od + Development Unit 5 Keynotes Economic development has brought benefits Pree Meee me ces Pere RCT (MEDC and LEDC). Loans from international eee ki ena Cd their natural resources and to invest in rte ee Ru ac facilities.This raises Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and improves standards of Tee ruucucs ite Re an ere CLECs endangers the health of local people and depletes resources. Gas for Peru v green imperialism PAGE 43 Modal verbs of likelihood PAGE 45 Career skills: Showing cause and effect PAGE 47 Dilemma: Striking a balance PAGE 4aPreview Listening 1 | Reading Speaking Economic development How has the quality of life changed in your country over the last few years? What do young people have today that their parents didn’t have? Kristen Neymare is an analyst at the OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development). Listen to her explain what the OECD does and answer the questions. 1 What are the origins of the OECD? 2. What sort of work does it do? 3 How is the OECD changing? Development and the environment I Read the article on the opposite page about a proposed development project in the Peruvian rainforest. Are the following organisations for or against the project? What are their reasons? Organisation For / Against Reason Peruvian government Pluspetrol eee ae ‘Amazon Watch Seer eres x Inter-American Development Bank US Import Export Bank By Read the article again. Which of the following will happen if the Camisea project goes ahea 1 Peru will again become an exporter of fuel. 2 The IDB loan could release further finance for the scheme. 3. The Peruvian government will be able to give financial assistance to some of the poorer areas in the country. 4 Peruvian companies will be able to reduce some of their costs, A road will be built through the Peruvian jungle. 6 The project will stop without the loans. Ei According to its opponents, the Camisea project will have a negative impact in a number of areas. List four things that they say will be affected. What do you think will happen to the Camisea project? Why?pactric OCEAN > Development and the environment The Economist Glossary upstream supply of items for production downstream supply of finished products to consumers GDP a country’s annual productivity greens enyironmentalists consortium group of companies Gas for Peru v green imperialism Lima ‘Where should the balance between development and the environment be struck? And who should strike it? ANTTER nearly two decades of contrac negotiations, natural gas. from the ‘Amazon jungle looks finally set to reach Peru's capital, Lima, by next August However, US environmentalists are making a final attempt to stop the $15 billion project, which if it goes ahead should tum Péru ftom an importer of fuel into an. exporter. ‘Camisea has huge gas reserves, more than enough to supply Lima for many years. In 2000, Peru's government award: td a licence to develop the field 10 an “upstream” consortium headed by Pluspetrol of Argentina and Hunt Oil, a Us firm, A second “downstream” con- sortium is building a 700km pipeline t0 the coast. There will also be two plants fon the Pacific coast {0 process and ‘export gas to Mexico and energy-hungry California. But the lobbying, led by Amazon Watch, caused the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) last week 10 put off a decision on a $75m loan for the pipeline. Approval by the IDB ‘might unlock another loan, of $200m, fot the “upstream” consortium, from the United States Export-Import Bank, Unfortunately, Camisea itself is deep in the Peruvian jungle. Its opponents claim that the project threatens tribes of « Amazon Indians, rare species and. the rainforest along the pipeline route and that the export terminals would endan era marine reserve at Paracas. Certainly, some Indians died from dis ease afer frst coming in contact with workers in the mid-980s. But Camisea’s wdefenders. argue that its benefits are hhuge and that any social and environ ‘mental costs can be minimised. Peru, once an oil exporter, now imports some $200m of fuel a year Camisea is going to provide cleaner, cheaper energy for local consumers, as ‘well as exports. The IDB estimates that the project would add 08 per cent a year to Pers GDP over its 30-year life soJsime Quijandria, the economy minis ter, says that it should generate tax rev- enues of up t0 $200m a year, much of so Which will go t0 the poorest areas through which the pipeline passes Lobbying by the greens has forced the goverment and the developers to take precautions. The consortium is using “offshore” technology at Camisea = drilling sites are being operated as if they were islands in the jungle. Workers and supplies are helicoptered in. There are no access roads. Jungle will soon cover over the sears left by construction work, None of this satisfies the more radi- cal US greens, such as Amazon Watch, They claim massive soil damage is tak- ing place along the pipeline. They also ‘oppose the planned location of the export terminals. These are close to the Paracas marine but in an area already damaged by industry. Without the loans, Camisea may still go ahead. But the project would take Tonger and might finish up having less money to spend on protecting the envi- ronment. Some of the concems about Camisea’s environmental and social risks are no doubt real. Bodies such as the IDB can help, But many Peruvians think it should be for Peru to decide. whether and how to make best use of its natural resources. Unit 5 m4344m Unit 5 Vocabulary 1 Vocabulary 2 Word form 10 some words in English can be used as both nouns and verbs. Look at the examples below. Read the definitions for the following words from the text. Which of the two definitions was used? 1 contract (line 1) (n) written legal agreement () give work to a supplier 2 project (line 7) (n) planned piece of work (v) calculate the cost of something in) substance burned for energy (v) make a bad situation worse ( 3 fuel (line 44) ( ( ( ( ( 4 plant (line 18) fn) industrial complex v) put something into the ground in) series of actions (0) treat or modify a substance 6 loan (line 25) (n) financial assistance (v) give something on a temporary basis 5 process (line 19) © Are the noun forms and verb forms pronounced in the same way? Which ones are different? EX Complete the sentences with the correct form of the following words. plant concern benefit. estimate test. award 1 ‘The principal ____ for the area will be higher employment. 2 Itis impossible to the real value of the rainforest. 3. The government will _____ the contract to a foreign consortium. 4 Aseries of ___ will be conducted to measure pollution levels. 5 Construction of both the new ___ will be completed next year. 6 ‘This is an issue that everybody. Development and the environment Put the words and phrases in the correct groups. Use a dictionary to help you. access roads jungle drilling sites reserves tribes _ terminals gas field plants rainforest pipeline rare species Construction Environment access roade JungleLanguage check Practice Modal verbs of likelihood Look at the following sentences. Do they express certainty, probability or possibility? Camisea is going to mean cheaper fuel for local people. Camisea will add 0.8 per cent a year to Perw’s GDP. Approval by the IDB might unlock another loan of $200m. Without the loans, Camisea may still go ahead. ‘The export terminals would endanger a marine reserve. awit should generate tax revenues of up to $200m a year. The survey must be very positive for the company to invest so much. ion, see page 159. Ell Choose the appropriate modal forms to complete the following statements about the Brazilian rainforest. 1 According to some calculations 16 per cent of the forest area may already have been destroyed. a may b will © would 2 Greenpeace have suggested that it be possible to reduce deforestation if traditional forms of agriculture are promoted. a isgoingto b might © must 3 Many plant species are currently being studied in the hope that they provide sources for new drugs. a should b would © will 4 Some international organisations are campaigning for the extension of reserves. This safeguard 30 per cent of the forest from industry. a must b> might © would 5 Some experts point out that many forestry workers live from day to day and that they do anything to obtain enough money to eat, a should b must ec will 6 Logging companies pay as little as $15 to buy trees that _____ be worth several thousand if they were sold on the international markets. a could b will © can 7 Some landowners are not concerned about the law because they know that they ___ have to pay the fines that are sometimes imposed. a won't b mightn’t —¢ shouldn't Unit 5 m45a Complete the extract from a presentation about the future ofthe rid’s natural energy reserves with the following modal verbs. More than one answer is often possible. will may might would should could Thank you for inviting me here today to make this presentation about the future of our natural evversy reserves. | know some of you ' will already be familiar with the complex nature of this subject and | hope you? forgive me for trying to deal with it in only 45 minutes. If we look back to twenty years ago I can recall how confident people were that nuclear energy ; provide the ultimate energy source and | don't think that anyone at that time * possibly imagine the impact that the accident at Chernobyl ® have on our confidence in that industry. While the nuclear industry®___still hold out some hope for a nuclear-powered future — this time in the form of nuclear fusion — it now looks like it? _be some time before the necessary technologies are in place for it to succeed. Indeed some sceptics®__even goas far as to say that 9_____never be the case! So from a world of confidence we now face the uncomfortable facts: fossil fuels are finite resources and while they * be sufficient to carry our economies through the next few decades, there is no doubt that beyond that horizon new sources of energy i1_____Nave tw be developed in order to sustain ‘our current economic model [J Look at some of the major changes predicted for the future. When do you think they are most likely to happen? 1 Cloned human organs are available. 2. Sea levels rise, causing mass flooding. 3 Lifes found on another planet. 4 Space travel is freely available. 5 Electronic money replaces cash completely. 6 Cars are banned from city centres. 46m Unit 5 Super viruses create chaos across the world’s computers. One currency is introduced for all countries. © Prepare a short presentation of how you see your own fi cree ink a feet rklde information abut ht you wold Like 93 hap nd how you think your life will change in the coming years.Career skills Listening 2 @ Speaking Culture at work Showing cause and effect When talking about the consequences of events and situations itis useful to | explain the reasons why we think something happened or will happen in the future. Look at the following examples. Building the terminal will lead to massive environmental damage The IDB put off the $75m loan due to lobbying by environmentalists. A demonstration would rasult in lots of publicity. Jobs will be created as a result of the inward investment. The pollution was caused by a factory further up the river. Listen to two short dialogues. What are the people talking about? Which phrases do they use to show cause and effect? subject phrases Extract 1 Extract 2 Read the following descriptions of possible scenarios. What do you think the consequences of each of these scenarios will / would be? Discuss your answers in pairs. All the debt of developing countries is cancelled, Global temperatures continue to rise. Economically developed countries fail to reduce pollution levels. Petroleum prices rise 500 per cent. The cities of the world continue to attract more and more people. ‘The marine resources of the planet are not protected. aueun- Dealing with unclear situations Some cultures try to avoid unclear situations by use of fixed rules and procedures. Other cultures tolerate uncertainty and believe you need to be flexible to deal with problems as they arise. How might this affect business practices? Which attitude is more common in your country? Unit 547Dilem Decis sion Dilemma: Striking a balance Brief You will be taking part in a discussion forum on the subject of the Camisea project at this year’s Wild Earth conference. During the forum the various groups involved in the Camisea project will have an opportunity to present their different viewpoints. The following people will be present at the forum. Group A * Consortium representatives (See page 144.) Group B * Peruvian government representatives (See page 142.) Group C * Amazon Watch (See page 138.) Task 1 Work in groups. Choose one of the above roles and read the information at the back of the book. Task 2 Prepare the arguments that your group will use to present at the forum. List the negative effects that the wrong course of action will have. Prepare to present your ideas to the class. Task 3 In turn, each group makes a brief presentation of its view of the Camisea project. Useful phrases the... will mean .- will/could cause ... would endanger ... will/could lead to/result in would greatly benefit from may/might have a disastrous effect on .. Task 4 ‘Once each group has presented, the class should try to agree if and how the Camisea project should continue. Write it up Write a short report outlining the key issues concerning the Camis and recommending the best action. (See Style guide, p 48m Unit 5 [ Decision: © Professor Harding is a development expert at the Darwin Institute in California. Listen to him talk about how complex projects like Camisea can be managed.