Basic Discrete Structure : Set

Lecture 2

1
 Problem

Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, and C = {0, 1}.

Find
a)A × B × C.
b) B × B × B.

2
 Problem

Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, and C = {0, 1}.

Find
a)A × B × C.
b)B × B × B.

A × B = {(a,x), (a,y), (b,x), (b,y), (c,x), (c,y)}

A × B × C= {(a,x,0), {(a,x,1), (a,y,0), (a,y,1),

(b,x,0), {(b,x,1), (b,y,0), (b,y,1),
(c,x,0), {(c,x,1), (c,y,0), (c,y,1) }
3
 Problem

Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, and C = {0, 1}. Find

a)A × B × C.
b)B × B × B.

B × B = {(x,x), (x,y), (y,x), (y,y)}

B × B × B= {(x,x,x), {(x,x,y), (x,y,x), (x,y,y), (y,x,x),

{(y,x,y), (y,y,x), (y,y,y)}

4
 Problem

Use a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationships

A ⊂ B and A ⊂ C.

5
 Problem

Use a Venn diagram to illustrate the relationships

A ⊂ B and A ⊂ C.

6
 Problem

Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and

C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Find
a) A ∩ B ∩ C.
b) A ∪ B ∪ C.
c) (A ∪ B) ∩ C.
d) (A ∩ B) ∪ C.

7
 Problem

Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and

C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Find
a) A ∩ B ∩ C.
b) A ∪ B ∪ C.
c) (A ∪ B) ∩ C.
d) (A ∩ B) ∪ C.

a) A ∩ B ∩ C. ={4, 6}

8
 Problem

Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and

C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Find
a) A ∩ B ∩ C.
b) A ∪ B ∪ C.
c) (A ∪ B) ∩ C.
d) (A ∩ B) ∪ C.

a) A ∩ B ∩ C. ={4,6}
b) A ∪ B ∪ C={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
9
 Problem
Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and
C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Find
a) A ∩ B ∩ C.
b) A ∪ B ∪ C.
c) (A ∪ B) ∩ C.
d) (A ∩ B) ∪ C.

a) A ∩ B ∩ C. ={4,6}
b) A ∪ B ∪ C={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
c) (A ∪ B) ∩ C = {4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
10
 Problem
Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and
C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Find
a) A ∩ B ∩ C.
b) A ∪ B ∪ C.
c) (A ∪ B) ∩ C.
d) (A ∩ B) ∪ C.

a) A ∩ B ∩ C. ={4, 6}
b) A ∪ B ∪ C={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
c) (A ∪ B) ∩ C = {4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
d) (A ∩ B) ∪ C = {0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} 11
 Problem

What can you say about the sets A and B if we know that
a) A ∪ B = A?
b) A ∩ B = A?
c) A − B = A?

12
 Problem

What can you say about the sets A and B if we know that
a) A ∪ B = A?
b) A ∩ B = A?
c) A − B = A?

a) B A

13
 Problem

What can you say about the sets A and B if we know that
a) A ∪ B = A?
b) A ∩ B = A?
c) A − B = A?

a) B A
b) A B

14
 Problem

What can you say about the sets A and B if we know that
a) A ∪ B = A?
b) A ∩ B = A?
c) A − B = A?

a) B A
b) A B
c) A B 

15
 Problem
Let A be the set of English words that contains x, and B be the set of
English words that contain the letter q. Express each of these sets as
a combination of A and B.
i. The set of English words that do not contain the letter x.
ii. The set of English words that contain an x but not a q.
iii. The set of English words that do not contain either an x or a q.

16
 Problem
Let A be the set of English words that contains x, and B be the set of
English words that contain the letter q. Express each of these sets as
a combination of A and B.
i. The set of English words that do not contain the letter x.
ii. The set of English words that contain an x but not a q.
iii. The set of English words that do not contain either an x or a q.

i. U–A

17
 Problem
Let A be the set of English words that contains x, and B be the set of
English words that contain the letter q. Express each of these sets as
a combination of A and B.
i. The set of English words that do not contain the letter x.
ii. The set of English words that contain an x but not a q.
iii. The set of English words that do not contain either an x or a q.

i. U–A
ii. A –B

18
 Problem
Let A be the set of English words that contains x, and B be the set of
English words that contain the letter q. Express each of these sets as
a combination of A and B.
i. The set of English words that do not contain the letter x.
ii. The set of English words that contain an x but not a q.
iii. The set of English words that do not contain either an x or a q.

i. U–A
ii. A –B
iii. U – (A U B)

19
 Definitions and notation

Check these:

Is {x}  {x}? Yes

Is {x}  {x,{x}}? Yes

Is {x}  {x,{x}}? Yes

Is {x}  {x}? No

20
 Operators

like
“exclusive
or”
The symmetric difference, A  B, is:
A  B = { x : (x  A  x  B) v (x  B  x  A)}

= (A - B) U (B - A)

U
A
B

21
 Operators

Proof: { x : (x  A  x  B) v (x  B  x  A)}
= (A - B) U (B - A)

A  B = { x : (x  A  x  B) v (x  B  x  A)}
= { x : (x  A - B) v (x  B - A)}
= { x : x  ((A - B) U (B - A))}
= (A - B) U (B - A)

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 Famous Identities

AU=A
• Identity AU=A

AUU=U
• Domination A=

AUA=A
• Idempotent
AA=A

23
 Famous Identities

• Excluded Middle AUA=U

• Uniqueness AA=

• Double complement A=A

24
 Famous Identities

AUB= BUA
• Commutativity
AB= BA

(A U B) U C = A U (B U C)
• Associativity
(A  B)  C = A  (B  C)

A U (B  C) = (A U B)  (A U C)
• Distributivity
A  (B U C) = (A  B) U (A  C)

25
 Famous Identities

• DeMorgan’s I (A U B) = A  B

• DeMorgan’s II (A  B) = A U B

26
 Inclusion/Exclusion
Example:
How many people are wearing a watch?
How many people are wearing sneakers?

How many people are wearing

a watch OR sneakers?

What’s wrong?
|A  B| = |A| + |B| 7
B A
|A  B| = |A| + |B| - |A  B| 6

27
 Inclusion/Exclusion

Example:
There are 217 cs majors. 217

157 are taking cs125. 59 98

47
145 are taking cs173.
98 are taking both.

How many are taking neither?

217 - (157 + 145 - 98) = 13

28
 Generalized Inclusion/Exclusion
Suppose we have:
A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8},
A B B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4},
C = {0, 3, 6, 9}.

And I want to know |A U B U C|

|A U B U C| = |A| + |B| + |C|

- |A  B| - |A  C| - |B  C|
+ |A  B  C|
|A ∪ B ∪ C| = 5+5+4-3-2-2+1 ≡ 8 ≡{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}. 29
Thank You

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