Chapter 2

Kinematics in One Dimension

Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v = vo + at

x= 1
2
(vo + v )t
2 2
v = v + 2axo

2
x = vot + at 1
2
Applications of the Equations of Kinematics

Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.

2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and

negative (-).

3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five
kinematic variables.

4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three

of the five kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation.

5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that

the final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.

6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a

kinematics problem.
 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics

Example: An Accelerating Spacecraft

A spacecraft is traveling with a velocity of +3250 m/s. Suddenly the
retrorockets are fired, and the spacecraft begins to slow down with an
acceleration whose magnitude is 10.0 m/s2. What is the velocity of the
spacecraft when the displacement of the craft is +215 km, relative to the
point where the retrorockets began firing?

x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s
Applications of the Equations of Kinematics

x a v vo t
+215000 m -10.0 m/s2 ? +3250 m/s

2 2 2
v = v + 2ax
o
v = ± v + 2ax
o

2_
(
v = ± (3250 m s ) + 2 10.0 m s 2 (215000 m ) )
= ±2500 m s
Applications of the Equations of Kinematics
Freely Falling Bodies

In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies

at the same location above the Earth fall vertically with
the same acceleration. If the distance of the fall is small
compared to the radius of the Earth, then the acceleration
remains essentially constant throughout the descent.

This idealized motion is called free-fall and the acceleration

of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to
gravity.

2 2
g = 9.80 m s or 32.2 ft s
Freely Falling Bodies

2
g = 9.80 m s
Freely Falling Bodies

Example: A Falling Stone

A stone is dropped from the top of a tall building. After 3.00s

of free fall, what is the displacement y of the stone?
Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s
Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s

2
y = vot + at 1
2

= (0 m s )(3.00 s )+ 1
2
(− 9.80 m s )(3.00 s )
2 2

= −44.1 m
Freely Falling Bodies

Example: How High Does it Go?

The referee tosses the coin up

with an initial speed of 5.00m/s.
In the absence if air resistance,
how high does the coin go above
its point of release?
Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00
m/s
Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00
m/s

2 2
2 2 v −v
v = v + 2ay o y= o
2a
2 2 2 2
y=
v −v
=
(0 m s ) − (5.00 m s )
o
= 1.28 m
2a 2 − 9.80 m s 2
( )
Freely Falling Bodies

Conceptual Example: Acceleration Versus Velocity

There are three parts to the motion of the coin. On the way
up, the coin has a vector velocity that is directed upward and
has decreasing magnitude. At the top of its path, the coin
momentarily has zero velocity. On the way down, the coin
has downward-pointing velocity with an increasing magnitude.

In the absence of air resistance, does the acceleration of the

coin, like the velocity, change from one part to another?
 Chapter 3

Kinematics in 2 Dimensions

Trigonometry and Vectors

Scalars and Vectors
Vector Addition and Subtraction

Often it is necessary to add one vector to another.

= +
Vector Addition and Subtraction

5m 3m

8m
Vector Addition and Subtraction

= +
Vector Addition and Subtraction

Find R and θ for this case.

2.00 m

6.00 m
Vector Addition and Subtraction

2 2 2
R = (2.00 m ) + (6.00 m )

2 2
R= (2.00 m ) + (6.00 m ) = 6.32m

R
2.00 m

6.00 m
Vector Addition and Subtraction

tan θ = 2.00 6.00

−1 
θ = tan (2.00 6.00)= 18.4

6.32 m
2.00 m
θ
6.00 m
Vector Addition and Subtraction

When a vector is multiplied

by -1, the magnitude of the
vector remains the same, but
the direction of the vector is
reversed.
Vector Addition and Subtraction

  
A+B B


A  
A −B
 
A−B
The Components of a Vector

 
x and y are called the x vector component

and the y vector component of r.
The Components of a Vector


The vector components of A are two perpendicular
 
vectors A x and A y that are parallel to the x and y axes,
  
and add together vectorially so that A = A x + A y .
The Components of a Vector

It is often easier to work with the scalar components

rather than the vector components.

Ax and Ay are the scalar components


of A.

xˆ and yˆ are unit vectors with magnitude 1.

  
A = A x + A y = Ax x̂ + Ay ŷ
The Components of a Vector

Example

A displacement vector has a magnitude of 175 m and points at

an angle of 50.0 degrees relative to the x axis. Find the x and y
components of this vector.

sin θ = y r
( )
y = r sin θ = (175 m ) sin 50.0 = 134 m

cos θ = x r
( )
x = r cos θ = (175 m ) cos 50.0 = 112 m

r = (112 m )xˆ + (134 m )yˆ
Addition of Vectors by Means of Components

  
C= A+B
 
A = Ax xˆ + Ay yˆ B = Bx xˆ + B y yˆ
Addition of Vectors by Means of Components


C = Ax xˆ + Ay yˆ + Bx xˆ + B y yˆ
= (Ax + Bx )xˆ + (Ay + B y )yˆ

C x = Ax + Bx C y = Ay + B y