Per-Unit System
Lecture #5
EE341
Ali Keyhani
Per-Unit System
In the per-unit system, the voltages, currents,
powers, impedances, and other electrical
quantities are expressed on a per-unit basis by
the equation:
Quantity per unit =
Actual value
Base value of quantity
It is customary to select two base quantities to
define a given per-unit system. The ones usually
selected are voltage and power.
2
Per-Unit System
Assume:
Vb = Vrated
Sb = S rated
Then compute base values for currents and
impedances:
Sb
Ib =
Vb
2
b
Vb V
Zb =
=
Ib
Sb
Per-Unit System
And the per-unit system is:
V p.u .
Vactual
=
Vb
S p.u .
S actual
=
Sb
Z % = Z p.u . 100%
I p.u .
I actual
=
Ib
Z p.u .
Z actual
=
Zb
Percent of base Z
4
Example 1
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts.
Compute the per-unit and percent impedance of
the lamp. Give the p.u. equivalent circuit.
Solution:
(1) Compute lamp resistance
2
(120) 2
P=
R=
=
= 28.8
R
P
500
V
power factor = 1.0
Z = 28.80
5
Example 1
(2) Select base quantities
Sb = 500VA
Vb = 120V
(3) Compute base impedance
Vb2 (120) 2
=
= 28.8
Zb =
Sb
500
(4) The per-unit impedance is:
Z p.u .
Z 28.80
=
=
= 10 p.u.
Zb
28.8
Example 1
(5) Percent impedance:
Z % = 100%
(6) Per-unit equivalent circuit:
VS = 10 p.u.
Z = 10 p.u.
Example 2
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. If
the voltage applied across the lamp is twice the
rated value, compute the current that flows
through the lamp. Use the per-unit method.
Solution:
Vb = 120V
V p.u .
V 240
=
=
= 20 p.u.
Vb 120
Z p.u . = 10 p.u.
8
Example 2
The per-unit equivalent circuit is as follows:
VS = 20 p.u.
I p.u . =
V p.u .
Z p.u .
Z = 10 p.u.
20
=
= 20 p.u.
10
Sb 500
Ib =
=
= 4.167 A
Vb 120
I actual = I p.u . I b = 20 4.167 = 8.3340 A
Per-unit System for 1- Circuits
One-phase circuits
Sb = S1 = V I
where
V = Vline to neutral
I = I line current
VbLV = VLV
VbHV = VHV
Sb
=
VbLV
Sb
=
VbHV
I bLV
I bHV
10
Per-unit System for 1- Circuits
Z bLV
VbLV (VbLV ) 2
=
=
I bLV
Sb
Z bHV
VbHV (VbHV ) 2
=
=
I bHV
Sb
S
*
S pu =
= V pu I pu
Sb
P
Ppu =
= V pu I pu cos
Sb
Q
Q pu =
= V pu I pu sin
Sb
11
Transformation Between Bases
Selection 1
Then
Sb1 = S A
Vb1 = VA
Vb21
Z b1 =
Sb1
ZL
Z pu1 =
Z b1
Selection 2
Sb 2 = S B
Then
Zb2
2
b2
V
=
Sb 2
Vb 2 = VB
Z pu 2
ZL
=
Zb2
12
Transformation Between Bases
Z pu 2
Z pu1
Z L Z b1 Z b1 Vb21 Sb 2
=
=
=
2
Z b 2 Z L Z b 2 S b1 Vb 2
2
Z pu 2
Vb1 Sb 2
= Z pu1
Vb 2 Sb1
1 old
2 - new
2
Z pu ,new
Vb ,old Sb ,new
= Z pu ,old
S
V
b ,new b ,old
13
Transformation Between Bases
Generally per-unit values given to another base
can be converted to new base by by the
equations:
Sbase1
( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _ 2 = ( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _ 1
Sbase 2
Vbase1
V pu _ on _ base _ 2 = V pu _ on _ base _ 1
Vbase 2
( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _ 2
(Vbase1 ) 2 Sbase 2
= ( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _1
(Vbase 2 ) 2 Sbase1
When performing calculations in a power system, every
per-unit value must be converted to the same base.
14
Per-unit System for 1-
Transformer
Consider the equivalent circuit of transformer
referred to LV side and HV side shown below:
RS
XS
+j 2
2
a
a
RS + jX S
VLV
VHV
VLV
N1
N2
Define
S
(1) Referred to LV side
VHV
VLV
N1
=
<1
a=
VHV N 2
(2) Referred to HV side
15
Per-unit System for 1-
Transformer
Choose:
Vb1 = VLV ,rated
Sb = S rated
Compute:
Normal choose rated
values as base values
VHV
1
Vb 2 =
Vb1 = Vb1
VLV
a
Vb21
Z b1 =
Sb
Zb2
Vb22
=
Sb
Z b1 Vb21
Vb21
= 2 =
= a2
Z b 2 Vb 2 ( 1 V ) 2
b1
a
16
Per-unit System for 1-
Transformer
Per-unit impedances are:
RS + jX S
Z p.u .1 =
Z b1
Z p.u .2
So:
RS jX S
RS jX S
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
RS + jX S
a
a
a
a
=
=
=
Z b1
Z b1
Zb2
a2
Z p.u .1 = Z p.u .2
Per-unit equivalent
circuits of transformer
referred to LV side and
HV side are identical !!
17
Per-unit Eq. Ckt for 1-
Transformer
RS + jX S
a=
Z b1
Vb1
N1
VLV
N2
VHV
VLV
N
= 1 <1
VHV N 2
Vb 2
Fig 1. Eq Ckt referred to LV side
Z S , pu
Z S , pu
Vb1
Vb 2
Vb 2
Vb1
1 :1
Fig 2. Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to LV side
Sb
Fig 3.
18
Per-unit Eq. Ckt for 1-
Transformer
RS
XS
+j 2
2
a
a
a=
N1
Zb2
N2
Vb1 VLV VHV
VLV
N
= 1 <1
VHV N 2
Vb 2
Fig 4. Eq Ckt referred to HV side
Z S , pu
Vb1
Z S , pu
Vb 2
Vb 2
Vb1
1 :1
Fig 5. Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to HV side
Sb
Fig 6.
19
Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is defined as:
VR =
Vno load V full load
V full load
100%
In per-unit system:
VR =
V pu ,no load V pu , full load
V pu , full load
100%
Vfull-load: Desired load voltage at full load. It may be equal
to, above, or below rated voltage
Vno-load: The no load voltage when the primary voltage is
the desired voltage in order the secondary voltage
be at its desired value at full load
20
Voltage Regulation Example
A single-phase transformer rated 200-kVA, 200/400-V,
and 10% short circuit reactance. Compute the VR when
the transformer is fully loaded at unity PF and rated
voltage 400-V.
Solution:
Vb 2 = 400V
Sb = 200kVA
Sload , pu = 10 pu
X S , pu = j 0.1 pu
VP
j 0.1
XS
VS
Sload
Fig 7. Per-unit equivalent circuit
21
Voltage Regulation Example
Rated voltage:
VS , pu = 1.00 pu
I load , pu
Sload , pu
=
V
S , pu
1.00 *
=
= 1.00 pu
1.00
VP , pu = VS , pu + I pu X S , pu
= 1.00 + 1.00 j 0.1 = 1 + j 0.1
= 1.0015.7 o pu
22
Voltage Regulation Example
Secondary side:
V pu , full load = VS , pu = 1.00 pu
V pu ,no load = VP , pu = 1.0015.7 o pu
Voltage regulation:
VR =
V pu ,no load V pu , full load
V pu , full load
100%
1.001 1.0
=
100% = 0.1%
1.0
23
Problem 1
j100
G
20 kV
22kV/220kV
80MVA
14%
220kV/20kV 50MVA
0.8 PF
50MVA
10%
lagging
Select Vbase in generator circuit and Sb=100MVA,
compute p.u. equivalent circuit.
24
Per-unit System for 3-
Circuits
Three-phase circuits
Sb = S3 = 3S1 = 3V I
where
V = Vline to neutral = VL (line ) / 3
I = I line current = I L
Sb = 3VL I L
VbLV = VL , LV
VbHV = VL , HV
Sb = 3VbLV I bLV = 3VbHV I bHV
25
Per-unit System for 3-
Circuits
Sb
=
3VbLV
I bLV
Z bLV =
Z bHV
S pu
VLV
ILV
VbLV
=
3
I bHV
Sb
=
3VbHV
3VbLV (VbLV ) 2
=
Sb
Sb
(VbHV ) 2
=
Sb
3VL I L*
=
=
= V pu I *pu
Sb
3Vb I b
S3
26
Per-unit System for 3-
Transformer
Three 25-kVA, 34500/277-V transformers
connected in -Y. Short-circuit test on high
voltage side:
VLine , SC = 2010V
I Line , SC = 1.26 A
P3 , SC = 912W
Determine the per-unit equivalent circuit of the
transformer.
27
Per-unit System for 3-
Transformer
(a) Using Y-equivalent
I SC = 1.26
VSC
RS + jX S
2010
=
3
Sb = 25000VA
34500
277
3
2010
= 1160.47V
3
1160.47
=
= 921.00
1.26
VSC =
Z SC
28
Per-unit System for 3-
Transformer
912
P =
= 304W
3
XS =
RS =
P
2
I SC
304
= 191.48
2
1.26
Z SC RS2 = 9212 191.482 = 900.86
2
So Z SC = 191.48 + j 900.86
Sb = 25000VA
Z b ,HV
Vb , HV
34500
=
= 19918.58V
3
19918.582
=
= 15869.99
25000
Z SC , pu ,Y
191.48 + j 900.86
=
= 0.012 + j 0.0568 pu
15869.99
29
Per-unit System for 3-
Transformer
(b) Using -equivalent
I SC
1.26
=
3
Z SC ,
Sb = 25000VA
VSC = 2010
34500 277
VSC = 2010V
Z SC , =
I SC
1.26
=
= 0.727 A
3
2010
= 2764.79
0.727
30
Per-unit System for 3-
Transformer
912
P =
= 304W
3
RS , =
P
2
I SC
304
= 575.18
2
0.727
X S , =
Z SC , RS2, = 2764.79 2 575.182 = 2704.30
So Z SC = 191.48 + j 900.86
Sb = 25000VA
Z b ,HV
Z SC , pu ,
Vb , HV = 34500V
345002
=
= 47610
25000
575.18 + j1704.30
=
= 0.012 + j 0.0568 pu
47610
31
Related Materials in Textbook
(1) Section 2.6 and 2.7, page 83~90, Chapman
book
(2) Section 2.10, page 113~116, Chapman book
32
