Learner-Centered Psychological Principles continued learning success across the life span,
students must generate and pursue personally
(LCP)
relevant goals.
American Psychological Association 3. Construction of Knowledge
The largest scientific and professional organization of The successful learner can link new information with
psychologists in the United States, with over 118,000 existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
members including scientists, educators, clinicians,
consultants, and students.
The 14 principles have the following aspects: 4. Strategic Thinking
o Focus on psychological factors that are The successful learner can create and use a repertoire
primarily internal to and under the control of of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve
the learner rather than conditioned habits or complex learning goals.
physiological factors; Successful learners use it in:
o Intended to deal holistically with learners in
the context of real-world learning situations; o Learning
o Divided into those referring to: o Reasoning
a) Cognitive and metacognitive o Problem-Solving
b) Motivational and effective o Concept Learning
c) Developmental and social 5. Thinking about Thinking
d) Individual difference factors
Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring
o Influencing learners and learning intended to
mental operations facilitate creative and critical
apply to all learners.
thinking.
Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors 6. Context of Thinking
1. Nature of the learning process Learning is influenced by environmental factors,
2. Goals of the learning process including culture, technology, and institutional
3. Construction of knowledge practices.
4. Strategic thinking
5. Thinking about thinking Motivational and Affective Factors
6. Context of learning
Motivational and Emotional Influences on
Learning
1. Nature of the Learning Process Intrinsic Motivation to Learn
Effects of Motivation on Effort
The learning of complex subject matter is most
effective when it is an intentional process of
constructing meaning from information and 7. Motivational and Emotional Influences on
experience. Learning
Successful learners are: o What and how much is learned is influenced by
the learner’s motivation.
o Active o Motivation to learn, in turn, is influenced by
o Goal-Directed the individual’s emotional states, beliefs,
o Self-Regulating interests and goals and habits of thinking.
o Assume personal responsibility for contributing 8. Intrinsic Motivation to Learn
their own learning.’ o The learner’s creativity, higher order thinking,
2. Goals of the Learning Process and natural curiosity all contribute to
motivation to learn.
The successful learner, over time and with support and
o Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of
instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent
optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to
representations of knowledge. To construct useful
personal interests, and providing for personal
representations of knowledge and to acquire the
choice and control.
thinking and learning strategies necessary for
9. Effects of Motivation on Effort
o Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills Individual Differences in Learning
requires extended learner effort and guided Learning and Diversity
practice. Standards and Assessment
o Without learner’s motivation to learn, the
willingness to exert this effort is unlikely
without coercion. 12. Individual Differences in Learning
Developmental and Social Factors Learners have different strategies, approaches, and
capabilities for learning that are a function of prior
Developmental Influences on Learning experience and heredity.
Social Influences on Learning
13. Learning and Diversity
Learning is most effective when differences in
10. Developmental Influences on Learning learners’ linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds
o As individuals develop, there are different are taken into account.
opportunities and constraints for learning.
o Learning is most effective when differential 14. Standards and Assessment
development within and across physical, Setting appropriately high and challenging standards
intellectual, emotional, and social domains is and assessing the learner as well as learning progress
taken into account —including diagnostic, process and outcome
assessment—are integral parts of the learning process.
11. Social Influences on Learning Summary of the 14 Principles
Learning is influenced by social interactions, o The Knowledge Base
interpersonal relations, and communications with o Strategic Processing and Control
others. o Motivation and Effect
o Development and Individual Differences
Individual Differences Factors o Situation or Context
