Prepared by

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan

Associate Professor, Department of EEE
American International University – Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Introduction
The voltage, current, power and impedance in a power system are
often expressed in per-unit or percent of a specified base values.
Per-unit quantity is the ratio of actual quantity and base value of
quantity. It is represented by pu.

Per − unit quantity = Actual quantity

Base value of quantity
Zact X act Ract Iact Vact
Z pu = X pu = R pu = I pu = V pu =
Z X R I V
base base base base base
Pact Qact Sact f act ωact
Ppu = Q pu = S pu = f pu = ω pu = ω
P Q S f base
base base base base
Yact Bact Gact
Y pu = B pu = G pu =
Y B G
base base base
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 2
 For Single-Phase System
Let, Vbase and Sbase are given then Pbase = Qbase = Sbase

S V V2
I = base A R =X =Z = base = base Ω
base V base base base I
base S
base base
I S
G =B =Y = base = base = 1 [S ]
base base base V
V 2 Z
base base base
Let, Vbase= kVbase and Sbase = kVAbase or Sbase = kVAbase are
given then
MVA [kV ]2 ×1000 [kV ]2
I = base kA Z = base = base Ω
base kV base kVA MVA
base base base
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 3
 For Three-Phase System
For three phase system given Vbase is always line voltage, so
calculated Ibase is a line current.
S V V2
I = base A R =X =Z = base = base Ω
base 3V base base base I
base S
base base
I S
G =B =Y = base = base = 1 [S ]
base base base V
V 2 Z
base base base
Let, Vbase= kVbase and Sbase = kVAbase or Sbase = kVAbase are
given then
MVA [kV ]2 ×1000 [kV ]2
I = base kA Z = base = base Ω
base kV base kVA MVA
base base base
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 4
 Example of Generator in Per-Unit System
A generator rated 1000 VA and 200 V has internal impedance
10+j20 Ω as shown in figure. Considering the ratings of the
generator are base values, calculate the base current, base
impedance and per-unit of impedance of generator.
Here, V = 200V ; S =1000 VA
base base
S
I = base =1000 = 5 A
base V 200
base
V 2 2
Z = base = 200 = 40 Ω
base S 1000
base
Zact 10+ j20
Z pu = = = 0.25+ j0.5
Z 40
base
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 5
 Example of Transformer in Per-Unit System
A transformer is rated 2000 VA, 200V/400V, and has an internal
impedance of j4.0 Ω as seen from the low voltage side.

Low Voltage Side High Voltage Side

Sbase 2000 VA 2000 VA
Vbase 200 V 400 V
Ibase Sbase/Vbase=2000/200=10 A Sbase/Vbase=2000/400=5 A
Zact j4.0 Ω j4.0(400/200)2=j16 Ω
Vbase2/Sbase=2002/2000 Vbase2/Sbase=4002/2000
Zbase
= 20 Ω = 80 Ω
Zpu Zact/Zbase=j4/20=j0.2 Zact/Zbase=j16/80=j0.2
The transformer per unit impedance is the same, regardless of
to which side of the transformer it is referred.
The conversion complications are absorbed into the base
relationships.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 6
 Example 6.4
A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 kVA. Leakage
reactance measured from the low-tension side is 0.06 Ω.
Determine leakage reactance in per-unit.
Low Voltage Side High Voltage Side
Sbase 2500 VA 2500 VA
Vbase 110 V 440 V
Ibase Sbase/Vbase=2500/110=22.73 A Sbase/Vbase=2500/440=5.68 A
Zact j0.06 Ω j0.06(440/110)2=j0.96 Ω
Vbase2/Sbase=1102/2500 Vbase2/Sbase=4402/2500
Zbase
= 4.84 Ω = 77.44 Ω
Zpu Zact/Zbase=j0.06/4.84=j0.0124 Zact/Zbase=j0.96/77.44=j0.0124

The transformer per unit impedance is the same,

regardless of to which side of the transformer it is
referred.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 7
 Example 6.5
Three parts of a single-phase electrical system are designated A, B,
and C and are connected to each other through transformer, as
shown in Fig. 6.19.
The transformer are rated as
follows:
A–B 10,000 kVA,
138/13.8 kV, leakage reactance
10%
B–C 10,000 kVA, 138/69 kV, leakage reactance 8%
If the base in circuit B is chosen as 10,000 kVA, 138 kV, find the per-
unit impedance of the 300 Ω resistive load in the circuit referred to
circuits C, B, and A.
(i) Draw the impedance diagram neglecting magnetizing current,
transformer resistances, and line impedances.
(ii) Determine the voltage regulation if the load is 66 kV with the
assumption that the voltage input to circuit A remains constant.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 8
 Sbase= 10000 kVA, Vbase=138 kV in circuit B.

Circuit A Circuit B Circuit C

Transformer A-B Transformer B-C
138/13.8 kV 138/69 kV
Vbase=138×13.8/138 Vbase=138×69/138
Given, Vbase=138 kV
=13.8 kV =69 kV
Ract=1200×(13.8/138)2 Ract=300×(138/69)2
Ract=300 Ω
=12 Ω =1200 Ω
Zbase=(13.8)2/10000 Zbase=(138)2/10000 Zbase=(69)2/10000
=19 Ω =1900 Ω =476 Ω
Rpu=12/19=0.63 Rpu=1200/1900=0.63 Rpu=300/476=0.63

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 9

 V = 66 = 0.957 pu
(ii) The per-unit voltage at load terminal: t
69

The Load Current: I = 0.957 =1.52 pu

0.63
Input Voltage:
Vin =1.52( j0.1+ j0.08) + 0.957 = 0.957+ j0.274= 0.995 pu

Regulation = 0.995− 0.957×100 = 3.97%

0.957

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 10

 Load Calculation in pu
Load can be modeled either series or parallel.

To Model Load as Series:

2
V pu 2
V pu
Rpu = cosθ X pu = sinθ
S pu S pu

To Model Load as Parallel:

2
V pu 2
V pu
Rpu = X pu =
S pu cosθ S pu sinθ

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 11

The given information of a load are 250 MVA, 0.8 Lagging power factor,
operating at 132 kV. The base at load terminal is 200 MVA, 150 kV.
Determine the per unit resistance and reactance of the load for the following
cases: (i) load modeled as a series, and (ii) load modeled as a parallel.

V pu = 132 = 0.88 pu; S pu = 250 =1.25 pu; cosθ = 0.8; cos−1(0.8) = 36.87°; sinθ = 0.6
150 200

To Model Load as Series: To Model Load as Parallel:

2
V pu 2 2
V pu 2
R pu = cosθ = 0.88 ×0.8 = 0.5 pu R pu = = 0.88 = 0.77 pu
S pu 1.25 S pu cosθ 1.25×0.8
2
V pu 2 2
X pu = sinθ = 0.88 ×0.6 = 0.37 pu X pu =
V pu
= 0.882
=1.03 pu
S pu 1.25 S pu sinθ 1.25×0.6

j0.37
0.77 j1.03
0.5

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 12

The given information of load 250 MVA, 0.8 Lagging, operating
at 132 kV. The base at load terminal is 200 MVA, 150 kV.
Determine the per unit resistance and reactance of the load for
the following cases: (i) load modeled as a series, and (ii) load
modeled as a parallel.
V pu = 132 = 0.88 pu; S pu = 250 =1.25 pu; cosθ = 0.8;
150 200
θ = cos−1(0.8) = 36.87°; sinθ = 0.6

To Model Load as Series:

2
V pu 2
V pu
Rpu = cosθ X pu = sinθ
S pu S pu
To Model Load as Parallel:
2
V pu 2
V pu
Rpu = X pu =
S pu cosθ S pu sinθ
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 13
 Changing the Base of Per-Unit Quantities
When only one component, such as transformer, is
considered, the nameplate ratings of that component are
usually selected as base values.
When several components (such as generator,
transformer, transmission line, load etc.) are involved in
circuit, however, the system base values may be
different from the name plate ratings of any particular
component.
It is then necessary to convert the per-unit impedance of
a component from its nameplate rating to the system
base values.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 14

Let, the old
V2
quantities are: Vbaseo, Zact = Z puo Z = Z puo baseo (i)
baseo S
Sbaseo, Zpuo, Zbaseo, baseo
then
Let, the new
V2
quantities are: Vbasen, Z = Z Z = Z basen (ii)
act pun basem pun S
Sbasen, Zpun, Zbasen, basen
then

Equating (i) and (ii) we have,

2 2 ⎛ ⎞2
V V ⎜ V ⎟
S
Z pun basen = Z puo baseo Z ⎜
= Z puo ⎜
⎜ baseo ⎟
⎟ basen
S S pun ⎜V
⎟
⎟ S
basen baseo ⎜
⎝ basen ⎠
⎟ baseo
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 15
 Examples Related to Change of Per-Unit Quantities
in New Base
Example: The ratings of a generator are: 300 MVA, 20 kV,
R=10% and X=20%. Calculate the resistance and reactance of
generator in per-unit taking 500 MVA, 30 kV as base.
V = 20 kV ; S = 300 MVA; R puo = 0.1; X puo = 0.2
baseo baseo
V = 30 kV ; S = 500 MVA; R pun = ? X pun = ?
basen basen
⎛ ⎞2
⎞2
⎜V ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S ⎛
20
R pun = R puo ⎜⎜ baseo ⎟⎟ basen = 0.1⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ 500 = 0.0741pu
⎜

⎜V ⎟ S ⎜ 30 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 300
⎜
⎝ basen ⎠
⎟ baseo
⎛ ⎞2
⎞2
⎜V ⎟
S
X pun = X puo ⎜⎜ baseo ⎟⎟ basen = 0.2 ⎜⎜⎜ 20 ⎟⎟⎟ 500 = 0.1481pu
⎜ ⎟ ⎛

⎜V ⎟ S ⎜ 30 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 300
⎜
⎝ basen ⎠
⎟ baseo
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 16
Example: The ratings of a transformer are: 300 MVA, 15/300 kV,
R=0.15 pu and X= 0.3 pu. Calculate the resistance and reactance
of transformer in per-unit taking base 400 MVA, 40 kV in low-
tension-side.
Low-tension side Base voltage is given:
V = 40 kV V = 300×40 =800 kV
basen(LT ) basen(HT ) 15
Calculation using low-tension side:
V =15 kV; S = 300 MVA; R puo = 0.15; X puo = 0.3
baseo(LT ) baseo
V = 40 kV; S = 400 MVA
basen(LT ) basen
Calculation using High-tension side:
V = 300 kV; S = 300 MVA; R puo = 0.15; X puo = 0.3
baseo(HT ) baseo
V = 800 kV; S = 400 MVA
basen(HT ) basen
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 17
 ⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S 15
R pun = R puo baseo(LT ) basen = 0.15 ⎜ ⎟⎟ 400 = 0.0281pu
⎛
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎟
V ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 40 ⎠ 300
basen(LT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S 15
X pun = X puo baseo(LT ) basen = 0.3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 400 = 0.0562 pu
⎛
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
V ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 40 ⎠ 300
basen(LT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
⎜V ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S
R pun = R puo baseo(HT ) basen = 0.15 ⎜⎜ 300 ⎟⎟ 400 = 0.0281pu
⎛
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎜V ⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 800 ⎠ 300
⎜
⎝
basen(HT ) ⎟
⎠
baseo
⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S
X pun = X puo baseo(HT ) basen = 0.3 ⎜⎜ 300 ⎟⎟ 400 = 0.0562 pu
⎛
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
V ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 800 ⎠ 300
basen(HT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 18
 Example: A transformer is composed of three single-
phase transformer each rated 127/13.2 kV, 100 MVA
with leakage reactance of 10%. If transformer is
connected (i) Y-Y, (ii) Δ - Δ, and (iii) Y-Δ, Calculate the
new per-unit reactance and new base in high-tension
side using the base 600 MVA 20 kV in low tension of
transformer.

Solution: For all of three cases the three phase MVA rating is

S = 3×100 = 300MVA
rated

V = 20 kV
basen(LT )

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 19

(i) In Y-Y connection, since in Y-connection line voltage is (√3) of
phase voltage so the three-phase rating for this connection is
3×127kV(Y) / 3×13.2 kV (Y) ≈ 220kV (Y)/22.8631 kV (Y)

Base voltage in high-tension side is:

V = 220 ×20 =192.5 kV
basen(HT ) 22.8631

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S 22.8631
X pun = X puo baseo(LT ) 600 = 0.2614 pu
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
basen = 0.1⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
V⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜
⎝ 20 ⎟⎟
⎠ 300
basen(LT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S
X pun = X puo baseo(HT ) basen = 0.1⎜⎜ 220 ⎟⎟ 600 = 0.2614 pu
⎛
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
V ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 192.5 ⎠ 300
basen(HT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 20

(ii) In Δ - Δ connection, since in Δ -connection line voltage is equal
to phase voltage so the three-phase rating for this connection is

Base voltage in high-tension side is: 127kV(Δ) /13.2 kV (Δ)

V = 127 ×20 =192.42 kV

basen(HT ) 13.2

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S 13.2
X pun = X puo baseo(LT ) 600 = 0.0871pu
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
basen = 0.1⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
V ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜
⎝ 20 ⎠
⎟⎟ 300
basen(LT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S 127
X pun = X puo baseo(HT ) 600 = 0.0871pu
⎛
⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
basen = 0.1⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
V⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 192.42 ⎠ 300
basen(HT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 21
(iii) In Y-Δ connection, Y-side is always high-tension side so the
three-phase rating for this connection is
3×127kV(Y) /13.2 kV (Δ) ≈ 220kV (Y)/13.2 kV (Δ)
V = 20 kV
basen(LT )
Base voltage in high-tension V = 220 ×20 = 333.33 kV
side is: basen(HT ) 13.2

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
V ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S
X pun = X puo baseo(LT ) basen = 0.1⎜⎜13.2 ⎟⎟ 600 = 0.0871pu
⎛
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
V ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜
⎝ 20 ⎠
⎟⎟ 300
basen(LT )
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠
baseo

⎛ ⎞ 2
⎞2
⎜
V ⎟
⎜ ⎟ S
X pun = X puo baseo(HT ) basen = 0.1⎜⎜ 220 ⎟⎟ 600 = 0.0871pu
⎛
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜
V
⎜
⎟
⎟
S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 333.33 ⎠ 300
⎜
⎝
basen(HT ) ⎟
⎠
baseo

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 22

 Advantages of Per-Unit Quantity
‰ Normalized values against a base have more uniform values in the
same system. Thus, it is easier to spot errors. For example, 1000%
p.u. will trigger a warning and thus is worth looking into for
potential errors.
‰ Power base is the same through the system; voltage bases are
changing according to the transformer turn ratio. Accordingly,
the transformer equivalent circuit can be simplified by using the
pu quantity. The ideal transformer winding can be eliminated,
such that voltages, currents, and impedances and admittances
expressed in pu do not change when they are referred from one
side to the other side of transformer. the conversion complications
are absorbed by the base relationships.
‰ Δ base and Y base quantities have the same p.u. values in these
two different bases; again the conversion complications are
absorbed by the base relationships.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 23

‰ Three-phase and single-phase quantities have the same p.u. values in
these two different bases; again the conversion complications are
absorbed by the base relationships.
‰ Abnormal operating conditions can be easily spotted from the p.u.
values.
‰ The pu impedances of electrical equipment of similar type usually lie
in a narrow numerical range when the equipment ratings are used as
base values.
‰ The pu system allows us to avoid the possibility of making serious
calculation error.
‰ Manufacturers usually specify the impedances of machines and
transformer in pu or percent of nameplate rating.
‰ The bases for different sections in the system can be calculated,
carefully verified and stored once for all. When generation/load
changes, we only need to change its per unit values and calculated
the per unit values accordingly. The conversion will become more
reliable. The advantages are more pronounced for large system
applications and systems that have many load/generation changes.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 24
 Example 1
A 120 MVA, 19.5 kV, generator has a synchronous
reactance of 0.15 pu and it is connected to a
transmission line through a transformer rated 150
MVA, 230/18 kV (star/delta) with X= 0.1 pu. The
reactance of transmission line is 100 Ω. Draw the
reactance diagram showing all parameters are in pu
unit taking generator rating of as base values.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 25

 Region # 1 Region # 2 New Base: 120
MVA, 19.5 kV on
G (Region #1)

Region # 1 Region # 2
Transformer T1: 18/230kV
Given: Vbase = 19.5 kV Vbase = (230/18)×19.5 =249.17 kV

Generator (G) Transmission line

Eg =19.5/19.5 =1 pu
For ⎞ 2⎛
⎞ 2⎛
⎛ ⎞
⎜ V ⎟ ⎜S ⎟
⎜ base,o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ ⎛
19.5 ⎟ ⎜120 ⎟
⎞
generator X g,n = X g,o⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.15⎜
⎜
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.2 pu
⎜V ⎟ ⎜S ⎟ ⎜19.5 ⎟ ⎜120 ⎟
G: ⎜ base,n ⎟ ⎜ base,o ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 26

For Transmission Line: The actual value of reactance of
transmission line is given. To calculate the per-unit value at first
it is required to calculate base impedance.
V2 (249.17) 2
X =R =Z = base = = 517.4 Ω
base base base S 120
base
X (actual) 100
XL = L = = 0.19 pu
Z 517.4
base
For Transformer: For transformer
either high voltage side or low voltage
can be used. That means
⎛
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞ ⎛V
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞
V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
X =X base(HT),
⎜ o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ =X ⎜ ⎜ base(LT),o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
T,n T1,o V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜S ⎟ T,o V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
base(HT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ base(LT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

2 2
X = 0.1 230
⎛
⎜
⎞ ⎛120 ⎞
⎟ ⎜
⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛120 ⎞
⎟ = 0.1⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.069 pu
T,n 249.17 ⎠ ⎝150 ⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝19.5 ⎠ ⎝150 ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 27

Example 1.1 Do Example 1 Taking base values 100
MVA, 220 kV on high-voltage side of transformer.
Region # 1 Region # 2

New Base: 100 MVA, 220 kV on Region #2

Transformer T1: 18/230kV
Region 2: Given, Vbase = 220 kV; Equipment: Generator (G)
Region 1: Vbase =18×220/230= 17.22 kV; Equipment: Line
2⎛ ⎞
For generator G: X g,n = 0.15 19.5 ⎜⎜⎜100⎟⎟⎟ = 0.16 pu
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
17.22 ⎝120⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠

Eg = 19.5 =1.1324 pu
17.22
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 28
For Transmission Line:
V2 (220) 2 X (actual) 100
Z = base = = 484 Ω XL = L = = 0.21 pu
base S
base 100 Z 484
base

⎞ 2⎛ ⎞ 2⎛
230 ⎟ ⎜100 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 19.5 ⎟ ⎜100 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
For Transformer: XT,n = 0.1 220⎟⎟ ⎜⎜150⎟⎟ = 0.1⎜⎜17.22 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜150⎟⎟ = 0.073pu
⎜
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 29

 Example 2
A simple one-line diagram is shown in the following figure. The
ratings of different equipment's are as:
G1 and G1 : 300 MVA, 20 kV, R = 0.2 pu, X= 0.4 pu
T1 and T2: 400 MVA, 40/400kV R = 0.1 pu, X= 0.2 pu
Line: R=50 Ω; X=75 Ω
Load: 500 MVA, 20 kV, 0.8 power factor lagging
Choose the base 350 MVA, 30 kV on G1 circuit.
Draw the impedance diagram with (i) series load, and (ii) Parallel
load.
Draw the impedance diagram

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 30

New Base: 350 MVA, 30 kV on G1 circuit (Region #1)
Region 1: Vbase = 30 kV; Equipment: G1

T1: 40/400kV Between Region 1 and Region 2

Region 2: Vbase= (400 ×30/40) = 300 kV; Equipment: Line

T2: 40/400kV Between Region 2 and Region 3

Region 3: Vbase= (300 ×40/400) = 30 kV;

Equipment: G2 and Load

Region # 3

Region # 2
Region # 1

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 31

 2
V ⎛⎞ ⎛S ⎞ 2
For generator G1: R = R base,o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟⎟ = 0.2⎛⎜ 20 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 300 ⎞⎟ = 0.076 pu
⎜
⎜
⎟ ⎜
g,n g,o V ⎜⎟ ⎜S ⎟ ⎜ 30 ⎟ ⎜ 350 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
base,n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
20 2
E = = 0.67 pu ⎛V ⎞ ⎛S ⎞ 2
g1 30 ⎜
base,o ⎟ ⎜
base,n ⎟ ⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
X g,n = X g,o⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.4 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.152 pu
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ base,n ⎟ ⎜ base,o ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞ ⎛V
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞
V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
R =R base(HT),
⎜ o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ =R ⎜ ⎜ base(LT),o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
For T,n T,o V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜S ⎟ T,o V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
base(HT),n ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ base,o ⎟⎠
⎜
⎝
⎜ base(LT),n ⎟ ⎜ base,o ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
generator ⎛ 400 ⎞2⎛ 300 ⎞ 2
⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
T1: R = 0.1⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.1⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0.133 pu
T1 ⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎝ 400 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎟

⎛
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞ ⎛V
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞
V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
X =X base(HT),
⎜ o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ =X ⎜ ⎜ base(LT),o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
T,n T,o V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟ T,o⎜V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
base(HT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ base(LT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

2
⎛ 400 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
2
⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
X = 0.2⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.2⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0.267 pu
T1 ⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎝ 400 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎟

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 32

 V2 3002
For Line: Z = base = = 300 Ω
base S 300
base
R X
50 75
R = line, act = = 0.1667 pu; X = line, act = = 0.25 pu
line, pu Z 300 line, pu Z 300
base base

⎛
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞ ⎛V
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞
V⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
R =R ⎜base(HT), o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ =R ⎜ ⎜ base(LT),o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
For T,n T,o V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜S ⎟ T,o V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎜
⎝base(HT),n ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ base,o ⎟⎠ ⎜ base(LT),n ⎟ ⎜ base,o ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
generator 2
⎛ 400 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
2
⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
T2: R = 0.1⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.1⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.133 pu
T1 ⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎝ 400 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎛
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞ ⎛V
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞
V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
X =X ⎜base(HT), o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ =X ⎜ ⎜ base(LT),o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
T,n T,o V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟ T,o⎜V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎜
⎝base(HT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ base(LT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

2
⎛ 400 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
2
⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
X = 0.2⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.2⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0.267 pu
T1 ⎝ 300 ⎠ ⎝ 400 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎟

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 33

 2
V ⎞ ⎛S
⎛
⎟ ⎜
⎜
⎞
⎟ 2
For generator G2: Rg,n = Rg,o base,o ⎟ ⎜
⎜ base,n ⎟ = 0.2⎜
⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.076 pu
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
V ⎟
⎜ ⎜ S ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
base,n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎟
⎜
⎝
⎜ ⎟
20
E = = 0.67 pu 2
g 2 30 ⎛V
⎜
⎞ ⎛S
⎟ ⎜
⎞
⎟ 2
X g,n = X g,o⎜⎜ base,o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ = 0.4
⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.152 pu
⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ base,n ⎟ ⎜ base,o ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

For Load:
20 500
V pu = = 0.67 pu; S pu = =1.43 pu; θ = cos-1(0.8) = 36.87°; sin(36.87°) = 0.6
30 350
For Series Load:
2
V pu 2
V pu
R pu = cosθ = 0.67×0.8 = 0.25 pu; X pu = sinθ = 0.67×0.6 = 0.187 pu
S pu 1.43 S pu 1.43

For Parallel Load:

2
V pu 2
V pu
R pu = = 0.67 = 0.39 pu; X pu = = 0.67 = 0.52 pu
S pu cosθ 1.43×0.8 S pu sinθ 1.43×0.6

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 34

 Impedance
Diagram with
Series Load

Impedance
Diagram with
Parallel Load

Reactance Diagram

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 35

Example 2.1: Do the same Example 2 by
choosing the base 500 MVA, 250 kV on
Transmission Line.

Example 2.2: Do the same Example 2 by

choosing the base 400 MVA, 50 kV on
Load-side.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 36

 Example 6.10
A 300 MVA, 20 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%. The
generator supplies a number of synchronous motors over a 64 km (4- mi)
transmission line having transformers at both ends, as shown on the one-line
diagram of Fig. 6.29. The motors, all rated 13.2 kV, are represented by just two
equivalent motors. The neutral of one motor M1 is grounded through reactance. The
neural of the second motor M2 is not connected to the ground (an unusual
condition). Rated inputs to the motors are 200 MVA and 100 MVA for M1 and M2,
respectively. For both motors X” =20%. The three-phase transformer T1 is rated 350
MVA, 230/20kV with the leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is composed of
three single-phase transformer each rated 127/13.2 kV, 100 MVA with leakage
reactance of 10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5 Ω/km. Draw the
reactance diagram with all reactance marked in per-unit. Select the generator rating
as base in the generator circuit.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 37

Solution:
G: 300 MVA, 20 kV, X= 20%
M1: 200 MVA, 13.2 kV, X = 20%
M2: 100 MVA, 13.2 kV , X = 20%
T1: 350 MVA, 230/20kV, X =10%
T2: Composed of three single-phase transformer each
rated 127/13.2 kV,
100 MVA, X= 10%
Three Phase Rating of T2: 3×100= 300 MVA,
√3 ×127=220/13.2 kV
Line: 64 km, X= 0.5 Ω/km
Total reactance of line: X=64 × 0.5 =32 Ω

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 38

 New Base: 300 MVA, 20 kV on G (Region #1)
Region # 1

Region # 3
Region # 2

Number of regions = 3
Region # 1 Region # 2 Region # 3
Transformer T1 Transformer T2
230/20kV 220/13.2kV
Given: Vbase = (230/20)×20 Vbase = (220/13.2)×230
Vbase = 20 kV =230 kV =13.8 kV

Generator (G) Transmission line Motors: M1 and M2

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 39

 2
⎛
V
⎜
⎞ ⎛S
⎟ ⎜
⎞
⎟ 2
X g,n = X g,o ⎜base,o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
= 0.2⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0.2 pu
For generator G: ⎜
V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎟
⎜
⎝base,n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

The per-unit value of generator is not changed since the rating

and base of generator are same.
E g (actual) 20
Eg = = =1 pu
E g (base) 20

For Transmission Line: The actual value of reactance of

transmission line is given. To calculate the per-unit value at first
it is required to calculate base impedance.
V2 (230) 2
X =R =Z = base = =176.3 Ω
base base base S
base 300
X (actual) 32
XL = L = = 0.1815 pu
Z 176.3
base

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 40

 For motors M1 and M2: Motors M1 and M2 are connected in
parallel so the base voltage for both of them is same.
2
V ⎛
⎜
⎞ ⎛S
⎟ ⎜
⎞
⎟ 2
For motors M1: X =X base,
⎜o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
⎛13.2 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
= 0.2⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.2745 pu
m1,n m1,o V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎝13.8 ⎠ ⎝ 200 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
base,n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

2
V ⎞ ⎛S
⎛
⎟ ⎜
⎜
⎞
⎟ 2
For motors M2: X =X base,o ⎟ ⎜
⎜ base,n ⎛13.2 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
⎟ = 0.2⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.549 pu
m2,n m2,o V ⎟ ⎜S
⎜ ⎟ ⎜13.8 ⎟ ⎜ 100 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
base,n ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ base,o ⎟⎠
⎜
⎝

E (actual) 13.2
E =E = m = = 0.957 pu
m1 m2 E (base) 13.8
m
For Transformer T1: For transformer either high voltage side or
low voltage can be used. That means
⎛
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞ ⎛V
2
⎞ ⎛S ⎞
V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
X =X base(HT),
⎜ o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟ =X ⎜ ⎜ base(LT),o ⎟ ⎜ base,n ⎟
T,n T1,o V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟ T,o⎜V ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
base(HT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ base(LT),n ⎠ ⎝ base,o ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 41

 2 2
For motors T1: X = 0.1
⎛
⎜230 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
= 0.1⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0.0857 pu
T1,n ⎜
⎝230 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
⎟

2 2
220 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
⎛ ⎛13.2 ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
For motors T2: XT 2,n = 0.1 230 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 300 ⎟⎟ = 0.1⎜⎜13.8 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 300 ⎟⎟ = 0.0915 pu
⎜
⎜
⎠ ⎝
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 42

Example 6.10.1: Do the Example 6.10 by considering
the base 400 MVA and 15 kV on motors terminals.

New Base: 400 MVA, 15 kV on Motors (Region # 3)

Region # 1 Region # 2 Region # 3

Transformer T1 Transformer T2
230/20kV 220/13.2kV
Vbase = (20/230)×250 Vbase = (220/13.2)×15 Given:
=21.74 kV =250 kV Vbase =15 kV
Generator (G) Transmission line M1 and M2

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 43

 2 20
For generator G: X g = 0.2 20 ⎛
⎜
⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.226 pu E g = = 0.92 pu
21.74 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 300 ⎟⎠
⎜
⎝
21.74

For Transmission Line: X V2 (250) 2

=R =Z = base = =156.25 Ω
base base base S 400 base
X (actual) 32
XL = L = = 0.205 pu
Z 156.25
base

2
For motors M1: X = 0.2 13
⎛
⎜.2 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.31 pu
m1 15 ⎠ ⎝ 200 ⎟⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜

2
For motors M2: X = 0.2 13.2 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
⎛
⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎟ = 0.62 pu
m2 15 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
⎟
⎜
⎝
⎜

13.2
E =E = = 0.88 pu
m1 m2 15

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 44

 2 2
230 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
⎟
⎛
⎜ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
For motors T1: XT1 = 0.1 250 ⎟ ⎜ 350 ⎟ = 0.1⎜ 21.74 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 350 ⎟⎟ = 0.0967 pu
⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎠ ⎝
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

2 2
For motors T2: X = 0.1 220 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
⎛
⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎟
⎛13.2 ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
= 0.1⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.1033 pu
T2 250 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎟
⎜
⎝
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 45

Example 6.10.2: Do the Example 6.10 by considering
the base 500 MVA and 300 kV on transmission line.

New Base: 500 MVA, 300 kV on transmission line

(Region # 2)

Region # 1 Region # 2 Region # 3

Transformer T1 Transformer T2
230/20kV 220/13.2kV
Vbase = (20/230)×300 Given: Vbase = (13.2/220)×300
=26.09 kV Vbase =300 kV =18 kV
Generator (G) Transmission line M1 and M2

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 46

 2 20
For generator G: X g = 0.2 20 ⎛
⎜
⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ E
⎟ = 0.196 pu g = = 0.766 pu
26.09 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 300 ⎟⎠
⎜
⎝
26.09

For Transmission Line: V2 (300) 2

X =R =Z = base = =180 Ω
base base base S
base 500
X (actual) 32
XL = L = = 0.178 pu
Z 180
base

2
For motors M1: X = 0.2 13.2
⎛
⎜
⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.269 pu
m1 18 ⎠ ⎝ 200 ⎟⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜

2
For motors M2: X = 0.2 13.2 ⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
⎟
⎛
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.538 pu
m2 18 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
⎟ ⎜
⎝
⎜

13.2
E =E = = 0.733 pu
m1 m2 18

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 47

 2 2
For motors T1: X = 0.1 230
⎛
⎜
⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
= 0.1⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.084 pu
T1 300 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 26.09 ⎠ ⎝ 350 ⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

2 2
For motors T2: X = 0.1 220 ⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
⎛
⎟ ⎜
⎜
⎛13.2 ⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
⎟ = 0.1⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.09 pu
T2 300 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎟
⎜
⎝
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 48

 Example 3
The one line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in the following
figure. Reactances of the three sections of the transmission line are shown on the
diagram. The generators, motor and the transformers are rated as follows:
Generator 1: 20 MVA, 18 kV, X=20%
Generator 2: 20 MVA, 18 kV, X= 20%
Motor: 30 MVA, 13.8 kV, X= 20%
Y-Y transformers: 20 MVA, 140-Y/20-Y kV, X=10%
Y-Δ transformers: 15 MVA, 140-Y/13.8-Δ kV, X=10%
Draw the reactance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit.
Choose a base of 100 MVA, 280 kV in the 40-Ω line.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 49

 Number of regions = 4
R#2
R#3
R#1

R#4 R#6

R#5
New Base: 100
MVA, 280 kV in
the 40-Ω line that
means on R # 2.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 50
R#1 Vbase = (20/140)280 =40 kV Generator 1
T1: 140/20kV

R#2 Given: Vbase = 280 kV Line 1: line of j40Ω

T2: 140/20kV
R#3 Vbase = (20/140)280 =40 kV Generator 2
T4: 140/20kV
R#6 Vbase = (140/20)40 =280 kV Line 3: line of j20Ω
T6: 140/13.8kV
R#5 Vbase = (13.8/140)280 =27.6 kV Motor
T5: 140/13.8kV
R#4 Vbase = (140/13.8)27.6 =280 kV Line 2: line of j20Ω
T3: 140/20kV
R#1 Vbase = (20/140)280 = 40 kV Generator 1

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 51

 For G1 and G2 : For M :
⎞2⎛ ⎞ 2⎛
⎜ 20 ⎟ ⎜100 ⎟ ⎜ 13.8 ⎟ ⎜100 ⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
X = X = 0.2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.25 pu X m = 0.2⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.167 pu
g1 g 2 ⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎟
⎠ ⎝ 27.6 ⎟ ⎜
⎟ ⎜ 30 ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠

20 ⎞ ⎛
E = E = ⎟⎟⎟ = 0.5 pu
⎜
13.
⎛
8 ⎞
g1 g 2 40 ⎠ ⎜ Em = ⎜
⎜
⎟
= 0.5 pu
⎜
⎝ 27.6 ⎟⎟⎠
⎜
⎝

For T1, T2 , T3 and T4 :

2⎛ ⎞2⎛
X = X = X = X = 0.1 140 ⎛
⎜⎜100 ⎟
⎞ ⎞
⎜ 20 ⎟ ⎜100 ⎟
⎛
= 0.1⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜
⎟
⎞
⎟ = 0.125 pu
T1 T 2 T 3 T 4 ⎜
280 ⎜⎜⎝ 20 ⎟⎟⎠
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎟
⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎟
⎠

⎞ 2⎛ ⎞2⎛
For T5 and T6 : X = X = 0.1⎜⎜ 140 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜100⎟⎟ = 0.1⎜⎜ 13.8 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜100⎟⎟ = 0.167 pu
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

T5 T6 ⎜ 280 ⎟ ⎜ 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ 27.6 ⎟ ⎜ 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

V2 (280) 2
For Line1, Line and Line3 : X base = Rbase = Zbase = Sbase = 100 = 784 Ω
base

= ⎜⎜⎜ 40 ⎟⎟⎟ = 0.051pu = ⎜⎜⎜ 20 ⎟⎟⎟ = 0.0255 pu

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
X X =X
L1 ⎝ 784⎠ L2 L3 ⎝ 784⎠
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 52
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 53
 Example 6.11
If the motors M1 and M2 of Example 6.10 have inputs of 120 and 60 MW
respectively at 13.2 kV, and both operate at unity power factor, find the voltage
at the terminal of the generator.
Solution: According to Example 6.10 the base in motor terminal are 300 MVA
and 13.8 kV.
120 60
P = = 0.4 pu cosθ1 = cosθ2 =1 P = = 0.2 pu θ =θ = 0
m1 m2 1 2
300 300
P
Vtm =
13.2
= 0.957∠0° pu I = m1 ∠−θ = 0.4 = 0.418∠0° pu
13.8 m1 V cosθ 1 0.957∠0°
tm 1

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 54

 P
I = m2 ∠−θ = 0.2 = 0.209∠0° pu
m2 V cosθ 2 0.957∠0°
tm 2

I =I +I = 0.627∠0° pu
m1 m2

X = 0.0857 + 0.1815+ 0.0915 = 0.3587 Ω

Vtg =Vtm + jIX

Vtg = 0.957 + j⎛⎜⎝ 0.627×0.3587⎞⎟⎠

Vtg = 0.957 + j0.2249 = 0.9831∠13.23°

The base voltage in generator terminal is 20 kV. Thus

Vtg = 0.9831× 20 =19.66 kV

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 55

 Example 6.11.1
For Example 6.10 if motor M1 receives 150 MW at 13 kV and 0.8 power factor
lagging and motor M2 receives 200 MW at 13 kV and 0.6 power factor lagging,
find the voltage at the terminal of the generator.
Solution: According to Example 6.10 the base in motor terminal are 300 MVA
and 13.8 kV.
150 cosθ = 0.8 200 cosθ = 0.6
P = = 0.5 pu 1 P = = 0.67 pu 2
m1 θ = 36.87° m2 θ = 53.13°
300 1 300 2
13.0
Vtm = = 0.942∠0° pu
13.8
P 0.5
I = m1 ∠ −θ = ∠ − 36.87° = 0.6635∠ − 36.87° = 0.531 - j0.398 pu
m1 1
V cosθ 0.942×0.8
tm 1
P
I = m2 ∠ −θ = 0.67 ∠ − 53.13° =1.1854∠ − 53.13° = 0.7113 - j0.9483 pu
m2 2
V cosθ 0.942×0.6
tm 2

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 56

 I =I + I =1.2420 - j 0.5502=1.3585∠- 23.89° pu
m1 m2
X = 0.0857+ 0.1815+ 0.0915= 0.3587 Ω
Vtg =Vtm + jIX

Vtg = 0.942+ j0.3587⎛⎜⎝1.2420 - j 0.5502⎞⎟⎠ =1.1394 + j0.4455 pu

Vtg =1.224∠21.36 pu

The base voltage in generator terminal is 20 kV. Thus

Vtg =1.224× 20 = 24.48 kV

Problem: For Example 6.10 if motor M1 receives 250 MW at

13.6 kV and 0.8 power factor lagging and motor M2 receives 150
MW at 13.6 kV and 0.6 power factor leading, find the voltage at
the terminal of the generator.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 57
 Problem 1
The one line diagram of a is shown in the following figure. The generators, motor
and the transformers are rated as follows:
Generator 1: 20 MVA, 18 kV, X=20%
Generator 2: 40 MVA, 18 kV, X= 20%
Motor: 40 MVA, 18 kV, X= 20%
Transformers T1 and T2: 20 MVA, 140-Y/20-Y kV, X=10%
Transformers T3 and T4: 40 MVA, 280-Y/20-Y kV, X=10%
Transformers T3 and T4: 30 MVA, 280-Y/18-Δ kV, X=10%
Draw the reactance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit.
Choose a base of 100 MVA, 18 kV on motor circuit.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 58

 Problem 2
Following figure shows the single line diagram of 3-Φ power system. Select a
common base of 100MVA and 220kV in Line 1. The manufacturer’s data for each of
the apparatus is given as follows:
Apparatus MVA kV Reactance Connection
Type type
Generator (G) 30 (1-Φ) 22kV (3- Φ) 20% Y
T1 50 (3- Φ) 22/127 (1- Φ) 10% ∆-Y
T2 40 (3- Φ) 11/220 (1- Φ) 12% ∆-∆
T3 40 (3- Φ) 12.7/110 (1- Φ) 8% Y-∆
T4 40 (3- Φ) 6.35/63.5 (1- Φ) 8.5% Y-Y
Motor (M) 66.5 (3- Φ) 11.05 (3- Φ) 18.5% Y
At bus 4 the 3-Φ load absorbs 80MVA at 11.05kV and 0.9 p.f. leading.
(i) Draw an impedance diagram
including all the components
expressing in pu.
(ii) Determine the terminal
voltage of the generator in p.u
and in kV if motor consume 50
MW at 11.05 kV and unity power
factor.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 59
 Problem 3
Prepare a per phase schematic of the system shown in the figure and show all
impedances in per unit on a 100 MVA, 132 kV base in the transmission line circuit
G1 : 100 MVA, 11 kV, X= 0.15 p.u
G2 : 200 MVA, 13.8 kV, X= 0.2 p.u
T1 : 120 MVA, 11/132 kV, X= 0.1 p.u
T2: 250 MVA, 13.8/161 kV, X= 0.1 p.u
Load: 250 MVA, 0.8 Lagging, operating at 132 kV
Determine the per unit impedance of the load for the following cases: (i) load
modeled as a series combination of resistance and reactance, and (ii) load modeled
as a parallel combination of resistance and reactance.

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 60

 Practice Math
Element of Power System Analysis 4th Edition
(Stevenson):
Example: 6.4; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11
Exercise: 6.13; 6.15; 6.16

Power System Analysis and Design (Glover and

Sharma):
3rd Edition
Example: 3.3; 3.4; 3.7
Exercise: 3.18; 3.19; 3.29; 3.30; 3.33; 3.34
4th Edition
Example: 3.3; 3.4; 3.7
Exercise: 3.23; 3.24; 3.28; 3.41; 3.42; 3.45; 3.46
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 61
 References
[1] Willaim D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System
Analysis, Fouth Edition, McGraw-Hill International
Editions, Civil Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Inc.
[2] John J. Grainger, William D. Steevnson, Jr., Power
System Analysis, McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical and
Conputer Engineering, McGraw-Hill Inc.
[3] J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sharma, Thomas J.
Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design, Fouth
Edition (India Edition), Course Technology Cengage
Learning
[4] V. K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, Principles of Power
System, Multicolor Illustrative Edition, S. Chand and
Company Limited.
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 62