‫ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺆدﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺮآﺰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ واﻟﺒﺤﻮث‬

‫آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺎهﺮة‬

‫‪Effective Design of Visual Aids‬‬

‫‪A Case Study:‬‬
‫‪Small Projects‬‬

‫‪By: Mr. Hassan Moussa Abdo‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
2
3
4
Objectives
Practice-oriented guidelines and
key rules to design effective
visual aids
Teaching and training purposes
Focuses on designing PowerPoint
presentations

5
Today’s Topics
Importance of Visual Aids
Types and occasions for visual aids
Designing Visual Aids
Key Rules for an Effective Design
Using Visual Aids
Avoiding Problems during the
Presentation
A Case Study

6
The Importance of Visual Aids

We use visual aids because they:

Clarify and simplify material
Emphasize some points
Illustrate some complicated
passages:
by pictures, sound or animation.

7
The Importance of Visual Aids
(continued)

Help visual learners

Add audience's participation and

engagement

Save time

Serve as an outline for the trainees

8
 Occasions for Visual Aids
Occasions for presentations include:
Teaching & Training
Business Meetings
Academic conferences and seminars
Presenting a Project or Research
Telling a Story, drawing a slide (for
kids)

9
Other Purpose of Using Visual
Aids

Visual aids support your ideas and

improve audience

Visual aids add variety to your

presentation

10
Types of Visual Aids

11
 Types of Visual Aids
There are numerous ways, which
include:
Black- or white boards and pens
Projector and transparencies
Flip charts
Colored paper and glue and pens, to
create flow charts

12
 Types of Visual Aids
There are numerous ways, which
include: (continued)

PowerPoint Presentations

Video tapes about certain topics

Video recording

13
 Flip Charts/Posters
Advantages:
easy and inexpensive to make and update
portable and transportable
left in view of the audience
good for interaction with the audience

Disadvantages:
unsuitable for large groups
anxiety-provoking for facilitator with poor
handwriting or poor spelling

14
Sample

15
Sample

16
 Slides
Advantages:
professional in appearance
good for large groups

Disadvantages:
formal and impersonal
shown in the dark
not good for discussion and interaction
more difficult to update than other visual aids
require special equipment

17
 Videos
Advantages:
professional in appearance
good for large or small groups

Disadvantages:
more expansive than other visual aids
requires special equipment
not good for discussion and interaction
require accurate cueing

18
 Overhead Transparencies
Advantages:
good for large groups
easy to create
easy to transport
open to interaction with groups
easy to update

Disadvantages:
Black and white
Loss the quality slides with time

19
 Using a data projector
☺ Advantages
offers additional possibilities (animations etc.)
good for large or small groups
easy to get carried away with technology

Disadvantages
setting-up time (audience fidgets)
hard to do real-time editing (e.g. skip slides)
smoothly
resolution can be a problem if projector only
800x600

20
Computer Projections (e.g., PowerPoint™)

Advantages:
professional in appearance
good for large or small group
easy to integrate with classroom
discussion
animated
up-to-date technology
easy to update

21
Computer Projections (e.g., PowerPoint™)

Disadvantages:
require special equipment/facilities
require initial training to create
require time to create
require basic graphics/composition
skills

22
Guidelines for Using Visual Aids

Make It Easy to See

Keep It Simple

Make It Consistent with Objective

Maintain Eye Contact

23
More Guidelines for Using
Visual Aids

Don’t Pass Items Around

No Dangerous or Illegal Aids

Avoid Using Live Animals

Prepare for Problems (Have Backups)

24
Using Visual Aids

25
1) Use visuals to help your audience
USE THEM TO
Focus the audience’s attention
Reinforce key components
Maintain interest
Visualize complex concepts
Aid the audience’s comprehension
Increase retention

26
1) Use visuals to help your audience

DON’T USE THEM TO

Bad Impress your audience

Limit interaction with your audience
Present simple ideas that are easily
stated verbally
Information overload

27
2) Interact with your audience
Do not get "Slide wiped”
Do not directly read from visual aids
Visual aids are for your audience
Position screens diagonally of the
class, you remain the center
Don’t stand in front of the projector's
light (glare, heat, distraction)

28
 Using visual aids
☺ DO
use layout to emphasize main points
present graphs, diagrams and
pictures
check for Font legibility
use a pointer to help audience
navigate around slide

29
Using visual aids
DON’T
copy your script on to transparencies!
present large tables of data (impossible to
assimilate)
expect audience to read 12-pt type or
graphs with 20 lines on
spend all your time looking at screen
instead of audience
stand in front of screen, or between OHP
and screen
30
This speaker is competing
with the visual aid

31
Screen at 45o angle to audience
gives speaker center stage

This
Is
ett er
B

32
Variety of Audiovisual Aids
Most often you will be using
PowerPoint
But there is a danger …

33
Creating Effective Visual Aids

34
Constructing Effective Visual Aids
Never use confusing abbreviations
The use of periods at the end of the
bullets is not necessary
Select complimentary colors; avoid
color clashes
Use fonts like “Sans Serif” or “Times
New Roman”

35
Constructing Effective Visual Aids

Transparencies Slides Hand-

outs
Title 36 pt 48 pt 24 pt

Subtitles 28 pt 36 pt 20 pt

Body 24 pt 28 pt 16-18 pt

36
Additional Guidelines for Text

Use only 4-6 lines of text per VA

Use phrases, not full sentences
Use Upper Case and Lower Case for
ease of reading
Limit lines to no more than 40
characters

37
Construction of Graphs
Reading Comprehension in English
Present one graph
per slide 0% 13%

Limit the amount 47%

of numbers or
figures 40%

No more than 3
curves or Excellent Good
horizontal bar lines Fair Deficient
per graph

38
 Memory and Visual Aids
Percent of Speech Remembered
After...

90
80
70
60
Percent

50 3 Hours
40 3 Days
30
20
10
0
Verbal Visual Verbal &
Only Only Visual
Zayas-Baya, 1977

39
Select and Develop Visual Aids

Assess Resources

Assess Skills

Assess Audience

40
Design Rules for Visual Aids - Size

The font size of

the word
72 PT
below is 60 PT
written in 48 44 PT
pt. 36 PT
32 PT
28 PT
24 PT
18 PT
14 PT

41
Design Rules for Visual Aids -
Color

42
Design Rules for Visual Aids
- Typeface

43
Design Rules for Visual Aids
- Contrast

44
Design Rules for Visual Aids
- Clip Art
Searching the Internet

Why
Why go
go online?
online?
–– What’s
What’s there?
there?
–– How
How do
do you
you find
find it?
it?
How
How do
do you
you get
get online?
online?
–– Choosing
Choosing an
an ISP.
ISP.
–– Local
Local or
or national
national
providers?
providers?

45
 Design Rules for Visual Aids
- Information
Graphics Programs

Too Begin
Develop
Little
Enter
Design

46
 Design Rules for Visual Aids
- Information
How
How to
to Use Microsoft’s PowerPoint
TM
TM

Graphics
Graphics Program
Program
Begin
Begin with
with anan idea
idea which
which will
will form
form the
the
basis
basis of
of your
your presentation
presentation
Too Develop
Develop an an outline
outline ofof all
all The
The main
main points
points
and
and subpoints
subpoints
Much Enter
Enter the
the outline
outline in
in the
the program’s
program’s
outlining
outlining feature
feature
Design
Design “slides”
“slides” with
with either
either custom
custom or or stock
stock
backgrounds,
backgrounds, clipclip art,
art, and
and text
text color
color

47
 Design Rules for Visual Aids
- Information
Using Microsoft’s PowerPoint TM
TM

Begin
Begin with
with an
an idea
idea
Develop
Develop an
an outline
outline
Enough Enter
Enter outline
outline in
in the
the program
program
Design
Design “slides”
“slides”

“Putting
“Putting the
the
pieces
pieces
together”
together”
48
 ‫‪Effective‬‬
‫‪Dollars‬‬

‫‪92‬‬
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‫ﻮﺑ‬

‫‪0‬‬
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‫‪30‬‬
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‫اآﺘ‬
‫‪92‬‬
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‫ﺴ‬
‫‪Price‬‬

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‫‪Price of‬‬

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‫‪of Stock‬‬

‫ﺮ‪-‬‬
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‫ﻓ‬
‫‪Stock A‬‬

‫ﻧﻮ ‪95‬‬
‫ﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ﻤﺒ‬
‫‪Design Rules for Graphs‬‬

‫ﻓ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ‪95‬‬
‫ﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ﻤﺒ‬
‫ﻳﺴ‬
‫د‬
‫‪49‬‬
 ‫‪Design Rules for Graphs‬‬
‫‪Price of Stock‬‬
‫‪Price‬‬ ‫‪of Stock A‬‬
‫دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪95-‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪95-‬‬
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‫اآﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪95-‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪94-‬‬

‫دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪Ineffective 93-‬‬
‫دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪93-‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪93-‬‬

‫دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪92-‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪92-‬‬
‫اآﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪92-‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫‪Dollars‬‬

‫‪50‬‬
 Design Rules for Graphs
Ideal Porfolio - New Investor

Overseas
Large Stock Funds

Effective Funds
30%
20%

Bond Funds
Small Stock 25%
Funds
25%

51
 Design Rules for Graphs

30

20

10
Ineffective 0 S1
Overseas
Bond Funds
Funds Small Stock
Funds Large Stock
Funds

Ideal Portfolio - New Investor

52
Tips for Presenting Visual Aids
Avoid using the chalkboard
Display VA’s where listeners can see them
Avoid passing VA’s among the audience
Talk to your audience, not to your
visual aid !!!
Explain visual aids clearly and concisely
Practice with visual aid when rehearsing
speech

53
Before proceeding to design

MATERIAL

Prepare the material into a logical

sequence
Break the flowing text into small units
Skip some passages or phrase

54
Before proceeding to design

ROOM
Check the room, computer &
screen that will be used
Check lines of sight to your visual
aids from all parts of the seating
area
Check PowerPoint versions
55
Creating the Presentation

Make it BIG
If it looks too big on the
computer, it’s the perfect size

Keep it SIMPLE
Present the main idea of each
concept

56
Creating the Presentation
Make it CLEAR

Choose an appropriate font,

font size, and color

Be CONSISTENT

Use a logical sequence and

one format
57
Preparing Effective PowerPoint Slides
Use visuals sparingly
Rule 7 X 7
Use no more than 7 lines of text
per slide
Use no more than 7 words per
line of text
Restrict the contents of tables and
graphs
Keep uniformity in font style, font size,
and bullets
58
 Fonts
• SIZE DOES MATTER
• you are not writing a manuscript...

• Font style is as important as size

• Sans serif fonts (such as Arial) are easier to
read

59
 Use style

• “Trimmings” can also blur your message

• Instead of changing fonts, change bullets
• DO NOT USE “ALL CAPS”

60
 Bulleting items
• Vary the size, shape and color of the bullets
125 % larger than text, complimentary color
150 % larger than text, complimentary color
variation on a theme!
Bullets can make your slides personal
Choose bullets that fit your topic

61
Tabular formats
Tables are best Encase the table in a
when precise box
numbers are needed Only have one number
Use a maximum of per cell
six lines or columns Use percentages instead
Use abbreviations of a number or count,
unless % is misleading
Column titles should
(such as small sample
be horizontal
size)

62
Color suggestions
PowerPoint looks best Consider the fact of
with: COLORBLINDNESS
medium colored Use blue, orange or
backgrounds yellow
light text Do not use red and
green together
Overheads look best
with:
Light background
Dark text
63
 CAUTION!

u Do not use busy backgrounds

u Color becomes more critical
u You can be creative and still be
clear
u Experiment!!!

64
Creating Effective
PowerPoint Presentations

65
Selecting the Visual Aid Medium

Computer
Handouts Presentations Multimedia
66
Selecting the Visual Aid Medium

Handouts - an easy and

inexpensive way to create visuals.

u Computer Presentations - easy to create

and alter. They can be used as transparencies
or computer generated onscreen
presentations.
u Multimedia - combines use of text, graphics,
video, and audio.
67
 Creating the Design

Formatting your visuals consider:

Color
Format
Balance
Readability

68
Warm colors come forward off the page and are very dominant.

Warm & Cool Colors

Reds, oranges, and yellows
are warm colors and should
Orange be used to indicate Violet
strength, energy, and
action. Use warm colors for
titles and text.
Red Violets, blues, and greens, Blue
are cool colors and are
appropriate for background
Yellow colors because they Green
generate feelings of
relaxation and passiveness.

Cool colors recede and make very good backgrounds. 69

Format & Balance
Format - the shape and size of
your visual.

Balance - the arrangement of

elements on your visual.

70
Readability
44 point font size (bold)
30 point font size (bold)
24 point font size (bold)

18 point font size (bold)

12 point font size (bold)

Too Small

71
Using Special Effects

72
Choosing the Appropriate Diagram

Bar Graphs Organization

Charts
Flow Charts
Line Graphs Pie Charts
Maps
Tables

73
 Bar Graph
Retention Rates
People remember:

100% 50-85%
80%
60%
40% 30%
20%
20%
0%
of what they of what they of what they
hear see hear & see

74
 Flow Chart

Five Process Steps

Raw
Finished
Material A B C D E Goods
Input

Process .5 min/u .75 min/u .75 min/u 1.0 min/u .5 min/u

Time

75
 Line Graph
Fruit Sales: 1980-2000
Fresh
Frozen
80 75 70 Canned
64 60
60 50
Percent

40
40 22 25 26 27
20 10 13 10
3 5
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year

76
 Organizational Chart
President

Production Personnel Accounting

Fresh Fruit Frozen Fruit

Canned Fruit Fruit Pies

77
Pie Chart
2007 Sales
Lemon

Blue berry 9%

14%
Apple
54%
23%
Cherry

78
Table

2007 Sales
Fruit Flavor Apple Cherry Blue berry Lemon

Total 5400 2300 1400 900

Percentage 54 23 14 9

79
The Art of PowerPoint

80
Before proceeding to design

MATERIAL

Prepare the material into a logical

sequence
Break the flowing text into small units
Skip some passages or phrase

81
Before proceeding to design

ROOM

Check the room, computer & screen

that will be used
Check lines of sight to your visual aids
from all parts of the seating area
Check PowerPoint versions

82
Components of a Presentation
All presentations must have:
An introduction
Tell them what you are going to tell them
A body
Tell them
A conclusion
Tell them what you told them

Often, you will also need to include time

for questions and answers at the end
83
A possible structure for your
presentation
Title/author/affiliation/ logo (1 slide)
Goals of the material (1 slide)
Outline (1 slide)
Body of Material (not less than 5 slides)
Summary (1 slide)
Bibliography (Sources) (0-1 slides)
Acknowledgments (0-1 slides)
Thank the Audience (1 slide)
84
Integrate Your Slides
Place the graphic in an appropriate
location.

Introduce it.

Explain it.

Make it visible.

Make sure people can see what you want

them to see.
85
Integrate Your Slides (2)
Maintain eye contact.
Don’t talk to the screen
Don’t read slides word by word to
the audience.
Don’t point out mistakes or poorly
designed graphics.
Just get to the point!

86
Rules of Slide Design
Keep it short and simple.
Use graphics.
Choose appropriate fonts.
Use a template.
Use bullets.
Make Sure You’re Grammar is
Correct
87
Avoid using PowerPoint for small
and intricate diagrams

This would be
better given as
a handout.

88
Use Clip Art to Keep Interest

The text can be

placed here on
the left, and
the picture on
the right

89
Keep It Simple (Text)
Instructional Technology:
A complex integrated process
involving people, procedures,
ideas, devices, and organization,
for analyzing problems and
devising, implementing,
Tooand
evaluating, detailed
managing !
solutions to those problems in
situations in which learning is
purposive and controlled
90
Keep It Simple (Text)

Instructional Technology:
A process
Much Simpler
involving people, procedures & tools
for solutions
to problems in learning

91
Falling Leaves Observed
Christchurch Dunedin Wellington
January 11,532,234 14,123,654 3,034,564
February 1,078,456 12,345,567 16,128,234
March 17,234,778 6,567,123 16,034,786
April 16,098,897 10,870,954 7,940,096
May 8,036,897 10,345,394 14,856,456
June
July
Too detailed !
16,184,345 678,095
8,890,345 15,347,934
4,123,656
18,885,786
August 8,674,234 18,107,110 17,230,095
September 4,032,045 18,923,239 9,950,498
October 2,608,096 9,945,890 5,596,096
November 5,864,034 478,023 6,678,125
December 12,234,123 9,532,111 3,045,654

92
Falling Leaves in Millions
In 106 Christchurch Dunedin Wellington
January 11 14 3
February 1 12 16
March 17 6 16
April 16 10 7
May
June
Much Simpler
8
16
10
0
14
4
July 8 15 18
August 8 18 17
September 4 18 9
October 2 9 5
November 5 0 6
December 12 9 3

93
Falling Leaves
50
Wellington
45
Dunedin
40
Christchurch
35
30
25
20
Too detailed !
15
10
5
0January February March April May June July August September October November December

94
Falling Leaves
50
Wellington
Dunedin
Christchurch
40

30 Much Simpler
20

10

0
January March May July September November

95
 Keep It Simple (Graphics)

Art work may distract your audience

Artistry does not substitute for

content

96
 Make It Clear (Complement)
Use contrasting colors
• Light on dark vs dark on light
• Use complementary colors

These colors do not complement

97
 Background

Avoid backgrounds that are

distracting or difficult to read
from.

Always be consistent with the

background that you use.

98
Make It Clear (Complement)
Use contrasting colors
• Light on dark vs dark on light
• Use complementary colors

These colors complement

99
Small Projects Course

A Case Study

100
Consistent and balanced layout
Color scheme:
Dark blue on white
background
Purpose: to keep
lights on, maintain
eye contact
Each file covered a
chapter
Three files, which had
an identical layout to
maintain unity
101
Make slides easy to read

Main Points
only
Use colored
bullets to
indicate order
of ideas

102
Make slides easy to read (2)
Used tables to show
information in a
concise form
Used colors to give
certain meaning
Red
for Title
Green
for Subtitle

103
 What pictures can I use?

Emphasize
meaning, by
related pictures

104
What pictures can I use? (2)

Use certain clip

arts to indicate
Class activities

105
Should I use animation or not?

Generally, minimal animation

Sometimes, in flowcharts to
clarify the process
To focus the audience’s attention

106
Personal Appearance
Long sleeves
2 - 3 colors
Avoid bright reds, oranges,
blacks and whites
Avoid jewelry that sparkles
or dangles
Simple makeup

107
Personal Appearance
Suits - dark blue, gray or
black
Tie that compliments
your eyes and face
Shoes appropriate and
well shined
Hair, beard well groomed

108
Top Ten Mistakes
No preparation No eye contact
No presentation Lack of enthusiasm
objectives Lack of facial
Mediocre first expression
impression Staying in one
Lack good visuals place
Ineffective No audience
closing involvement
109
PowerPoint Summary
Generally, no more than six (6) words
per line and no more than six (6) lines
per slide
One or two concepts per slide
Keep text fonts and effects simple, clean
Avoid background patterns
Limit use of animation and special effects
ALWAYS include an “end slide”

110
Remember...
You are the presentation--the visuals are not.

111
Summary
Set level appropriate to your audience
explain motivation, significance, specialist terms

Focus on main points

have a clear “take-home message” and emphasise it

Have a clear structure

introduction, body, conclusion

Maintain eye contact with audience

minimise time spent looking at notes, screen, etc.

Use visual aids

graphical wherever possible
(1 picture = 1000 words!)

112
Any Questions ??..!!

Your questions are welcome

113
Contact Information
Mr. Hassan Abdo
Cell phone: 0126444542
E-mail:
[email protected]
Or: [email protected]

114
Thank you for your attention

115
116
Questions/Comments

117
 PC Market Share

Dell
Others 24%
31%

Gateway
22%
Compaq HP
10% 13%

118