CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION

General –
Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of
people & depends on the income & status of the individual, a highly rich family with
require a luxurious building, while a poor man be satisfied with a single room house for
even poor class family. No hard fast rule can be fixed for the design of building but for
general guidance the following information may be helpful.
For residential building the liveable area (carpet area) should be 50% to 65% of the
plinth area with the target of 65%. The circulation area should be minimum possible
depending on the climatic condition of the region.
A standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing room, dining
room office room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front
veranda, stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced according to the
requirements of many available.
Objectives:-
The objective of this study is to design a residential building. The study
specifically focuses on assessing the role of the building envelope in relation to comfort air
conditioning systems and appliances in achieving energy efficiency in dwellings.
This study answers the following sub-objectives:
1. To determine the severity of growth rates in energy consumption in this sector and
identify the savings potentials.
2. To design a residential building with the help of help auto cad and design its load.
Arrangement of rooms and their position:
Drawing room: drawing room should be well lighted and ventilated and located in the
heart of the building in the front having across from all the main room.
Dining room: this room should be closed to the drawing room by its side or in the rear and
should be rear, and should be near to the pantry.
The common wall in b/w the drawing room and dining room may be designed in such a
way that both the room may be converted into hall on special occasion.
Bed room: It should be located on the side of the building with the least on wall exposed
to the outer space for ventilation and light. They should be placed on the side of the
prevailing wind with sufficient window.
Office room: it should be placed on the side on the front verandah, disconnected with
other room. This is for one’s professional work and may be used study room.
Guest room: this room similar to office room.
Kitchen: It should be placed in the rear of the building in one corner opposite side the
direction of the prevailing wind.
1
CHAPTER: 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
• Neelam Sharma (2016): Reinforced cement concrete design, reprint of first edition
January 2016, S.K.Kataria & sons p. ltd., Prakash mahal, Dr. subhash bhargav lane,
daryaganj, New Delhi.
• B.N. Dutta, Estimating and costing in civil engg., twenty-seventh revised edition.,
UBSPD publisher pvt.ltd., daryaganj, New Delhi.
• Dr. B.c. Punamia., Ashok kumar jain, Dr. Arun K. jain, Reinforced concrete
structures., Tenth edition., laxmi publication pvt. Ltd., golden house., daryaganj,
New Delhi
• IS:875 (part 3)-1987., A commentary on Indian standard code of practice for design
load(other than earthquake) for building and structure.
• IS 456:2000., Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice(fourth revision)
• IS 800:2007., General construction in steel – code of practice (third revision)
CHAPTER: 3 MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY
3.1. About material
i) Cement
ii) Brick
iii) Steel
iv) Course aggregate
v) Fine
aggregate
vi)Sand.

3.2. Methods
Limit state method: the working stress method gives satisfactory performance at working
load but no attention is given to the condition that arise at the time of collapse of the
structure. The method does not give exact margin of safety. This draw back was taken into
account in the ultimate load or load factor method of design. But load factor method leads
to excessive deflection and cracking. A more rational approach is given by limit state
method of design which is a balanced combination of working stress and ultimate load
design method. The limit state method of design is discussed in section 5 of IS Coad
456:2000.
In this method, this method is based on the actual stress-strain curve of steel and concrete.
For concrete the stress-strain curve is nonlinear. Partial safety factors are applied to get
design values of stress. Design load are obtained by multiplying partial safety factors of
load to the working loads.
3.3 Designing steps
i) Design step for beam
 Design or factored load
 Design moment and design shear
 Limiting moment of resistance
 Area of compression steel
 Area of steel
 Check for deflection
 Design of shear

ii) Design step of column

 Effectively held is position and restrained against rotation
 Slenderness ratio
 Minimum eccentricity
 Area of steel
iii) Design step of slab
 Effective span
 Design load
 Design moment and shear
 Minimum depth required
 Design of main reinforcement
 Check for shear
 Torsional reinforcement at corners

iv) Design step of foundation

 Load calculation
 Area of footing
 Depth of footing by one way shear criterion
 Depth of footing by two way shear
 Depth of footing by bending moment criterion
 Area of steel reinforcement
CHAPTER: 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSIN ANALYSIS

4.1. GENERAL –

In this chapter we have been discussed about the different design member of the building.

4.2. Design of slabs-

4.2.1. Dimension of slab – 6 × 5 m

𝑙𝑦 6
= = 1.2 < 2 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝑙𝑥 5
𝑙
[𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 → 𝑑 = 600/25 = 240𝑚𝑚]
𝑑

Assuming 𝐷 = 200𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 200 − 15 − 6 = 179 = 180𝑚𝑚 (Assuming clear cover as 15 mm and 8 mm as
the dia. Of main bar)
Effective span:-
Effective span in x-direction:
i. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 6 + .3 = 6.3𝑚
ii. 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 + 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 6 + .161 = 6.161𝑚

𝑙𝑥 = 5.61 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑦 = 6.161 𝑚

Similarly effective span in Y-direction 𝑙𝑦 = 6.161 𝑚
Design load (𝑾𝒖):-
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = .18 × 1 × 25 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1 × 1 = 1 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5 × 1 = 5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5.5 + 5 = 10.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 10.5 × 1.5 = 15.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Design moment and shear:-
𝑙𝑦
for = 1.2
𝑙𝑥
. 079
𝛼𝑥 = .072 + × (1.2 − 1.2)
1.3 − 1.2
𝛼𝑥 = 0.075
𝛼𝑦 = 0.056
 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤𝑢. 𝑙𝑥2
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 0.075 × 15.75 × 5.1612 = 31.46 𝐾𝑁𝑚 ≈ 31.46 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 0.056 × 15.75 × 5.1612 = 23.49 𝐾𝑁𝑚 ≈ 23.49 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Maximum shear force (𝒗𝒖):-

𝑙𝑥
𝑣𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢.
5.161
2
=15.75 × = 40.64 𝐾𝑁
2

Maximum depth required (𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒):-

𝒅𝒓𝒆 𝑀𝑢 {𝑟 = 2.76 For M20 concrete and Fe 415}

𝒒 = √𝑟𝑢.𝑏
𝑢

31.46×10
=√ 6 = 106.76 ≈ 107 𝑚𝑚
2.76×103

𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 107𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑. Hence OK.

Design of main reinforcement:-

(i) Along shorter span in X-direction (middle strip)
3
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = × 𝑙𝑌
3
5
= × 6.16 = 3.69 𝑚
5

𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
31.46 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 180 [ ]
1000 × 220 × 20
31.46 × 106 = 64989𝐴𝑆𝑇 − 7.48𝐴2𝑆𝑇
2
𝐴𝑆𝑇 − 8688.36𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 4205882.3 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 514 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
2
Using 8 mm Ø 𝐴∅ = × 82 = 50.3 𝑚𝑚
4
1000 × 𝐴∅ 1000 × 50.3
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 98 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡 514
(98 mm spacing is less than 3d and 300
mm)
0.12 .12
𝐴 = 𝑏𝐷 = × 1000 × 200 = 288 𝑚𝑚2 > 240𝑚𝑚2 Hence OK.
𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 100 100
:-provided 8 mm Ø @180 mm 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 in the middle strip of width 3.9 m.
(ii) Along longer span in Y-direction (middle strip):-
33
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = (4). 𝑙𝑥 = × 5.16 = 3.87 𝑚
4

Effective depth along Y-direction,

𝑑 = 180 − 4 − 5 = 171 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
33.47 × 106 = 0.87 × × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑑 × (1 − )
𝑓𝑦 1000 × 171 × 20

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 583.40 𝑚𝑚
1000×50.3
Spacing of 8mm dia. bars= = 86𝑚𝑚
583.40

Provided 8 mm Ø bars @ 90 mm c/c in middle strip of width 3.97 m.

(iii) Reinforcement in edge strip:-
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 514 𝑚𝑚
Using 8mm Ø bars,
1000 × 50.3
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 97.8𝑚𝑚
514
(Spacing is less than 5d or 450 mm)

Using 8 mm Ø bars @ 230 mm c/c in the edge strip of width 1 6.16 − 3.87 = 1.145 𝑚 along
2
X-direction and edge strip of width 1 (5.16 − 3.87) = 0.36 𝑚 along Y-direction.
2

Check for shear:-

40640
𝑟𝑣 𝑉𝑢 = = 0.23 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
= 1000 ×
𝑏𝑑 171
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 514
𝑃𝑡 = = = 0.23%
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 180
For 𝑃𝑡 = 0.23 and M20 concrete,
0.36 − 0.28
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28 + × (0.21 − 0.15)
0.25 − 0.15
= 0.32 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
For 180 mm thickness of slab K = 1.24
𝑟𝑐 = 0.32 × 1.24 = 0.40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 > 𝑟𝑐
So, Shear reinforcement is not required.
Check for deflection:-
𝑃𝑡 = 0.23%
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58𝑓𝑦 ( )
𝐴 𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒

514
= (0.58 × 415) ] = 240.7𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
[ 514

For 𝑃𝑡 = 0.23%, 𝐹𝑠 = 240 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, 𝐾𝑡 = 1.6

𝑙
() = 20 × 1.6 = 32
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑙 3161
( ) = 30
171
=
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝑙 𝑙
() >( ) = ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑘
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Torsional reinforcement at corners:-

𝑙𝑥 5.16
Mesh size = = = 1 𝑚 = 1000 𝑚𝑚
5 5

Area of torsional
reinforcement
3
= × 514 = 385.5 𝑚𝑚2
4

Using 8mm Ø bars

𝜋
𝐴∅ =× 82 = 50.3
4
1000 × 50.3
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 200𝑚𝑚
385.55
Provided 8 mm mesh bars @ 200 mm c/c in mesh.
4.2.2. Dimension of slab – 7 × 2.5 m

𝑙𝑦
7
𝑙𝑥 = > 2 (ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 )
2.5
Assuming total depth =150mm
D =150 − 20 − 5
 d =125 mm [clear cover 20 mm ∅ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 10𝑚𝑚]

Effective span (L)

 𝐼𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔:
(a) Centre to centre distance = 2.5+.2 = 2.7m
(b) Clear span +Effective depth =2.265m
𝑙 = 2.625𝑚

𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 (𝐖𝐮)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐌𝐮)

𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.15 × 1.0 × 25 = 3.750𝐾𝑁/𝑚

[Unit weight of R.C.C=25
KN/m]
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5 × 1 = 5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑤) = 8.750 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Design load (𝑤𝑢) = 8.75 × 1.5 =13.125 KN/m
𝑙.𝑙
Factored moment = 𝑊𝑢 .
8

2.625×2.625
= 13.125 × 8 = 11.30𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Mu = 11.30 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
Effective Depth Required
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.48
𝑑

𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑢 = 0.36. 𝑓𝑐𝑘. (1 − 0.42. )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑅𝑢 = 0.36 × 20 × 0.48(1 − 0.42 × 0.48) = 2.76

11.30 × 1000000
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √ = 63.98𝑚𝑚
2.76 × 1000

63.98 𝑚𝑚 < 125 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)

𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 (𝑨𝒔𝒕)
𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 415
11.30 × 1000000 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 125(1 − )
20 × 1000 × 125
11.30 × 10 6= 45131.25𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2
2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 6025.5 + 1.50 × 106= 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 260𝑚𝑚
using 10 mm 𝜙 of bars
 𝜋
2
𝐴∅ = × 10
4
𝐴∅ = 78.5 𝑚𝑚
1000×78.5
Spacing of 10 mm 𝜙 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 301.92 ≈ 302 𝑚𝑚2
260

𝐴𝑠𝑝 = 136.28 𝑚𝑚 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 140 𝑚𝑚 )

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 10 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 @ 140 𝑚𝑚 (𝑐/𝑐)
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛
1. 3d = 3× 125 = 375mm
2. 300 mm
𝑙 2625
Bending alternate bars at 510 mm [( ) = ( ) = 517 𝑚𝑚] from centre of support or
7 7
410 mm from the face of support.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥
Distribution reinforcement is provided in the longer direction i.e., 7 m choosing mild steel
bars
= 0.15% 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
0.15
= × 1000 × 140 = 210 mm2
100 𝜋 2
Using 6 mm 𝜙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝐴
∅ = × 6 × 6 = 28.3 𝑚𝑚
4

1000×𝐴∅
Spacing of 6 mm 𝜙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 =
𝐴𝑠𝑡

1000×28.3
= 210 = 134.6 𝑚𝑚

Provided 6 mm 𝜙 @ 125 mm c/c in the longer direction

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫

Factored shear force 𝑉𝑢

𝑤𝑢×𝐿
= 2
𝑉𝑢
13.125×2.5
= 2 = 16.40 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 1640 𝑁
𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 (𝑟𝒗)
𝑣𝑢 16400
𝑟 = = = 0.13𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝒗 𝑏𝑑 1000×125

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕 (𝑟𝒄)

 100 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 576
𝑃𝑡 = [𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 ( ) = 288 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑑 2
100×288
= 1000×125 = 0.23%

𝑃𝑡 = 0.23% 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀20 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡

0.36 − 0.28
𝑟𝒄 = 0.28 + × (0.21 − 0.15)
0.25 − 0.15
𝑟𝒄 = 0.328 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝒗 < 𝑟𝒄 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑘
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

100 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑡 =
𝑏𝑑
100 × 576
𝑃𝑡 = = 0.4%
1000 × 125
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.58. 𝑓𝑦 [ ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒
576
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.58 × 415 [ ]
576
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 240𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑡 = 0.4%, 𝑓𝑠 = 240 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, 𝑘𝑡 = 1.55
𝑙
() = (20 × 𝑘𝑡) = 20 × 1.5 = 31
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑙 2625
( ) =( ) = 29
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 12
𝑙 𝑙 5
( ) >( ) , hence ok.
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐡

576
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 288 𝑚𝑚 2
2

A𝑠𝑡. f𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. f𝑦. A𝑠𝑡. d [1 − ]
bd. f𝑐𝑘
415 × 288
6
0.87 × 415 × 288 × 125 (1 −
20 × 1000 × 125) = 12.37 × 10 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑢 = 16400𝑁
𝑙0 = 0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠
 𝑀1 12.37 × 1000000
( ) + 𝑙0 = = 754𝑚𝑚
𝑉 16400
0.87×415×10
𝐿d = 4×1.2×1.6 = 470𝑚𝑚

𝑀1
( ) + 𝑙 0 > 𝐿𝑑
𝑉
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
4.2.3. Decimation of slab - 4 × 5 m

𝑙𝑦 5
= = 1.25 < 2, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏.
𝑙𝑥 4
Assuming

D =180mm [assuming 𝑙 = 25 ⇨d=160mm]

𝑑

d= 180 – 15 -4 = 160mm (assuming clear cover as 15mm and 8mm as the dia.
Of main bar)
Effective span
Effective span in X-direction:
i) 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 4 + 0.3 = 4.3 𝑚
ii) Clear span + effective depth = 4 + 0.161 = 4.161 𝑚
𝑙𝑥 = 4.161 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑦 = 5.161 𝑚

Similarly, effective span in Y- direction, 𝑙𝑦 = 5.161𝑚

Design load (𝒘𝒖)

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = .18 × 1 × 25 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
{Unit wt. Of R.C.C=25kN/m3}
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1 × 1 = 1 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4 × 1 = 4 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4.5 + 1 + 4 = 9.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 9.5 𝑥 1.5 = 14.25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Since the slab is supported on all the four sides and its corners are held down.
Design moment and shear
𝑓𝑜 𝑟
𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑥
= 1.25

. 079
𝛼𝑥 = .072 + × (1.25 − 1.2)
1.3 − 1.2

𝛼𝑥 = 0.075
𝛼𝑦 = 0.056

𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤𝑢. 𝑙𝑦2

= .075 × 14.25 × 4.1612 = 18.5 𝐾𝑁𝑚 ≈ 18.5 × 106

𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤𝑢. 𝑙𝑥2
= 0.056 × 14.25 × 4.1612 = 13.81 𝐾𝑁𝑚 ≈ 13.81 × 106
Maximum shear force (𝒗𝒖):-
𝑙𝑥
𝑣𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢.
2
4.161
= 14.25 × = 29.65 𝐾𝑁
2
Maximum depth required (𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒):-

𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 𝑀𝑢
= √𝑟𝑢.𝑏

[𝑅𝑢 =2.76 for M20 concrete and Fe415]

(18.5 × 106)
√ = 82 𝑚𝑚
(2.75 × 103)

𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 82 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑.Hence OK.

Design of main reinforcement

i) Along shorter span in X- direction (middle strip):
3
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = × 𝑙𝑌
3
5
= × 5.16 = 3.9 𝑚
5

d=161mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑

18.5 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐴2 − 7760.5𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 2463284 = 0

𝑠𝑡
 415.𝐴𝑠𝑡 1000×161×20
× 161[1 − ( )]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 332.5 𝑚𝑚2
п 2
Using 8 mm Ø bars, A∅ = x 82 = 50.3 mm
4

1000A∅ 1000×50.3
Spacing = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 332

= 151 mm say 150 mm (spacing is less than 3d and 300 mm)

0.12 (.12 X 1000 X
𝐴
180) = bD = = 216 mm2
𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 100 100

𝐴𝑠𝑡 1000×50.3
= = 335 > 216 𝑚𝑚2Hence ok
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 150

∴ Provide 8 mm Ø @ 150 mm c/c in the middle strip of width 3.9 m

ii) Along longer span in Y- direction (middle strip):
3
Width of middle strip = 3
𝑙𝑥 = × 4.16 = 3.12 m
4 4

Effective depth along y direction,

𝑑 = 161 − 4 − 4 = 153 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
415. 𝐴𝑠𝑡
13.81 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 153[1 − ]
1000 × 153 × 20
𝐴2 – 7325.1𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 1820000 = 0
𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 261 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Spacing of 8 mm dia. Bars = 1000×50.3 = 192 mm [spacing is less than 3d or 300mm]
261

∴ Provide 8mm Ø bars @ 190mm c/c in middle strip of width 3.12 m.

iii) Reinforcement in edge strip
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 216 𝑚𝑚2
Using 8 mm Ø bars

Spacing = 1000×50.3
= 232mm (spacing is less than 5d or 450 mm)
216

Using 8 mm Ø bars @ 230 mm c/c in the edge strip of width 1 (5.16 − 3.9) i.e., 1.04 m
2
along X- direction and edge strip of width (4.16 − 3.12) i.e., 0.52 m along Y- direction.
1
2

Check for shear

Nominal shear stress = V𝑢

ԏ𝑣 = bd
 ԏ𝑣 2
= 1000X 153 = 0.193 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
29650

100. Ast 100 × 335

𝑃𝑡 = = = .21%
bd 1000x161
For 𝑃𝑡=0.21 and M20 concrete,
0.36−0.28
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28 + × (0.21 − 0.15)
0.25−0.15

= 0.33 N/mm2
For 180 mm thickness of slab k = 1.24
𝑟𝑐= 0.33 × 1.24 = 0.41 N/mm2 > 𝑟𝑐
∴ Shear reinforcement is not required.
Check for deflection
𝑃𝑡 = 0.21 %

𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞
= 0.58𝑓𝑦 (𝐴 )
𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒

333
= 0.58 × 415 × [ ] = 240 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
348

𝑘𝑡 = 1.6
𝑙
( ) = 20 × 1.6 = 32.
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑙 416
() 1 = 26
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =
161
𝑙 𝑙
( ) > ( ) Hence OK.
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Torsional reinforcement at corners

𝑙𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = = 0.832 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 840 𝑚𝑚
5
3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 335 = 251 𝑚𝑚2
4
Using 8 mm Ø 𝜋
bars 𝐴∅ = × 82 = 50.3
4
1000×50.3
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 201 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 200 𝑚𝑚
251

∴ Provided 8 mm mesh of bars @ 200 mm c/c in a mesh.

4.2.4. Dimension of slab - Hence this is a two way slab.
 Assuming

𝑙𝑦 4.5
= = 1.125, 1.125 < 2
𝑙𝑥 4
4000
D=180 mm [Assuming 𝑙
= 25 , 𝑑 = = 160 𝑚𝑚]
𝑑 25

𝑑 = 180 − 15 − 4 = 161 𝑚𝑚
(Assuming clear cover 15mm & 8mm as diameter of main bar)
Effective span –
Effective span at X-direction
I. 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 4 + 0.3 = 4.3 𝑚
II. 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 + 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 4 + 0.161 = 4.161 𝑚
𝑙𝑥 = 4.161 𝑚
Similarly,

At Y-direction
𝑙𝑦 = 4.66 𝑚

Design load –

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.18 × 1 × 25 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁

[𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅. 𝐶. 𝐶. = 25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚3]
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1 × 1 = 1 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4 × 1 = 4 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4.5 + 1 + 4 = 9.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤𝑢) = 9.5 × 1.5 = 14.25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
[Load of factor = 1.5]
Design moment and shear –
𝑙𝑦
𝐹𝑜𝑟 = 1.125
𝑙𝑥

𝛼𝑥 0.079−0.072
= 0.072 + × (1.125 − 1.2)
1.3−1.2

𝛼𝑥 = 0.066
𝛼𝑦 = 0.056

𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤𝑢. 𝑙𝑦2

= 0.066 × 14.25 × 4.161 × 4.161 = 16.48 𝐾𝑁𝑚 ≈ 16.4 × 106

𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤𝑢. 𝑙𝑥2

6
10 𝑁𝑚𝑚
Max. Shear force (𝑣𝑢) – = 0.056 × 14.25 × 4.161 × 4.161 = 13.81 𝐾𝑁𝑚 ≈ 13.81 ×

𝑙𝑥
𝑣𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢.
2 4.161
= 14.25 × = 29.65 𝐾𝑁
2

Min. depth required (𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒)–

𝑀𝑢
𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 = √
𝑟𝑢.𝑏

[𝑅𝑢 =2.76 for M20 concrete and Fe415]

= √((16.4 × 106)/(2.75 × 103))

= 78 𝑚𝑚
Here 𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 < 𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

Hence OK.
Design of main reinforcement
1) Along shorter span in X-direction (middle strip)
3
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = × 𝑙𝑌
3 5
= × 4.661 = 3.495 ≈ 3.5𝑚
4
𝑑 = 161𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
𝐴 ×415
16.4 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 161 × [1 − ( 𝑠𝑡
)]
1000×161×20
𝐴2𝑠𝑡− 7760𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 2189586 = 0

So 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 293.25 𝑚𝑚2

Using 8 mm Ø bars
𝜋
AØ = × 64 = 50.265mm2
4

1000 × 𝐴∅ 1000 ×
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 50.265 = 171.40 ≈ 170 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
293.25
(Spacing is less than 3d & 300mm)
0.12 0.12
𝐴 = × 𝑏𝑑 = × 1000 × 180 = 216 𝑚𝑚2
 𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
10 100
0
1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 50.3 = 296𝑚𝑚2
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
170
So,

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Hence OK.

So

Provide 8 mm ø @ 170 mm c/c in the middle strip of width 3.5 m.

2) Along longer span in Y-direction (middle 3strip)

Width of middle strip = 3 𝑙𝑥 = × 4.16 = 3.12
4 4
Effective depth along Y-direction;
𝑑 = 161 − 4 − 4 = 153 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑

13.81 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 415. 𝐴𝑠𝑡

× 153 × [1 − ( )]
1000 × 153 × 20

𝐴2𝑠𝑡− 7325.1𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 1830000 = 0

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 261mm2

So, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Spacing of 8 mm diameter bars

1000×50.3
= 261 = 232 𝑚𝑚

(Spacing less than 5d &

450mm)

So,

Provide 8mm Ø bars @ 190 mm c/c in middle strip of width 3.12 m.

3) Reinforcement in edge Using 8 mm Ø bars

strip
 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 216 𝑚𝑚2

1000×50.3
Spacing = 216 = 232 mm
 (Spacing less than 5d & 450
mm)

Using 8 mm Ø bars @ 230 mm c/c in the edge strip of width 1 × (4.66 − 3.55) = 0.58 𝑚
2
along X-direction & edge strip width 1 × (4.16 − 3.12) i.e., 0.52 m along Y-direction.
2

Check for shear

Nominal shear stress V𝑢

ԏ𝑣 = bd

ԏ𝑣 2
= 1000×153 = 0.193 ≈ 0.20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
29650

100𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑡 =
𝑏𝑑
100 × 294
𝑃𝑡 = = 0.182%
1000 × 161
For 𝑃𝑡 = 0.18 & M20
concrete,

𝑟𝑐 = 0.28 + 0.36−0.28 × (0.18 − 0.15) = 0.31 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

0.25−0.15

For 180 mm thickness of slab k = 1.24

𝑟𝑐 = 0.31×1.24 = 0.37 N/m2 > 𝑟𝑐

So, shear reinforcement is not required.

Check for deflection

𝑝𝑡 = 18%

𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞
= 0.58𝑓𝑦 (𝐴 )
𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒

294
= 0.58 × 415 ( ) = 210 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
335

For 𝑝𝑡 = 0.18%

𝐹𝑠= 210 N/mm2

𝑘𝑡 = 1.6
𝑙
( ) = 20 × 1.6 = 32
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
 𝑙 4161
() = = 26
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 161
𝑙 𝑙
( ) >( ) Hence OK.
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Torsional reinforcement at
corners
𝑙𝑥
= 0.832 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 840 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 5

3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 335 = 251 𝑚𝑚2
4
Using 8 mm Ø 𝜋
bars 𝐴∅ = × 82 = 50.3
4
1000×50.3
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 201 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 200 𝑚𝑚
251

∴ Provided 8 mm mesh of bars @ 200 mm c/c in a mesh.

4.2.5. Dimension of slab – 5 × 4.5 m

𝑙𝑦 5
= = 1.11 < 2, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑙𝑥 4.5

Assuming
𝑙
D= 180 mm [𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 25 ≈ 𝑑 = 4500/25 = 180 𝑚𝑚]
𝑑

𝑑 = 180 − 15 − 4 = 161 𝑚𝑚

Effective span
𝑖) 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 4.5 + 0.3 = 4.8 𝑚
𝑖𝑖) 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 + 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 4.5 + 0.161 = 4.661 𝑚
𝑙𝑥 = 4.661 𝑚, 𝑙𝑦 = 5.161 𝑚

Design load (𝒘𝒖)

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 0.18 × 1 × 25 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1 × 1 = 1 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4.5 × 1 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4.5 + 1 + 4.5 = 10 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 10 × 1.5 = 15 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
[𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑅. 𝐶. 𝐶. = 25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚]
Since the slab is supported on all the four sides and its corners are held down.
Design moment and shear

𝑙𝑦
𝑓𝑜𝑟 = 1.11
𝑙𝑥
0.072 − 0.064
𝛼𝑥 = 0.064 + × (1.11 − 1.1) = 0.064
1.2 − 1.1
𝛼𝑦 = 0.056
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤𝑢. 𝑙𝑦2

= 0.064 × 15 × 4.6612 = 20.8 𝐾𝑁𝑚 ≈ 20.8 × 106𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝛼𝑥. 𝑤𝑢. 𝑙𝑥2

= 0.056 × 15 × 4.6612 = 18.24 𝐾𝑁𝑚

Maximum shear force (𝒗𝒖)

𝑙𝑥
𝑣𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢.
4.661
2
= 15 × = 34.95 𝐾𝑁
2

Minimum depth required (𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒)

𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 𝑀𝑢
= √𝑟𝑢.𝑏

[𝑅𝑢 =2.76 for M20 concrete and Fe415]

(20.8 𝑋 1000000)
=√ 2.76 𝑋 1000

𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 87 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

Design of main reinforcement

i) Along shorter span in X- direction (middle strip):
3
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = × 𝑙𝑌
5
= 3 × 5.161 = 3.9 𝑚
4

d = 161 mm
 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 415
20.8 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 161 [1 − ]
20 × 161 × 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 357.8 𝑚𝑚
Using 8 mm Ø bars
п
A∅ = x 82 = 50.3 mm2
4
1000A∅ 1000×50.3
Spacing = = = 151 mm say 150 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 332
(spacing is less than 3d and 300 mm)
0.12 (. 12 x 1000 x
180) = 216 mm2
𝐴 = bD =
𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
10 100
0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1000×50.3
= = 359 > 216 𝑚𝑚2Hence OK.
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 150

Provide 8 mm Ø @ 140 mm c/c in the middle strip of width 3.9 m.

ii) Along longer span in y –direction
3
Width of middle strip = 𝑙𝑥
4
= 3 × 4.661 = 3.49 𝑚
4

Effective depth along y direction

𝑑 = 161 − 4 − 4 = 153 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
18.24 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 153[1 − ]
20 × 153 × 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡=330 mm2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Spacing of 8 mm diameter bars = 1000×50.3

330

= 15.2 𝑚𝑚 (𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3𝑑 𝑜𝑟 300 𝑚𝑚)

∴ Provide 8 mm Ø bars @ 152mm c/c in middle strip of width 3.49 m.
iii) Reinforcement in edge strip
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛= 216 mm2
Using 8 mm Ø bars

Spacing = 1000×50.3
= 232 𝑚𝑚ԏ V𝑢 (spacing is less than 5d or
216 𝑣 = bd
450mm)

Using 8 mm Ø bars @ 230 mm c/c in edge strip of width 1 [5.16 – 3.9 ] i.e., 1.04m along
2
X- direction and edge strip of width 1 (4.661 − 3.49 ) i.e., 0.58 m along Y-direction.
2

Check for shear

Nominal shear stress =
V𝑢
ԏ𝑣 = bd
34.95×1000000
= 1000×153 = 228.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
100.Ast 100×359
𝑃 = = = 0.22%
𝑡 bd 1000×161

For 𝑃𝑡= 0.22% and M20 concrete

0.36−0.28
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28 + × (0.21 − 0.15)
0.25−0.15

= 0.33 N/mm2
For 180 mm thickness of slab K = 1.24
𝑟𝑐= 0.33 × 1.24 = 0.41 N/mm2 > 𝑟𝑐
Check for deflection
𝑃𝑡 = 0.21 %

𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞
= 0.58𝑓𝑦 (𝐴 )
𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒

333
= 0.58 × 415 × [ ] = 240 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
348

𝑘𝑡 = 1.6
𝑙
( ) = 20 × 1.6 = 32.
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑙 416
() 1 = 26
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =
161
𝑙 𝑙
( ) > ( ) Hence
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
OK
Torsional reinforcement at corners
𝑙𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = = 0.832 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 840 𝑚𝑚
5
3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 335 = 251 𝑚𝑚2
4
Using 8 mm Ø 𝜋
bars 𝐴∅ = × 82 = 50.3
4
1000×50.3
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 201 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 200 𝑚𝑚
251

∴ Provided 8 mm mesh of bars @ 200 mm c/c in a mesh.

4.2.6. Dimension of slab – 2.7 × 6.6 m
𝑙𝑥 = 2.7 𝑚
𝑙𝑦 = 6.6 𝑚
𝑙𝑦 6.6
= = 2.4 > 2 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦.
𝑙𝑥 2.7
𝑙 270
𝑑= 0 = 108 𝑚𝑚
2 =
5 25
Assuming total depth = 180 m
𝑑 = 180 − 20 − 5 = 155 𝑚𝑚
(Clear cover 20mm and dia. Main bar = 10 mm)
Effective span (l)
It should be least of the following:-
(𝑖)𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2.7 + .2 = 2.9 𝑚
(𝑖𝑖)𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 + 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 2.7 + .155 = 2.855 𝑚
𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 (𝐖𝐮)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐌𝐮)
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = .15 × 1 × 25 = 3.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
[Unit weight of R.C.C=25
KN/m]
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑑 = 5 × 1 = 5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑤) = 8.75 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑙2 2.85 2
Factored moment(𝑤 ) = 𝑤𝑢. = 13.125 × = 13.32𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑢 8 8

Effective depth required

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48
𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑢 = 0.36. 𝑓𝑐𝑘. (1 − 0.42. )
𝑑 𝑑
 𝑅𝑢 = 2.75

𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √(𝑚𝑢/(𝑅𝑢. 𝑏)) = √13.32 × 106/2.75 × 1000 = 69.59

= 70𝑚𝑚 < 150𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑘.

𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 (𝑨𝒔𝒕)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓𝑦 .
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . 𝑑 (1 − )
𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑
415
13.32 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . 𝑑 (1 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × × 1000 × 150)
20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 7250𝑚𝑚2
Using 10mm dia. bars 𝜋 2

2
𝐴∅ = × 10 = 78.5𝑚𝑚
4
78.5
Spacing of 10mm dia. bars = 1000 × = 10𝑚𝑚2 = 100𝑚𝑚2
7250

:. Provide 10mm Ø @ 100mm c/c.

This spacing is less than:-
(a) 3d=3×150=450mm
(b) 300 mm
2855
Bending alternate bars at 510mm 𝑙
= = 407.85 mm from 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 of support or 410
7 7
mm from the face support of
Distribution steel
Distribution Reinforcement is provided in the longer direction i.e. 6.6 m, choosing mild
0.15
steel bars =0.15% of x-sectional area = × 1000 × 100 = 150𝑚𝑚2
100

Using 6 mm Ø 40 mm c/c in the longer direction.

Check for shear
Factored shear force=𝑣
= × ( 𝑙 ) = 13.125 × 2.85 = 19 𝐾𝑁 = 19000 𝑁
𝑤
𝑢 𝑢 2
2

Nominal shear stress

𝑣𝑢
𝑟𝒗 = = 0.12𝑛/𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑑
Design shear strength of concrete (𝑟𝒄)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 3625
𝑝 = 100 × = 100 × × 155 = 2.33% [At
𝑡 𝑏𝑑 1000
support=7250/2=3625]
Check for deflection
 𝑝𝑡 = 2.33% 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀20 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
7250
𝑝𝑡 = = 100 × × 150 = 4.83
𝑏𝑑 1000
7250
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 [ ] = 240𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
7250
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑡 = 4.83, 𝑓𝑠 = 200 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, 𝑘𝑡 = 1.55
𝑙
( ) 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20 × 1.55 = 20 × 𝑘𝑡 = 31
𝑑
𝑙
( ) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 285 = 19
5
𝑑 150
𝑙 𝑙
( ) 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > ( ) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑘
𝑑
𝑑
Check for development
length
7250
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 3625𝑚𝑚2
2
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑚1 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑(1 − 𝑓𝑦.
)
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏. 𝑑
3625
= .87 × 415 × 3625 × 150 × (1 − 415 × 6
1000 × 20 × 150 ) = 97.87 × 10 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Providing no hooks 𝑙0 = 0
𝑚1 + 𝑙𝑜 = 97.87 × 106 + 0 = 5151𝑚𝑚𝜋
𝑣

0.87×415×10
𝐿d = 4×1.2×1.6 = 470𝑚𝑚
𝑀1 + 𝑙0 > 𝑙𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑.

4.2.7. Dimension of slab –2 × 2.5 m

𝑙𝑦 2
=
𝑙𝑥 2.5 = 0.8 ≈ 1.0 𝑚 < 2, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑎 𝑎 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
Assuming D = 180 mm {assuming l/d = 25 ⇨d = 100mm}

𝑑 = 180 – 15 − 4

= 160 mm [assuming clear cover as 15 mm and 8 mm as the diameter of main bar]

Effective span
Effective span in x – direction

i) Centre to centre = 2.5 + .3

= 2.8 m

ii) Clear span + effective depth = 2.5 + 0.161 = 2.661 m

𝑙𝑥 = 2.661 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑦 = 2.161 𝑚

similarly effective span in y- direction

𝑙𝑦 = 2.161 𝑚

Design load (wu )

𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = .18 × 1 × 25

= 4.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 {𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟. 𝑐. 𝑐 = 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 }

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1 × 1 = 1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 2.5 × 1 = 2.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4.5 + 1 + 2.5 = 8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1.5 × 8 = 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Since the slab is supported on all the four sides and its corners are held down. It correspond to
case 9; table 12.1

Design moment and shear

From table 12.1

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑦/𝑙𝑥 = 1.0

𝛼𝑥 = .056 + ( .064 − .056 )/(1.1 − 1.0) × ( 1.0 – 1.0 )

= .056

α y = .056
2
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑥
= 0.056 × 12 × (2.661)2

= 4.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 4.75 106

2
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝛼𝑦 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑥

= .056 × 12 × (2.661)2

= 4.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 4.75 𝑥 106 𝑁 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑥 / 2
= 12 × 2.661 /2
= 15.96 𝑘𝑁

Maximum depth required (dreq)

𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √𝑀𝑢/ 𝑅𝑢 𝑏

= √ 4.75 × 106 /(2.76 × 1000)

= 41 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝐾.

Design of main reinforcement

i) Along shorter span in x – direction (middle strip)

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 3/4 𝑙𝑦

= 3/4 × 2.161

= 1.6 𝑚

𝑑 = 161 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 [1 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 /𝑏 𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ]
 4.76 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 161 [1- Ast x 415 /1000 x 161

X 20]

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 768 𝑚𝑚2

Using 8mm Ф bars

𝐴Ф = п /4 × (8)2
= 50.3 𝑚𝑚2
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐴Ф /𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 1000
= 50.3 / 768 × 1000
= 65.5 𝑠𝑎𝑦 66 𝑚𝑚 ( 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 300 𝑚𝑚)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.12 /100 × 𝑏𝐷

= 0.12/100 × 1000 × 180

= 216 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1000 × 50.3 /66

= 762 > 216 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝐾

∴ Provide 8 mm Ф @ 66 mm c/c in the middle strip of width

ii) Along longer span in y – direction (middle strip) :

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 3/4 𝑙𝑥

= 3/4 × 2.661
= 1.99 𝑚

Effective depth along y – direction

𝑑 = 161
𝑀𝑢 = .87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ( 1 – 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 / 𝑏 𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )

4.75 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 1000 [1 − 415 𝐴𝑠𝑡 /1000 × 153 × 20]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 735 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 8𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 1000 × 50.3 / 735

= 68 mm [spacing is less than

3d or 300 mm]

∴Provide 8 mm Ф bars @ 68 mm c/c in middle strip of width

iii) Reinforcement in edge strip

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 216 𝑚𝑚2

Using 8 mm Ф bars
 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1000 × 50.3/216
= 232 𝑚𝑚 (𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 5𝑑 𝑜𝑟 450 𝑚𝑚)

Using 8mm Ф bars @ 230mm c/c in the edge strip of width ½ (2.66-1.6) i.e 1.06m along x- direction
and edge strip of width ½ (2.16-1.99) i.e ,0.77m along y – direction .

Check for
shear
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ԏ𝑣 = 𝑉𝑢 /𝑏𝑑
= 15.96/1000 × 153

= 1.04 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑟 = 100 𝐴𝑠𝑡 / 𝑏𝑑
= 100 × 762/ 1000 × 161 = 0.47 %
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟 = 0.47 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀20 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 5.1
ԏ𝑐 = 0.28 + 0.36 − 0.28 /(0.25 − .15) × (0.47 – 0.21)
= 0.48 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 180 𝑚𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑘 = 1.24 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 5.2

ԏ𝑐 = 0.48 × 1.24

= 0.59 > ԏ𝑐
Shear reinforcement is not required.

Check for deflection

𝑃𝑟 = 0.47 %
𝐹𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 [𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞 / 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ]

= 0.58 × 415 [768 / 76

= 242 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔 6.1 𝑘𝑡 = 1.6
( 𝑙/𝑑)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20 × 1.6

= 32

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 2661/161 = 16

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑚𝑎𝑥 > (𝑙/𝑑)𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂𝐾

𝑀𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 𝑙𝑥/2 = 2.661/50

= 0.532 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 540 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ¾ × 762

= 571.5 𝑚𝑚2
Using 8mm Ф bars
 𝐴Ф = п/4 × 82 = 50.3
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1000 × 50.3 /571.5

= 88.01 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 100𝑚𝑚

∴provided 8 mm mesh of bars @ 100mm c/c in a mesh.

4.3. Design of beams –

4.3.1. Dimension of beam l = 4.5 m

𝑏 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 450 = 450 − 50 = 400 𝑚𝑚
𝑙 = 4.5 𝑚
Imposed load = 50 KN/m
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Design or factor load -

𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.30 × 0.4 × 1 × 25 = 3𝐾𝑁/𝑚
[Unit weight of R.C.C. =25 KN/m3]
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 50 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 50 + 3 = 53 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1.5 × 53
𝑊𝑢 = 78 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Design moment (Mu) and design shear (Vu) –
𝑊𝑢. 𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
80.06 × 4.5 ×
4.5 = 197 𝐾𝑁𝑚
8
𝑊𝑢 × 𝑙
𝑉𝑢 =
2
80.06 ×
4.5 = 175.5 𝐾𝑁
2
Limiting moment of resistance (𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚) -
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × (𝑑 − 0.42 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥)
𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 𝑑 = 0.48 × 400 = 192
 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 20 × 300 × 192 × (400 − 0.42 × 192)
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 132444979.2 𝑁𝑚𝑚
Since 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚, designed as doubly reinforced beam
𝑀𝑢2 =𝑀𝑢 – 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚= 197 × 106 – 132444979.2 = 64555020.8 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝘍 50
= = 0.125, taking higher value of 0.15
𝑑 400

So, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 329 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Area of compression steel (𝐴𝑠𝑐) –

𝑀𝑢2 64555020.8
𝐴 = = = 560.61 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐(𝑑−𝑑𝘍) 329(400−50)

Using 16 mm Ø bar
Area of one bar = 𝜋 × 162 = 201.06
4

Number of bars reqd = 560.61 = 2.78

201

So, provide 3-16 mm diameter bars.

𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 550 mm2

Area of steel (𝑨𝒔𝒕) –

𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
0.87𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑋 )
𝑦 𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

132444979.2 = 1148.64 𝑚𝑚2

= 0.87×415(400−(0.42×192))
𝑀𝑢2
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =
0.87. 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑′)

2
= 0.87×415×(400−50) = 510.85 𝑚𝑚
64555020.8

So, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1659.4

Using 20 mm dia bars.
𝜋 2
𝐴∅ = ( ) × 20 × 20 = 314 𝑚𝑚
4

No. of bars required = 1659.4

= 5.28 = 6 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
314

Provide 6 bars of 20 mm diameter (𝐴𝑠𝑡 provide 1880 mm2)

Out of them two bars are curtailed at a distance of 0.08𝑙 = 0.08 × 4000 = 320 𝑚𝑚 from
the support.
Check for deflection –

100. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 1350

𝑃𝑡 = = = 1.12
𝑏. 𝑑 300 × 400
100. 𝐴𝑠𝑐 100 × 520
𝑃𝑐 = = = 0.43%
𝑏𝑑 300 × 400
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑓 = (0.58. 𝑓 ) [ ] = (0.58 × 415)[1660/1880]
𝑠 𝑦
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 212 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
For 𝑃𝑡 = 1.5 and 𝑓𝑠 = 212 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.12 − 0.95
𝑘𝑡 = 1.12 − ( ) × (212 − 190) = 1.0
240 − 190
For 𝑃𝑐 = 0.31 and 𝑓𝑠 = 212 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.14 − 1.08
𝐾𝑐 = 1.08 + ( ) × (0.31 − 0.25) = 1.09
1
0.5 − 0.25
( ) = 20 × 𝑘𝑡 × 𝑘𝑐 = 20 × 1 × 1.09 = 21.8
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
( ) =4500 = 11.2
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 400

11.2 < 21.8

1 1
( ) >( )
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Hence OK.
Design of shear –
Vu = 175.5 KN
𝑉𝑢 175.5×1000
𝑟𝑢 = 𝑏𝑑
= 300×400 = 1.46 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑟𝑐 Hence OK.

𝐴 At support = 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑡 3 × ( ) × 20 × 20 = 942 𝑚𝑚
4

𝑃𝑡
100×942
= 300×400 = 0.78
For M20 concrete, 𝑃𝑡 = 0.78
𝑟𝑐 = 0.56 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
So, 𝑟𝑢 > 𝑟𝑐 shear reinforcement is to be provided
Shear resistance of reinforcement,
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝑟𝑐𝑏𝑑 = 175.5 × 1000 − 0.56 × 300 × 400 = 108300 𝑁
Using 2 legged 8 mm Ø vertical stirrups
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 2 × × 8 × 8 = 100.5 𝑚𝑚 2
4

Spacing of stirrups,
𝑆 0.87 𝑓𝑦.𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑑 0.87×415×100.5×400
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑢𝑠
= = 160 mm
90520

Spacing as per normal

reinforcement,
0.87 × 415 × 100.5
0.87 . 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑆𝑣 = = = 302 𝑚𝑚
0.4𝑏 0.4 × 300
The max spacing should also be than following:
a) 0.75d = 0.75 × 400 = 300 mm
b) 300 mm
So, provide 2 leg 8 mm Ø @ 160mm.

4.3.2. Dimension of beam l = 4 m

𝑏 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 450 = 450 − 50 = 400 𝑚𝑚
𝑙 =4𝑚
Imposed load = 50 KN/m
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Design or factor load -

𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.30 × 0.45 × 1 × 25 = 3.375𝐾𝑁/𝑚
[Unit weight of R.C.C. =25 KN/m3]
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 50 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 50 + 3.375 = 53.375 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1.5 × 53.375
𝑊𝑢 = 80.06 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Design moment (Mu) and design shear (Vu) –
𝑊𝑢. 𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
80.06 × 4 × 4
= 160.12 𝐾𝑁𝑚
8
𝑊𝑢 × 𝑙
𝑉𝑢 =
2
80.06 × 4
2 = 160.12 𝐾𝑁

Limiting moment of resistance (𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚) -

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × (𝑑 − 0.42 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥)
𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 𝑑 = 0.48 × 400 = 192
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 20 × 300 × 192 × (400 − 0.42 × 192)
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 132444979.2 𝑁𝑚𝑚
Since 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚, designed as doubly reinforced beam
𝑀𝑢2 =𝑀𝑢 – 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚= = 160.12 × 106 – 132444979.2 = 27675020.8 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝘍 50
= = 0.125, taking higher value of 0.15
𝑑 400

So, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 342 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Area of compression steel (𝑨𝒔𝒄) –

𝑀𝑢2 27675020.8
𝐴 = = = 231.20 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐 (𝑑−𝑑𝘍) 342(400−50)

Using 16 mm Ø bar
Area of one bar = 𝜋 × 162 = 201.06
4

Number of bars reqd = 231.20 = 1.14

201

So, provide 2-16 mm diameter bars.

𝐴𝑠𝑐 Provided = 402 mm2
Area of steel (𝑨𝒔𝒕) –

𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
0.87𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑋 )
𝑦 𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

132444979.2 = 1148.64 𝑚𝑚2

= 0.87×415(400−(0.42×192))
𝑀𝑢2
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =
0.87. 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑′)
Using 20 mm dia 27675020.8
= 0.87×415×(400−50)
bars.
So, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1367.644
= 219 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
2
𝐴∅ = ( ) × 20 × 20 = 314 𝑚𝑚
4
No. of bars required =1367 = 4.27 = 5 (𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
314

Provide 5 bars of 20 mm diameter (𝐴𝑠𝑡 provide 1380 mm2)

Out of them two bars are curtailed at a distance of 0.08𝑙 = 0.08 × 4000 = 320 𝑚𝑚 from
the support.
Check for deflection –
100. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 1350
𝑃𝑡 = = = 1.12
𝑏. 𝑑 300 × 400
100. 𝐴𝑠𝑐 100 × 520
𝑃𝑐 = = = 0.43%
𝑏𝑑 300 × 400
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑓 = (0.58. 𝑓 ) [ ] = (0.58 × 415)[1367.64/1380]
𝑠 𝑦
= 240 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒

For 𝑃𝑡 = 1.12 and 𝑓𝑠 = 240 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

1.12 − 0.95
𝑘𝑡 = 1.12 − ( ) × (240 − 190) = 0.95
240 − 190
For 𝑃𝑐 = 0.43 and 𝑓𝑠 = 240 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.14 − 1.08
𝐾𝑐 = 1.08 − ( ) × (0.40 − 0.25) = 1.11
1
0.5 − 0.25
( ) = 20 × 𝑘𝑡 × 𝑘𝑐 = 20 × 0.95 × 1.11 = 21.09
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
( ) =4000 = 10
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 400

10 < 21.09
1 1
( ) >( )
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Hence OK.
Design of shear –
𝑉𝑢 = 160 KN
𝑉𝑢 160.12×1000
𝑟𝑢 = 𝑏𝑑
= 300×400 = 1.33 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑟𝑐 Hence OK.

𝐴 At support = 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑡 3 × ( ) × 20 × 20 = 942 𝑚𝑚
4

𝑃𝑡
100×942
= 300×400 = 0.78
For M20 concrete, 𝑃𝑡 = 0.78
𝑟𝑐 = 0.58 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
So, 𝑟𝑢 > 𝑟𝑐 shear reinforcement is to be provided
Shear resistance of reinforcement,
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝑟𝑐𝑏𝑑 = 160.12 × 1000 − 0.58 × 300 × 400 = 90502 𝑁
Using 2 legged 8 mm Ø vertical stirrups
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 2 × × 8 × 8 = 100.5 𝑚𝑚 2
4

Spacing of stirrups,
𝑆 0.87 𝑓𝑦.𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑑 0.87×415×100.5×400
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑢𝑠
= = 160 mm
90520

Spacing as per normal

reinforcement,
0.87 × 415 × 100.5
0.87 . 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑆𝑣 = = = 302 𝑚𝑚
0.4𝑏 0.4 × 300
The max spacing should also be than following:
a) 0.75d = 0.75 × 400 = 300 mm
b) 300 mm
So, provide 2 leg 8 mm Ø @ 160mm.

4.3.3. Dimension of beam l = 6 m

𝑙 =6𝑚

𝑏 = 300 𝑚, 𝑑 = 300– 50 = 250

𝑓𝐶𝐾 = 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑌 = 415 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 40 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Design or factor load

-
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.30 × 0.45 × 1 × 25 = 3.375 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
(𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅. 𝐶. 𝐶 = 25 )

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 40 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 53.375 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1.5 × 43.375 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 65.06 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Design moment (Mu) and design shear (Vu) –

𝑉𝑢 =
𝑊𝑢. 𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 = =
8
𝑊𝑢 × 𝑙
 =
2 60.06 ×
62
=
29
2
𝐾
𝑁
𝑚
8
60.06 ×
6
=
1
9
5
𝐾
𝑁
𝑚
8
Limiting moment of resistance (𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚) -
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 × (𝑑 − 0.42 × 𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥)

𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 𝑑 = 0.48 × 400 = 192 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × 20 × 300 × 192(400 − 0.42 × 120)

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 132444979.2 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Since 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚, designed as doubly reinforced beam.

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 292 × 1000000 − 132444979.2 = 59555020.8 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑑′ 50
= = 0.12 (𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 0.2 )
𝑑 400
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 342 N/mm2
Area of compression steel (𝐴𝑠𝑐) –
𝑀𝑢2 59555020.8
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = ( ′
= = 615𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑑 ) 342(400 − 50)
Using 16 mm diameter bar 𝜋
= ( ) × 16 × 16 = 201
4
615
No of bars reqd = ( ) = 3.05
201
Provided 3-16 mm bars
𝐴𝑠𝑐=650 mm
Area of steel (𝑨𝒔𝒕) –

𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚
0.87𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑋 )
𝑦 𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

2
= [0.87×415(400−0.42×192)] = 1148𝑚𝑚
59555020.8

𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = 471 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1148 + 471 = 1619 𝑚𝑚2

Using 20 mm diameters bars

𝜋 2
𝐴∅ = ( ) × 20 × 20 = 314 𝑚𝑚
No of bars
req 1619 4
= ( 314 ) = 5.15 𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠 5
Provided 5-20 mm dia bars
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1650𝑚𝑚

Check for deflection –

100. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 1650
𝑃𝑡 = = = 1 − 37%
𝑏. 𝑑 300 × 400
 100. 𝐴𝑠𝑐 100 × 615
𝑃𝑐 = = = 0.52%
𝑏𝑑 300 × 400
𝐴 1619
𝑓 = (0.58. 𝑓 ) [ 𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ] = 0.58 × 415 ( ) = 236 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 2
1650

𝑘𝑡 = 1.12 − 1.12−0.95 × (236 − 190) = 0.87

240−190

1.14 − 1.08
𝐾𝑐 = 1.08 + × (0.52 − 0.25) = 1.14
0.5 − 0.25
1
() = 20 × 0.87 × 1.14 = 19.83
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 600
( ) = 15 < 19.83
0
= 400
𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

1 1
( ) >( )
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Hence OK.

Design of shear –
Vu =195
𝑉𝑢 𝐾𝑁
195×1000
𝑟 = = = 1.625 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑢 𝑏𝑑 300×400
𝑟𝑐 = 2.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑟𝑐 Hence OK.
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 At support = 3 × ( ) 20 × 20 = 942 𝑚𝑚 2
4
𝑃𝑡 100×942
= 300×400 = 0.78

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀20 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑡 = 0.78

𝑟𝑐=0.56N/mm
𝑟𝑢 > 𝑟𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
Shear resistance of reinforcement,
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝑟𝑐𝑏𝑑 = 195 × 1000 − 0.56 × 300 × 400 = 127800 𝑁
Using 3 legged 8 mm dia stirrups
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 3 × ( ) × 8 × 8 = 150𝑚𝑚 2
4

0.87 𝑓𝑦.𝐴𝑠𝑣.𝑑 0.87×415×150×400

𝑆𝑣 = = 𝑉𝑢𝑠
= 169 𝑚𝑚 Say 170 mm
 127800

Spacing as per normal reinforcement

0.87 × 415 × 150
𝑆𝑣 = = 451 𝑚𝑚
0.4 × 300
The max spacing should also be less than following
(1). 0.75d=0.75 × 400 = 300𝑚𝑚
(2). 350 mm.

4.4. Design of column –

This design should be suitable in all column.
𝐿 =4𝑚
𝑃 = 700 𝐾𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Effectively held is position and restrained against rotation-

𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.65𝐿
= 0.65 × 4 = 2.6 𝑚 = 2600 𝑚𝑚
Factored load, 𝑃𝑢 = 1.5 × 𝑃 = 1.5 × 700 = 1050 𝐾𝑁
Assuming 1% steel 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 0.01 × 𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − 0.01𝐴𝑔 = 0.99𝐴𝑔
𝑃𝑢 = 0.4 𝑓𝑐𝑘. 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑐
1050 × 1000 = (0.4 × 20 × 0.99 × 𝐴𝑔) + (0.67 × 415 × 0.01 × 𝐴𝑠𝑐)
𝐴𝑔 = 98130.84 𝑚𝑚2

So, providing 300 mm × 300 mm column.

Slenderness ratio-
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 200
0 = 8.60 > 12
𝑏 =
300
Hence it is a short
column.
Minimum eccentricity
𝑙 𝐷
400 300
0
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + = + = 24.67 𝑚
500 30 500 30
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
=24.67 = 0.082 < 0.09
𝐷 300

Hence the column can be designed as axially loaded short column.

Area of steel –
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 0.01𝐴𝑔 = 0.01 × 98130.84 = 981.30 ≈ 980 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
Using 12 mm Ø 𝐴∅ = × 16 × 16 = 113.09
4
bars
 Number of bar = 980
≈8
113.1

So, provide 8 – 12 mm Ø bars.

Lateral ties – diameter of lateral ties should be more than

a) 1
× 12 = 3𝑚𝑚
4
b) 6𝑚𝑚
Using 6 mm Ø links.
Pitch of the ties should not exceed the following.
a) Least lateral dimension =300 mm
b) 16 × 12 = 192 mm
c) 300 mm
So, provide 6 mm Ø @ 300 mm c/c.

4.5. Design of foundation

Column size = 300 x 300 mm
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 190 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 725 𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑐 = 725 𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝐶𝐾 = 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝑌 = 415 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Load
calculation
𝑊𝑐 = 725 𝐾𝑁
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 10 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑐 = 72.5 𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝑐 + 𝑊𝑓 = 725 + 85 = 810 𝐾𝑁

Area of footing
𝑊𝑢 + 𝑊𝑓 810
𝐴= = = 4.26 𝑚2
𝑞𝑢 190

Side of square footing = √4.26 = 2.06 𝑚

Factored soil pressure due to column load only
1.5 × 725
𝑝𝑢 = = 256.2 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2.06 × 2.06
Depth of footing by one way shear criterion
Critical section shall be at a distance d from the face of column.
 2.06−0.45
Shear force due to factored soil pressure at critical section= 2.06 × ( − 𝑑) ×
2
256.2
= 527.7 × (0.8 −
𝑑) … … ( 𝑖)
Assuming 0.2 % steel, 𝑟𝑐 = 0.32 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑟𝑐 × 𝑑

0.32 ×10 6 × 2.06 × 𝑑......................(ii)

= 103

= 659.2 𝑑
Equating (i) and (ii) we get
527.77 × (0.8 − 𝑑) = 659.2 𝑑
𝑑 = 0.396 𝑚
Depth of footing by two way shear

Considering critical section is at 𝑑 from the face of column.

2

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 4 (0.45 + 𝑑) = 1.80 + 4𝑑

Shear force at critical section = 256.2 × (2.06 × 2.06 − (0.45 + 𝑑)2
= 1087.21 − 115.29(0.2025 + 𝑑2 + 0.9 𝑑) ……
(iii)
Shear force resisted by the critical section

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘

= 0.25√20 = 1.118 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

= 1118 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Shear force resisted = 1118(1.80 + 4𝑑) × 𝑑 = 2012.4𝑑 + 4472𝑑2
………… (iv)
Equating (iii) and (iv)
= 1274.99 − 256.2(0.2025 + 𝑑 × 𝑑 + 0.9𝑑) = 2012.4𝑑 + 4472𝑑2
𝑑2 − 0.423𝑑 − 29 = 0
𝑑 = 0.367 𝑚
Depth of footing by bending moment criterion
Critical section is at the face of column.
Bending moment at the critical section
𝑀 256.2 × 2.06
 × 2.06 − 0.45 2.06 − 0.45
×
2 4

𝑀𝑢 = 171 × 106𝑁𝑚𝑚
Moment of resistance at critical section:
𝑋𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.48 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑢 = 2.76 For M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
𝑑

𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑅𝑢 × 𝑏𝑑2
= 2.76 × 2250 × 𝑑2 = 6210d2
Equating (v) and (vi), we get
171 × 1000000 = 6210𝑑2
d = 165.94 mm
d =0.165m
From equation (A, B, C) the highest value of d obtained is 0.396 m.
Let us adopt
d = 400 mm
Overall depth =400+8+50 = 458 mm says 460 mm [taking clear cover =50 mm and 60 mm
dia. Bars]
6. Area of steel reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87. 𝑓𝑦. 𝐴𝑠𝑡. 𝑑 [1 −
] 𝑏𝑑.
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 415
]
171 × 1000000 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 400 [1 −
2250 × 400 × 20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =1550 mm2
0.12×2250×460
Minimum reinforcement reqd. = = 1242 𝑚𝑚2< 1550 𝑚𝑚2
100
𝜋 2
𝐴∅ = ( ) × 16 × 16 = 201 𝑚𝑚
4
CHAPTER: 5 DESIGN OF PLAN
CHAPTER: 6 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION: We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and
practical work done. As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical
work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great
experience doing the work of designing.

Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to
shorter span of panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending
upon the end condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been
calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have
been done for loads on beams and columns and designed frame analysis by moment
distribution method. Here we have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated
footing done.
CHAPTER: 7 REFERNESS
• Neelam Sharma (2016): Reinforced cement concrete design, reprint of first edition
January 2016, S.K.Kataria & sons p. ltd., Prakash mahal, Dr. subhash bhargav lane,
daryaganj, New Delhi.
• B.N. Dutta, Estimating and costing in civil engg., twenty-seventh revised edition.,
UBSPD publisher pvt.ltd., daryaganj, New Delhi.
• Dr. B.c. Punamia., Ashok kumar jain, Dr. Arun K. jain, Reinforced concrete
structures., Tenth edition., laxmi publication pvt. Ltd., golden house., daryaganj,
New Delhi
• IS:875 (part 3)-1987., A commentary on Indian standard code of practice for design
load(other than earthquake) for building and structure.
• IS 456:2000., Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice(fourth revision)
• IS 800:2007., General construction in steel – code of practice (third revision)