates: ection of the Underwriters Laboratories Code or the construction code to which
the vessel was built
the vessel was
‘CUI must be investigated for vessels operating between which may have
had moisture ingress
ose
25°5 -250°F
8 250°F - 800°F
C OF -10°F
D, 100% - 1200°F
‘The Remaining Life of a vessel is calculated by which of the following formulas:
A. tacua-tpresaue minima
A A eal crac re
Gy ial bern oot
a ran Sion alewanee
Corrosion in refining processes are divided in 3 major groups. One of these groups is:
‘A. corrosion from components in crude oil
corrosion from chemicals used in the refining process
C. environmental corrosion
“