= Diffraction is the phenomena of bending of light around the corner of an obstacles (of size comparable to wavelength) so that light enters into the region of its geometrical shadow thereby deviating from its linear path. = Diffraction of light produces the dark and bright fringes known as diffraction bands or diffraction fringes. = Itis shown by all kinds of waves F} shadow but due to difteaction 9 Bright (Central bright fringe) SSS | 4 Jshadow but due to diffraction there Is bright Fig (1D Diffraction Interference (Centremaxima) a) b) All bright fringe are of equal intensity (amplitude) c) Equal fringe same width d) Good contrast between dark and bright fringe e) It is due to superposition of light wave from two coherent sources. Fresnel's diffraction a) The source and the screen are at finite distance from diffracting aperture, is known as Fresnel's diffraction. Brij Kumar Singh M.Sc Physics , COP, TU, Kirtipur Diffraction a) b) All bright fringes are not of equal intensity (amplitude also not equal) c) Unequal fringe width d) Poor contrast between dark and bright fringe. e) It is due to superposition of secondary wavelets from different parts of same wave front. Fraunhofer's diffraction a) The source and the screen are at infinite distance from the diffracting aperture, is known as fraunhofers diffraction Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical &Vocational School Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangia Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Lalbandi, Sarlahi Nepal Scanned with CamScannerb) The incident wave fronts are divergent b) The incident wave fronts are plane and either spherical or cylindrical. which are released by using convex lens. c) Secondary wavelets are vibrating in c) Secondary wavelets are vibrating in different phase same phase. d) No lenses are used for observation d) Two lenses are used and diffracted light is collected by lens as in telescope. Mm 1) Prose Ditraction Brij Kumar Singh M.Se Physics , CDP, TU, Kirtipur Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical &Vocational Schoo! Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangia Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Lalbandi, Sariahi Nepal Scanned with CamScannerlo entral maxima (bright) Parallel Beam ofllight (of wavelight) o (Convex Lens) Single slit ——— Dp —_}| Fig (Fraunhofer's Diffraction at a single slit) Here, AB = d = slit width XY D screen listance between slit and screen Here, the light passing through the slit suffers diffraction. Ifa lens is placed in the path of diffracted beam, a real image of diffraction pattern is obtained on screen XY. When a plane wavefront is incident on the slit AB, each point on the wavefront becomes a source of secondary wavelets on the basis of Hyygen's theory. A wide control central bright of fringe of maximum intensity is obtained at centre O of screen XY and on either side of central fringe, dark and bright fringes of decreasing intensity are observed. These bands are referred to as secondary minima and maxima respectively. It is found that: a) Width of central maxima is double of that of secondary maxima. » Intensity of secondary maxima goes on decreasing. Consider a point 0 at the centre of the screen as shown in fig (1). Light travel equal optical paths to reach the point O and are in same phase. Thus, 0 is the position of maximum mares which is known as central maxima. Draw AN 1” on diffracted rays from point A; In AABN, 2 BN _ BN _ path difference sin6 AB a slit widt = Path difference between wavelets = BN = d sin , (1) Brij Kumar Singh M.Se Physics , CDP, TU, Kirtipur Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical &Vocational Schoo! Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangja Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Lalbandi, Sariahi Nepal Scanned with CamScannerPath difference From(1) and (2): dsin Gp na sin o=7 For nth secondary minima: sin®, a For small 0q;sin@, = 9,“ On =u . For 1* minima (n=1) : @=4 (path difference between wavelets A and B is A so path difference between A and Cand B & Cis3.) For 2" minima (n=2) : 6; = 2 (path dif ference between extreme wavelets = 2A) na + for n‘* minima (n: nat Note! If yn be the distance of nth secondary minima from 0 on the screen and D be the distance between slit and screen, then from APCO; tan 0, = 3 = + tan, =28 For small @,tan@=@ +0 = 2 suu(a) Form equation (4) and (a) 4 = 22 Yo = Ae seen) MAD | _(n-1)AD *B= Yn Yaa = (.e.Band width for dark fringes) (Qi) For nth secondary maxima (bright fringe) Path difference = (2n + 1) sumu(5) From (1) & (5) dsin@, = (2n + 1)2 Or, sin@, = (2n+ ne Since, @ is small so sin@ .o=(Qntys For 1* order maxima( For 2! order maxima(n=2) + 6, = = For n* order maxima(n=n) «. 6, = (2n +1) Note: If yn be the distance of nth maximum from O and on the screen then From APCO, tan 6’, a Brij Kumar Singh M.Sc Physics , COP, TU, Kirtipur_ Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical &Vocational Schoo! Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangia Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Laibandi, Sarlahi Nepal Contact: brijsingh707 @gmail.com or 9844114465 & 9804816423 Scanned with CamScannerFor small @’,tan@’=6' =. 6, = For equation (7) and (c) m= Qn4+ne Now, 6’ = yf —yhaa = nee _ ocayeae apt Pis fringe width of bright fringe Here, Fringe width is independent on n, so all the secondary maxima and minima are of same width. an(€) (Intensity) Intensity goes of decreasing rapidly as seen from curve sind Fig (I) Intensity Distribution in Frauhofer's distribution Width of central maximum is defined as the distance between first maxima on either side of the central maximum ‘0’. From fig (1), the first secondary minimum occurs at point P and Q, so, dsinO = na From first minima (n=1) «+. sing =4 For small @,sind= 9 «9 =4 The angle subtended by whole central maxima is 2 6. «Angular width of central maxima (2 6)= 24 ...u.u(2) a This gives angular width of central maximum. IFy is is the distance from ‘0’ to first minimum on either side of central maximum, then width of central maximum is2y. Let be distance between slitand screen. Now, from ACOP, tang = £2 =2 tan6=% for small @,tand = 6 = 6 =%and29=% from (2) and (3): zy 2A (3) > a Brij Kumar Singh M.Se Physics , CDP, TU, Kirtipur Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical &Vocational Schoo! Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangja Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Lalbandi, Sariahi Nepal Scanned with CamScannerOr, aya Hence, width of central maxima is 2y = «Linear width of central maxima (bright! fringe) (B) = 2y = 42 Fig (i) Widthd of central maximum — An arrangement which consists of a large number of parallel slits of equal width and separated from one another by equal opaque space is called diffraction grating. (I) It is used for producing spectra and for measuring wavelength of light accurately. (Il) Ithas replaced refracting prisms as the diffraction gravity gives very sharp spectra. (ill) The number of lines(N) ruled grating is very large, as 5000 lines per cm. (IV) Grating element or grating space (i.e. a+b) is the distance of one clear space and one opaque space. (v) The transmission grating is constructed by cutting parallel grooves on a glass plate ora metal plate. Here, 6=linght diffracted an angle to the direction of incident light. Ois central maximum (central bright fringe) GG' = Portion of diffraction grating a= width of transparencies Brij Kumar Singh M.Se Physics , CDP, TU, Kirtipur Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical &Vocational Schoo! Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangja Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Lalbandi, Sariahi Nepal Scanned with CamScannerb = Width of opacities. Value of (a+b) = grating element or grating space N=Number of lines per inch of the grating, then, (atb) =+inch = Bem = sae m A large number of very fine equidistant parallel slits can be obtained by drawing a series of very fine equidistant parallel lines on a glass plate by means of a fine sharp diamond point. heen Parallel beam of ight oyraction gravity) Fig () Diffraction Gravity Intensity of distribution ‘Theory: Consider a parallel beam of monochromatic light (plane ware) of wavelength a is incident normally on the grating surface. Let, (a+b) be the grating space or grating element. The secondary maxima with multiple slip occurs into the same direction as for the two- slit pattern in young's experiment. Let, @,, be the angle of diffraction for nth secondary maxima. We have, (a + b)sin®, = na where, n=1,2,3.... Ifn = 0, we get the central maximum at ‘0’. Ifn =1, 1* order maxirea (a+b) sin@, = a Ifn = 2, 24 order maxima (a+b) sin@, = 22 The central principle maximum (central maxima) is the most intense and gradually decreases on its either sides. ~ The resolving power is an optical instrument is defined as its ability to resolve or separate the images of two nearby point object so that they can be distinctly seen. ~ Itis equal to the reciprocal of the limit of resolution of the optical instrument. Brij Kumar Singh M.Sc Physics , CDP, TU, Kirtipur Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical &Vacational Schoo! Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangla Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Lalbandi, Sarlahi Nepal Scanned with CamScanner— The smaller the limit of resolution of an optical instrument, greater its resolving ower. = for diffraction to take place, the size of the obstacle should be of the order of the wavelength of the waves. Since the wavelength of light (= 107m) is very small as compared to the size of the obstacle around us, so light cannot be diffracted readily. But as the eee of sound is of the order of such objects, it on diffracted ae = The diffraction phenomenon verifies that light are in wave motion. But, this phenomenon does not provide any information about the transverse or longitudinal nature of light waves. It is because both transverse and longitudinal waves show diffraction effects. = For diffraction effects to be observable, the wavelength of the wave should be comparable with the size of the obstacle. Radio wares have a long wavelength compared with other electromagnetic spectrum. They can therefore easily diffract or bend round the corners of building, doors, windows etc and easily reach the receiving set = The diffraction grating are used to produce spectra and for measuring wavelength. The spectrum produced in fine grating is very sharp. Furthermore, a two-slit set up, for measuring wavelength of ligkt, produces interference fringe and is modulated by diffraction produced by each individual slit. Thus, diffraction grating is better than Young's two-slit set up for measuring aoa ofthe light. Brij Kumar Singh M.Sc Physics , COP, TU, Kirtipur Physics lecturer at Shree Secondary Technical & Vocational Schoo! Dharapani Dhanusha Nepal Former Physics Lecturer at Nepal Adarsha School/Campus Waling-8, Syangja Former secondary Science teacher at Everest Academy Lalbandi, Sarlahi Nepal Contact: [email protected] or 9844114465 & 9804816423 Scanned with CamScanner