University of Juba

School of Engineering

Department of Electrical
And
Telecommunication Engineering

Eng. Ateny Aguto

EE415: Power Systems I
Credit Hours: 3 (3 Lecture)
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Juba EE415 1
 Lecturer: Engr. Ateny Aguto
i. MSc. Embedded & Mobile Systems (Ongoing) - Nelson Mandela African
Institution of Science and Technology – Tanzania.
ii. MSc. Electrical and Computer Engineering (Awarded) - GPA: 3.88/4.00 –
Carnegie Mellon University – USA.
iii. BSc. Electrical Engineering.(1st Class Hon - Awarded) - Kampala
International University – Uganda.

Contact Info:
▪ Cell: +211-927 838 319 [WhatsApp]
▪ E-mail: [email protected]

Eng. Ateny Aguto

EE415: Power Systems I
Credit Hours: 3 (3 Lecture)
Department of Electrical Engineering
EE415 2
University of Juba
 Prerequisites for EE 415: Power Systems I

1. Circuit Analysis (DC/AC Circuits)

▪ Kirchhoff’s laws
▪ Thevenin/Norton theorems
▪ Phasor analysis
▪ power calculations.
2. Electromagnetics (Fields & Waves)
▪ Introduces concepts like electric/magnetic fields
▪ Capacitance
▪ Inductance
▪ Transmission line basics.
3. Mathematics (Differential Equations, Linear Algebra)
▪ Solving power flow equations and transient analysis.
Eng. Ateny Aguto
EE415: Power Systems I
Credit Hours: 3 (3 Lecture)
Department of Electrical Engineering
EE415 3
University of Juba
 Course Outline

▪ Power system layout and representation

▪ Per unit system

▪ Grounding and distribution

▪ Transmission line and cable parameters

▪ Steady state analysis of transmission lines

▪ Insulators and high voltage surges.

References
1. Power systems analysis by Hadi Saadat.
2. Power systems analysis and designed by J. Duncan Glover, Thomas J. Overbye and
Mulukutla S. Sarma 6th Edition.
3. Principles of Power Systems by V.K Mehta

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 Course Assessment
▪ Continuous assessment tests = 15%
▪ Group and individual project (course work) = 15%
▪ Quiz = 10%
▪ End-of-Semester Examination = 60%
Total = 100%

Mode Of Delivery Instructional Materials Or Equipment

▪ Lectures ▪ Whiteboard and Markers
▪ Reading assignments ▪ Blackboard and Chalks
▪ Practical assignments ▪ Flip Charts
▪ YouTube Lectures ▪ LCD Projectors & Computers
▪ CDs, DVDs, USB Drives and Tapes

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 Chapter Objectives
▪ Simplification of Calculations: Eliminates the need for constant conversion between
different voltage levels in a power system.
▪ Elimination of Transformer Phase Shifts: By using a common base, per unit values
automatically account for turns ratios, removing complications from transformer
connections (e.g., delta-wye phase shifts).
▪ Improved Comparison of System Components: Allows direct comparison of
impedances, voltages, and currents across different parts of a power system (e.g.,
generators, transformers, transmission lines).
▪ Standardization Across Different Voltage Levels: Enables engineers to work with
normalized values regardless of the system’s actual voltage (e.g., 11 kV, 33 kV, 400 kV).
▪ Easier Fault Analysis & Stability Studies: Simplifies short-circuit (fault) calculations
by reducing complex impedance networks to simple per unit values.
▪ Reduced Computational Errors: Minimizes mistakes due to unit mismatches (e.g., kV
vs. V, MVA vs. kVA).

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 Per Unit System
Contents:

▪ Introduction

▪ Base Quantities

▪ Importance of Per Unit System

▪ Advantages Effect of 1-ϕ and 3-ϕ on Per Unit System

▪ of per unit system

▪ Changing the Base of Per Unit System

▪ Per Unit System with Transformers

 Per Unit System
Introduction
▪ For the analysis of electrical machines or electrical machine system, different values
are required, thus, per unit system provides the value for voltage, current, power,
impendence, and admittance.
▪ The Per Unit System also makes the calculation easier as all the values are taken in the
same unit. The per-unit system is mainly used in the circuit where variation in voltage
occurs.
Definition: The per-unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of actual value in
any unit to the base or reference value in the same unit.

Therefore, any quantity is converted into per unit quantity by dividing the numeral value
by the chosen base value of the same dimension. The per-unit value is dimensionless.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

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 Per Unit System

The base values can be selected arbitrarily. It is usual to assume the base values as given
below:
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉𝐵 𝑜𝑟𝐾𝑉𝐵 ) = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼𝐵 ) = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑍𝐵 ) = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 /𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑆𝐵 (𝑉𝐴𝐵 , 𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵 ) = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

Firstly, the value of base volt amperes and the base voltage are selected, and others such
as current and impedance follows.
Examples: Assuming a based voltage of 100 KV;
▪ 100 kV = 1 per unit
▪ 90 kV = 0.9 per unit
▪ 250 kV = 2.5 per unit

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 Per Unit System
To completely defined a per unit system, a minimum four base quantities are required
such as:
𝑉𝐵 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑉𝐵
𝑍𝐵 = = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝐵
𝑆𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠

▪ Voltage ▪ Impedance

𝑉𝐴 𝑍𝐴
𝑉𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑝.𝑢 𝑉𝐵 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 𝑍𝐵
𝑉𝐵 𝑍𝐵
▪ Current ▪ Volt amperes

𝐼𝐴 𝑆𝐴
𝐼𝑝.𝑢 = 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝑝.𝑢 𝐼𝐵 𝑆𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑆𝐵 = 𝑆𝑝.𝑢 𝑆𝐵
𝐼𝐵 𝑆𝐵

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10
Example 1: Complete the table below.

Base Value Actual Value p.u. Value

Base VA = 1000 VA 700 VA 0.7
Voltage = 100 V 90 V 0.9
Current = 10 A 8A 0.8
Impedance = 10  2 0.2

Example 2: If Base voltage and Base Volt amperes are 500V and 100kVA find Base
Current and Base Impedance.
Solution

Sb 100 × 103
Base current, 𝐼𝑏 = = = 200 A
Vb 500

𝑉𝑏 500
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑍𝑏 = = = 2.5 
𝐼𝑏 200
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11
 Base Quantities

The selection of base quantities are also very import. Some of the base quantities are
chosen independently and arbitrarily while others automatically follow depending upon the
fundamental relationships between system variable.

How to Select Base Quantities

▪ The rating of the equipment in a power system are given in terms of operating voltage
and the capacity in KVA or MVA. Hence, universal practice is to use machine rating
power (KVA or MVA) and voltage as base quantities.
▪ The base values of current and impedance are calculated from the base voltage and KVA
or MVA.
▪ In electrical engineering, the three basic quantities are voltage, current and impedance.
If we choose any two of them as the base or reference quantity, the third one
automatically will have a base or reference value depending upon the other two.

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12
 Base Quantities

▪ For example, if V and I are the base voltage and current in a system, the base
impedance of the system is fixed and is given by:

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑉𝐵 )
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍𝐵 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝐼𝐵 )

𝑆𝐵
𝐵𝑢𝑡, 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝐵 =
𝑉𝐵

𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 2
𝑍𝐵 = = =
𝐼𝐵 𝑆𝐵ൗ 𝑆𝐵
𝑉𝐵

𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐴 × 𝐼𝐵 𝑍𝐴 × 𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐵
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = = = = = 𝑍𝐴 × 2
𝑍𝐵 𝑉𝐵ൗ 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 × 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵
𝐼𝐵
This means the per unit impedance is directly proportional to the base KVA and inversely
proportional to the square of base voltage.

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13
 Base Quantities

▪ When all the quantities are converted in per unit values, the different voltage levels
disappear and power network involving synchronous generators, transformers and line
reduces to a system of simple impedance.
▪ When the problems to be solved are more complex, and particularly when transformers
are involved, the advantages of calculations in per unit are more apparent.
▪ A well chosen per unit system can reduce the computational effort, simplify evaluation
and facilitate the understanding of system characteristics.

Importance of Per Unit System

▪ For an engineer, it is quite easy to remember the per unit values for all quantities rather
than to remember actual values of all quantities.
▪ Look at the table and realize how per unit system is easy to remember than actual value
system.

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14
Importance of Per Unit System

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15
 Importance of Per Unit System

▪ It can be observed that only for voltages at different level, it is quite difficult to remember
all these limits. However, on the other hand, per unit is easy to remember.
▪ Furthermore, it is quite difficult to find the error in the actual value as compared to the per
Unit system. For example, if the voltage goes below 0.9 p.u. limit, it can be easily
understood that voltage has gone below its safe limit; but in actual values, it is difficult to
know whether voltage has crossed the safe limit or not.
▪ The per unit representation of the impedance of an equipment is more meaningful than its
absolute value.

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16
 Effect of 1-ϕ and 3-ϕ on Per Unit System
▪ The per unit system has the advantage that base importance expression remains the
same for single phase as well as three phase system. E.g., in single phase, we have the
formula for 𝑍𝐵 as:

𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 2
𝑍𝐵 = =
𝐼𝐵 𝑆𝐵
▪ Now, for three phase, voltage and current are given by:

𝑉𝐵 𝑆𝐵
𝑉𝐵 = , 𝐼𝐵 =
3 3𝑉𝐵

𝑉𝐵
𝑉𝐵 3 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 × 3 𝑉𝐵 2
𝑍𝐵 = = = × =
𝐼𝐵 𝑆𝐵 3 𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝐵
𝑉𝐵 × 3
▪ Hence, per unit system has no effect on both single phase and three phase System for
base impedance expression.
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17
 Advantages of Per Unit System

▪ Manufactures usually specify the impedance of apparatus in per unit values.

▪ The per unit value of the resistance of a machine directly indicates the power loss as a
percentage. E.g., a transformer operating under rated condition at unit power factor with
a winding resistance of 0.01 per unit has a copper loss of 1%.
𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 1.0 2 × 0.01 = 0.01 𝑝. 𝑢 = 0.01 × 100 = 1%
NB: This information is very useful to a power system engineer because he/she can estimate
and locate the quantity of the various copper losses simply by looking at the one line
per unit impedance diagram.

▪ The per unit system simplifies the analysis of problems that include star-delta types of
winding connection. The factor of 3 is not used for the per unit analysis. E.g., consider
the expression for the power:
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃

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18
NB: When the voltage and the current are expressed in per unit, this relationship gives the
total power in per unit, regardless of a delta or star winding connection.

Changing the Base of Per Unit Quantities

▪ Sometimes the per unit impedance of a component of a system is expressed on a base

other than the one selected as base for the part of the system in which the component
is located.
▪ Since all the impedance in any part of a system must be express on the same
impedance base when making computation, it is necessary to have a means of
converting per unit impedance from one base to another.
We know that:

𝑆𝐵
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝐴 ×
𝑉𝐵2

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 𝑆 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝐴 ×
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉 2𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉 2𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑
= = 𝑍𝐴 × 2 ×
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑉𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑍𝐴 × 𝑆 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑍𝐴 × 2
𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉 2𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
= 2 × = ×
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

If the old base voltage and new base voltage are the same, the formula becomes:

𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 ×
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

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 Work in kV and MVA

𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑏 2 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉 × 103 2 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉 2

𝑍𝑏 = = = =
𝐼𝑏 𝑉𝑏 𝐼𝑏 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 × 106 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴

Therefore:
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉 2 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝑏 = and 𝑍𝑝𝑢 = ×𝑍
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉 2

Example 3: The Reactance of a 20kV, 500MVA generator is 25%. Calculate the

reactance of the Machine.
Solution
𝑝. 𝑢. 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.25

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉 2 202
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑍𝑏 = = = 0.8 
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 500
𝑍 = 𝑍𝑏 × 𝑍𝑝𝑢 = 0.25 × 0.8 = 0.2 
∴ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑍 = 0.2 
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Example 4: If the bases are 25kV and 200MVA, find the new p.u reactance of the
machine in Example 3.

Solution

▪ 𝑶𝑳𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔: 𝑍𝑝𝑢(𝑜𝑙𝑑) = 0.25, 𝐾𝑉𝑏(𝑜𝑙𝑑) = 20 𝐾𝑉, 𝑆𝑏(𝑜𝑙𝑑) = 500 𝑀𝑉𝐴

▪ 𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔: 𝐾𝑉𝑏(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 25 𝐾𝑉, 𝑆𝑏(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 200 𝑀𝑉𝐴

2 2
𝐾𝑉𝑏(𝑜𝑙𝑑) 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏(𝑛𝑒𝑤)
𝑍𝑝.𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢(𝑜𝑙𝑑) . 2 .
𝐾𝑉𝑏(𝑛𝑒𝑤) 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏(𝑜𝑙𝑑)

2
20 200
𝑍𝑝.𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.25 × × = 0.064 𝑝. 𝑢
25 500

𝑍𝑝.𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.064 𝑝. 𝑢

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Example 5: The reactance of a generator designated X is given as 0.25 per unit based on
the generator’s nameplate rating of 18 KV, 500 MVA. The base for calculation is 20 KV and
100 MVA. Find X on the new base.
Solution
𝑋𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0.25 𝑝. 𝑢, 𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 18 𝐾𝑉, 𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 20 𝐾𝑉,
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 500 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 500 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 =?

2
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2 2
18 × 1000 100 × 106 18 1
𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.25 × × = 0.25 × ×
20 × 1000 500 × 106 20 5

324 1
𝑋 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.25 × × = 0.25 × 0.81 × 0.2 = 0.0405 𝑝. 𝑢
400 5 EE415
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 Per Unit System with Transformers

▪ If a system contain transformer, a great simplification occurs if we use the same base VA
throughout the system. In general, this implies that voltage and current bases will change
as we pass through a transformer, the voltage base will be multiplied by turns ratio, the
current base will be divided by the turn ratio.
▪ If this rule is used, then transformer reactance have the same p.u value irrespective of
whether they are referred to primary or secondary of the transformer.
▪ The reactance may be placed on either side and its p.u value remains the same.

Note: When handling transformer in per unit system:

• Same VA base throughout the system
• Voltage and current bases change as we pass through transformers.

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Example 6: A single phase 20 KVA, 480/120 V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has
primary and secondary impedance of 𝑍𝑃 = 0.84 < 78.13° and 𝑍𝑆 = 0.0525 < 78.13°.
Determine the per unit transformer impedance referred to the LV winding and the HV
Winding.
Solution
𝑆𝐵 = 20 𝐾𝑉𝐴, 𝑉𝐵1 = 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑖 = 480𝑉, 𝑉𝐵2 = 𝑉𝑆𝑒𝑐 = 120𝑉
The formula for per unit impedance is give by:

𝑍(𝐴)𝑃𝑟𝑖 𝑍𝐴 𝑆𝑒𝑐
𝑍(𝑝.𝑢)𝑃𝑟𝑖 = , 𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑆𝑒𝑐 =
𝑍 𝐵 𝑃𝑟𝑖 𝑍𝐵 𝑆𝑒𝑐

Now, the resulting base impedance for primary and secondary are:

𝑉 2𝐵 𝑃𝑟𝑖 4802 230400 2304

𝑍(𝐵)𝑃𝑟𝑖 = = = = = 11.52 
𝑆𝐵 20 × 1000 20000 200

𝑉 2𝐵 𝑆𝑒𝑐 1202 14400 144

𝑍 𝐵 𝑆𝑒𝑐 = = = = = 0.72 
𝑆𝐵 20 × 1000 20000 200

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Now, the resulting per unit impedance at primary and secondary side of the transformer
are:

𝑍(𝐴)𝑃𝑟𝑖 0.84 < 78.13°

𝑍(𝑝.𝑢)𝑃𝑟𝑖 = = = 0.0729 < 78.13°
𝑍 𝐵 𝑃𝑟𝑖 11.52

𝑍𝐴 𝑆𝑒𝑐 0.0525 < 78.13°

𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑆𝑒𝑐 = = = 0.0729 < 78.13°
𝑍𝐵 𝑆𝑒𝑐 0.72

▪ Hence, it can be observed that the per unit impedance are equal for both sides of the
transformer. However, their actual values are different

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Example 7: A 100 MVA, 33 KV, three phase generator has a reactance of 15 %. The
generator is connected to the motors through a transmission line and transformers as shown
in the figure. Motor have rated input of 40 MVA, 30 MVA and 20 MVA at 30 KV with 20%
reactance each. Draw the per unit circuit. Assume 100 MVA and 33 KV as common base
values.

Solution
The formula for new per unit impedance is given by

2
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑
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New Per Unit Reactance of Generator G:
2
𝐾𝑉𝐺 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝐺 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋𝐺 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝐺 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝐺 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝐺 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
33 × 103 100 × 106
𝑋𝐺 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.15 × × = 𝑗0.15 × 1 × 1 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒑. 𝒖
33 × 103 100 × 106

New Per Unit Reactance of Transformer 𝑻𝟏 :

2
𝐾𝑉𝑇1 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇1 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑇1 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇1 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2 2
32 × 103 100 × 106 32 10
𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.08 × × = 𝑗0.08 × ×
33 × 103 110 × 106 33 11

𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.08 × 0.94012 × 0.90909 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝒑. 𝒖

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New Per Unit Reactance of Transmission Line:
It can be observed that for transmission line the base voltage is changed. The new base
voltage is determined by:

110 𝐾𝑉
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 33 𝐾𝑉 × = 33 𝐾𝑉 × 3.4375 = 113.4375 𝐾𝑉
32 𝐾𝑉
Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of
per unit values. Hence, the new per unit reactance of transmission line is given by:

100 × 106 100 𝑗6000

𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑗60 × = 𝑗60 × =
113.4375 × 103 2 12868.066 12868.066
𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟔 𝒑. 𝒖

New Per Unit Reactance of Transformer 𝑻𝟐 :

2
𝐾𝑉𝑇2 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇2 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑇2 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇2 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

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 2 2
110 × 103 100 × 106 110 10
𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.08 × × = 𝑗0.08 × ×
113.4375 × 103 110 × 106 113.4375 11

𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.08 × 0.94012 × 0.90909 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝒑. 𝒖

New Per Unit Reactance of Motor 𝑴𝟏 :

It can be observed that for motor, the base voltage is changed again. The new bas voltage
is calculated as below:

32 𝐾𝑉
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 113.4375 𝐾𝑉 × = 113.4375 𝐾𝑉 × 0.2909 = 33 𝐾𝑉
110 𝐾𝑉
The per unit reactance of motor 1 is now calculated as below:

2
𝐾𝑉𝑀1 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑀1 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋𝑀1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑀1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑀1 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑀1 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2 2
30 × 103 100 × 106 30 10
𝑋𝑀1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.2 × × = 𝑗0.2 × ×
33 × 103 40 × 106 33 4

𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.2 × 0.8263 × 2.5 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟑 𝒑. 𝒖 EE415

30
New per unit reactance of motor 2:

2
𝐾𝑉𝑀1 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑀2 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋𝑀2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑀2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑀1 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑀2 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2 2
30 × 103 100 × 106 30 10
𝑋𝑀2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.2 × × = 𝑗0.2 × ×
33 × 103 30 × 106 33 3

𝑋𝑀2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.2 × 0.8263 × 3.333 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟏 𝒑. 𝒖

New per unit reactance of motor 3:

2
𝐾𝑉𝑀3 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑀3 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋𝑀3 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑀3 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑀3 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴3 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2 2
30 × 103 100 × 106 30 10
𝑋𝑀3 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.2 × × = 𝑗0.2 × ×
33 × 103 20 × 106 33 2

𝑋𝑀3 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.2 × 0.8263 × 5 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟔 𝒑. 𝒖

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The per unit circuit is now given as below:

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Example 8: The online diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Figure below.
Select a common base of 100 MVA and 22 KV on the generator side. Draw an impedance
diagram with all impedances including the load impedance marked in per unit. The three
phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 power factor lagging at 10.45 KV. Line 1 and 2
have reactance of 48.4 ohms and 65.3 ohms, respectively. The manufacturer’s data for each
device is give as follow:

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33
Solution
We know the formula for new per unit impedance is given by:

2
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

New Per Unit Reactance of Generator G:

2
𝐾𝑉𝐺 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝐺 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋𝐺 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝐺 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝐺 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝐺 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
22 × 103 100 × 106 10
𝑋𝐺 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.18 × × = 𝑗0.18 × 1 × = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟐 𝒑. 𝒖
22 × 103 90 × 106 9

𝑋𝐺 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟐 𝒑. 𝒖

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New Per Unit Reactance of Transformer 𝑻𝟏 :
2
𝐾𝑉𝑇1 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇1 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑇1 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇1 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
22 × 103 100 × 106 10
𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.1 × × = 𝑗0.1 × 1 ×
22 × 103 50 × 106 5

𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.1 × 1 × 2 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟐 𝒑. 𝒖

New Per Unit Reactance of Transmission Line 1:

It can be observed that for transmission line, the base voltage is changed. Hence, first
new base voltage is required to determined, then its per unit reactance can be calculated.
The formula for finding new base voltage is given by:

𝐸2
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ×
𝐸1

220 𝐾𝑉
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 22 𝐾𝑉 × = 220 𝐾𝑉
22 𝐾𝑉
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Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of
per unit values. Hence, the formula to find per unit reactance of transmission line is given
by:
𝑆𝐵 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 × 2 = 𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 ×
𝑉𝐵 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2

100 × 106 100

𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒1 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑗48.4 × = 𝑗48.4 × = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏 𝒑. 𝒖
220 × 103 2 48400
𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒1 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏 𝒑. 𝒖

New Per Unit Reactance of Transformer 𝑻𝟐 :

2
𝐾𝑉𝑇2 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇2 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑇2 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇2 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
220 × 103 100 × 106 10
𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.06 × × = 𝑗0.06 × 1 ×
220 × 103 40 × 106 4

𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.06 × 1 × 2.5 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒑. 𝒖

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New Per Unit Reactance of Transformer 𝑻𝟑 :
2
𝐾𝑉𝑇3 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇3 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋 𝑇3 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋 𝑇3 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑇3 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇3 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
22 × 103 100 × 106 10
𝑋 𝑇3 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.064 × × = 𝑗0.064 × 1 ×
22 × 103 40 × 106 4

𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.064 × 1 × 2.5 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒑. 𝒖

New Per Unit Reactance of Transmission Line 2:

It can be observed that for transmission line 2, the base voltage is changed again. The
new base voltage is calculated as below:
𝐸
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 𝐸2
1

110 𝐾𝑉
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 22 𝐾𝑉 × = 110 𝐾𝑉
22 𝐾𝑉
Now, it can be noticed that the reactance of transmission line is given in ohms instead of
per unit values. Hence, the formula to find per unit reactance of transmission line is given
by:
𝑆𝐵 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝑍 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 × 2 = 𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 ×
𝑉𝐵 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2

100 × 106 100 𝑗6530

𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒2 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑗65.3 × = 𝑗65.3 × = = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟒 𝒑. 𝒖
110 × 103 2 12100 12100
𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒2 𝑝.𝑢 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟒 𝒑. 𝒖

New Per Unit Reactance of Transformer 𝑻𝟒 :

2
𝐾𝑉𝑇4 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇4 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋 𝑇4 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋 𝑇4 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑇4 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑇4 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
110 × 103 100 × 106 10
𝑋 𝑇4 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.08 × × = 𝑗0.08 × 1 ×
110 × 103 40 × 106 4

𝑋 𝑇2 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.08 × 1 × 2.5 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟐 𝒑. 𝒖

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New Per Unit Reactance of Motor M:
It can be observed that for motor, the base voltage is changed again from two points. One
from transformer 𝑇2 and other from transformer 𝑇4 . But the new base voltage from both
must have the same value. The new base voltage as calculated from transformer 𝑇2 is
given as below:

11 𝐾𝑉
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 220 𝐾𝑉 × = 11 𝐾𝑉
220 𝐾𝑉
The new base voltage as calculated from 𝑇4 is given as below:

11 𝐾𝑉
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 110 𝐾𝑉 × = 11 𝐾𝑉
110 𝐾𝑉
It can be noticed that both has the same voltage. The per unit reactance of motor is now
calculated as below:
2
𝐾𝑉𝑀 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑀 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑋𝑀 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑀 𝑝.𝑢 𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ×
𝐾𝑉𝑀 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑀 𝐵 𝑜𝑙𝑑

2
10.45 × 103 100 × 106 2
𝑋𝑀 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.185 × × = 𝑗0.185 × 0.95 × 1.5037
11 × 103 66.5 × 106
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𝑋 𝑇1 𝑝.𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.185 × 0.9025 × 1.5037 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑. 𝒖 39
New Per Unit Impedance of Load:
The load apparent power at 0.6 power lagging is 57 MVA. The angle for 0.6 power factor
will be:
cos 𝜃 = 𝜃 = cos −1 0.6 = 53.13°
Hence, the load 57<53.13° 𝑀𝑉𝐴. To calculate the per unit impedance of the load, we
need to first calculate actual impedance and base impedance of the load. The actual
impedance of the load is calculated as below:
𝑉𝐿−𝐿 2 10.45 × 103 2 109.205
𝑍𝐴(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒) = ∗ = = = 1.91583 < −53.13°
𝑆𝐿(3∅) 57 × 106 < −57.13° 57 < −57.13°
𝑍𝐴(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒) = 1.91583 cos 53.13 + 𝑗 sin 53.13 = 1.91583 0.6 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
𝑍𝐴(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒) = 1.1495 + 𝑗1.53267 Ω
The base impedance of the load is calculated as below:

𝑉𝐵 2 11 × 103 2 121
𝑍𝐵(𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) = = = = 1.21Ω
𝑆𝐵 100 × 106 100

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Now the per unit impedance is calculated as below:

𝑍𝐴(𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) 1.1495 + 𝑗153267

𝑍𝑝.𝑢(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑎𝑑) = = = 0.95 + 𝑗1.2667 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑍𝐵(𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) 1.21
𝒁𝒑.𝒖(𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒂𝒅) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒑. 𝒖
The per unit circuit is now given below:

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