VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI

SE
MINAR REPORT
On

“STUDY ON WATER RESOURCES”

In

Computer Science and Engineering

For the Academic Year: 2020-2021

By
3VC18CS077: M VIJAY LAKSHMI
3VC18CS127: SANDHYA K.P

Under the Guidance of

SHIVAPRASAD.K.M
Assistant Professor,

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

RAO BAHADUR Y MAHABALESHWARAPPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CANTONMENT, Ballari-583104, KARNATAKA

2020 – 2021
 VEERASHAIVA VIDYAVARDAHKA SANGHA’S

RAO BAHADUR Y MAHABALESHWARAPPA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
AFFILIATED TO VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM & APPROVED

BY AICTE & ACCREDITED BY NBA, NEWDELHI)

BELLARY – 583104, KARNATAKA

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar entitled “STUDY ON WATER RESOURCES” is
carried out by M VIJAYA LAKSHMI, SANDHYA K.P bearing 3VC18CS077,
3VC18CS127, is a bonifide certificate of students of Department of Computer

Science and Engineering of Rao Bahadur Y. Mahabaleswarappa

College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of Industry Oriented Seminar of

Management and Entrepreneurship on IT Industry as a part of an assessment report
and completed successfully.

----------------------------
--------------------------------SHIVAPRASAD.K.M
Dr.T Hanumantha Reddy
Assistant Professor Professor & Head
Department of CSE Department of CSE

2
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express our regards and acknowledgement to all those who helped in
making this seminar possible.

I am grateful to the Principal Dr.T Hanumantha Reddy for providing facilities

and untiring zeal, which constantly inspired me towards the attainment of everlasting
knowledge throughout the course.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. Girisha H Professor and Head of Department of

Computer Science and Engineering for the valuable suggestions and constant
encouragement provided for the successful completion of Industry oriented seminar
on Management and Entrepreneurship on IT Industry.

I would like to thank our guide, SHIVAPRASAD.K.M and Assitant Professor, of

Department of Computer Science and Engineering for the constant guidance for
the successful completion of technical seminar.

Finally, I would like to thank all the staff members of Computer Science and
Engineering Department for their guidance and support. I am also thankful to my
family and friends who continue to give me best support.
Signature of Student: M VIJAY LAKSHMI
SANDHYA KP
Name of the Student: M. Vijaya Lakshmi
Sandhya K.P
USN NO: 3VC18CS077
3VC18CS127

3
TABLE OF CONTENTS

 ABSTRACT
 CHAPTER 1 :
 INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 2:
 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
 SOURCES OF USEFUL WATER
 ARTIFICIAL SOURCES OF USABLE WATER
 WATER USES
 CHALLENGES AND THREATS

 CHAPTER 3:
 HOW TO CONTROL AND FILTER THE WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

 CHAPTER 4:
 CONCLUSION

4
 ABSTRACT
Water is precious natural resource for sustaining life and environment. Effective and sustainable
management of water resources is vital for ensuring sustainable development. In view of the vital
importance of water for human and animal life, for maintaining ecological balance and for
economic and developmental activities of all kinds, and considering its increasing scarcity, the
planning and management of water resource and its optimal, economical and equitable use has
become a matter of the utmost urgency. Management of water resources in India is of paramount
importance to sustain one billion plus population. Water management is a composite area with
linkage to various sectors of Indian economy including the agricultural, industrial, domestic and
household, power, environment, fisheries and transportation sector. The water resources
management practices should be based on increasing the water supply and managing the water
demand under the stressed water availability conditions. For maintaining the quality of freshwater,
water quality management strategies are required to be evolved and implemented. Decision support
systems are required to be developed for planning and management of the water resources project.
There is interplay of various factors that govern access and utilization of water resources and in
light of the increasing demand for water it becomes important to look for holistic and people-
centered approaches for water management. Clearly, drinking water is too fundamental and serious
an issue to be left to one institution alone. It needs the combined initiative and action of all, if at all
we are serious in socioeconomic development. Safe drinking water can be assured, provided we set
our mind to address it. The present article deals with the review of various options for sustainable
water resource management in India.

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 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. Uses of water
include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of
these human uses require fresh water. 97% of water on the Earth is salt water, leaving only 3% as
fresh water of which slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining
unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air .Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of clean, fresh
water is steadily decreasing. Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the world and
as the world population continues to rise, so too does the water demand. Awareness of the global
importance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, during the
20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable
environmental services. Biodiversity-rich freshwater ecosystems are currently declining faster than
marine or land ecosystems. The framework for allocating water resources to water users (where
such a framework exists) is known as water rights.

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 CHAPTER 2

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing
the optimum use of water resources. It is an aspect of water cycle management.
Water is essential for our survival. The field of water resources management will have to continue
to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing
uncertainties of global climate change and the long-term impacts of management actions, the
decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to
situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative management strategies are sought
for in order to avoid setbacks in the allocation of water resources.
Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for
water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with
other resource management, this is rarely possible in practice.
One of the biggest concerns for our water-based resources in the future is the sustainability of the
current and future water resource allocation.[1] As water becomes scarce, the importance of water
management grows vastly—finding a balance between humans' needs and the essential step of
water resources sustainability in the environment.

SOURCES OF USEFUL WATER:

Natural sources of fresh water

Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, groundwater and frozen
water.

 Surface water
Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished
by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to
the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
Although the only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation within its watershed,
the total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors.
These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the permeability
of the soil beneath these storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the watershed, the
7
timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the
proportions of water loss.

Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on these factors. Humans
often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands.
Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing the stream
flow.

The total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consideration. Some human
water users have an intermittent need for water. For example, many farms require large quantities
of water in the spring, and no water at all in the winter. To supply such a farm with water, a surface
water system may require a large storage capacity to collect water throughout the year and release it
in a short period of time. Other users have a continuous need for water, such as a power plant that
requires water for cooling. To supply such a power plant with water, a surface water system only
needs enough storage capacity to fill in when average stream flow is below the power plant's need
• Under river flow
Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a
combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through
rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many
rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The
hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and groundwater from
aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted. This is
especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common.

• Groundwater
Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water
that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction
between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an
aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").

Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage. The
critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much
larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for
humans to use groundwater unsustainable for a long time without severe consequences.
Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the
upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

8
The natural input to groundwater is seepage from surface water. The natural outputs from
groundwater are springs and seepage to the oceans.
If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may
become saline. This situation can occur naturally under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially
under irrigated farmland. In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the
direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization. Humans can also
cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Humans can increase the
input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds.

• Frozen water
Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, however to date
this has only been done for research purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water.
The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the most
extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and
permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there, and more than a billion
people's livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more
rapidly than the global average. In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the
last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last
hundred years.

ARTIFICIAL SOURCES OF USABLE WATER:

Artificial sources of fresh water can include treated wastewater (reclaimed water) and desalinated

seawater.
• Reclaimed water
Water reclamation (also called wastewater reuse) is the process of converting municipal
wastewater (sewage) or industrial wastewater into water that can be reused for a variety of
purposes. Types of reuse include: urban reuse, agricultural reuse (irrigation), environmental reuse,
industrial reuse, planned potable reuse, de facto wastewater reuse (unplanned potable reuse). For
example, reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface
water and groundwater (i.e., groundwater recharge). Reused water may also be directed toward
fulfilling certain needs in residences (e.g. toilet flushing), businesses, and industry, and could even
be treated to reach drinking water standards. Treated municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation is a
long-established practice, especially in arid countries. Reusing wastewater as part of

9
sustainable water management allows water to remain as an alternative water source for human
activities. This can reduce scarcity and alleviate pressures on groundwater and other natural water
bodies.
There are several technologies used to treat wastewater for reuse. A combination of these
technologies can meet strict treatment standards and make sure that the processed water is
hygienically safe, meaning free from pathogens. The following are some of the typical
technologies: Ozonation, ultrafiltration, aerobic treatment (membrane bioreactor), forward
osmosis, reverse osmosis, advanced oxidation. Some water demanding activities do not require
high grade water. In this case, wastewater can be reused with little or no treatment.

• Desalination
Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil
desalination, which is an issue for agriculture. Saltwater (especially sea water) is desalinated to
produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. The by-product of the desalination
process is brine. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and submarines. Most of the modern
interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective provision of fresh water for human use. Along
with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-independent water resources.
Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water
from surface water or groundwater, water recycling and water conservation. However, these
alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem
worldwide. Desalination processes are usually driven by either thermal (in the case of distillation)
or mechanical (in the case of reverse osmosis) as the primary energy types.

WATER USES:

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  Drinking water and domestic use (households)
It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes. These include drinking
water, bathing, cooking, toilet flushing, cleaning, laundry and gardening. Basic domestic water
requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick at around 50 liters per person per day, excluding
water for gardens.

Drinking water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used
without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In
most developed countries, the water supplied to domestic, commerce and industry is all of drinking
water standard even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food
preparation.

844 million people still lacked even a basic drinking water service in 2017. Of those, 159 million
people worldwide drink water directly from surface water sources, such as lakes and streams. One
in eight people in the world do not have access to safe water. Inappropriate use of water may
contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water use.

Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per

person)

Activity Minimum, litres / day Range / day

 Agricultur
Drinking Water 5 2–5 e
Sanitation Services 20 20–75 It is estimated that
70% of worldwide
Bathing 15 5–70
water is used
Cooking and Kitchen 10 10–50 for irrigation, with
15–35% of irrigation
withdrawals being unsustainable. It takes around 2,000 – 3,000 litres of water to produce enough
food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need. This is a considerable amount, when compared to
that required for drinking, which is between two and five litres. To produce food for the now over 7
billion people who inhabit the planet today requires the water that would fill a canal ten metres
deep, 100 metres wide and 2100 kilometres long.
An assessment of water management in agriculture sector was conducted in 2007 by
the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water
to provide food for its growing population. It assessed the current availability of water for

11
agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a
fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where
there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas
experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human
capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it
would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food
production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a
global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for
food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.

Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs

Crop Crop water needs mm / total growing period

Sugar Cane 1500–2500

Banana 1200–2200

Citrus 900–1200

Potato 500–700

Tomato 400–800

Barley/Oats/Wheat 450–650

Cabbage 350–500

Onions 350–550

Pea 350–500

 Industries
It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. Major industrial users
include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil
refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as
a solvent. Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally
much lower than that of agriculture.
Water is used in renewable power generation. Hydroelectric power derives energy from the force of
water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This hydroelectricity is a low-
cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. Significantly, hydroelectric power can also be used
12
for load following unlike most renewable energy sources which are intermittent. Ultimately, the
energy in a hydroelectric power plant is supplied by the sun. Heat from the sun evaporates water,
which condenses as rain in higher altitudes and flows downhill. Pumped-storage
hydroelectric plants also exist, which use grid electricity to pump water uphill when demand is low,
and use the stored water to produce electricity when demand is high.

 Environment
Explicit environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use.
Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental
purposes (held environmental water), but more often is water retained in waterways through
regulatory limits of abstraction. Environmental water usage includes watering of natural or artificial
wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat, fish ladders, and water releases from
reservoirs timed to help fish spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimes.

Environmental usage is non-consumptive but may reduce the availability of water for other users at
specific times and places. For example, water release from a reservoir to help fish spawn may not
be available to farms upstream, and water retained in a river to maintain waterway health would not
be available to water abstractors downstream.

 Recreation
Recreational water use is mostly tied to lakes, dams, rivers or oceans. If a water reservoir is
kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation, then the water retained could be
categorized as recreational usage. Examples are anglers, water skiers, nature enthusiasts and
swimmers.

Recreational usage is usually non-consumptive. However, recreational usage may reduce the
availability of water for other users at specific times and places. For example, water retained
in a reservoir to allow boating in the late summer is not available to farmers during the
spring planting season. Water released for whitewater rafting may not be available for
hydroelectric generation during the time of peak electrical demand.

CHALLENGES AND THREATS:

Threats for the availability of water resources include: Water scarcity, water pollution, water
conflict and climate change.
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 Water scarcity
Baseline water stress per region: the ratio of total annual water withdrawals to total available annual
renewable supply, accounting for upstream consumptive use

Water scarcity (also called water stress or water crisis) is the lack of fresh water resources to meet
the standard water demand. Humanity is facing a water crisis, due to unequal distribution
(exacerbated by climate change) resulting in some very wet and some very dry geographic
locations, plus a sharp rise in global freshwater demand in recent decades driven by industry. Water
scarcity can also be caused by droughts, lack of rainfall, or pollution. This was listed in 2019 by
the World Economic Forum as one of the largest global risks in terms of potential impact over the
next decade. It is manifested by partial or no satisfaction of expressed demand, economic
competition for water quantity or quality, disputes between users, irreversible depletion
of groundwater, and negative impacts on the environmentTwo-thirds of the global population (4
billion people) live under conditions of severe water scarcity at least 1 month of the year. Half a
billion people in the world face severe water scarcity all year round Half of the world's largest
cities experience water scarcity.
The essence of global water scarcity is the geographic and temporal mismatch between fresh
water demand and availability. The increasing world population, improving living standards,
changing consumption patterns, and expansion of irrigated agriculture are the main driving forces
for the rising global demand for water. Climate change, such as altered weather-patterns
(including droughts or floods), deforestation, increased pollution, green house gases, and wasteful
use of water can cause insufficient supply. At the global level and on an annual basis, enough
freshwater is available to meet such demand, but spatial and temporal variations of water demand
and availability are large, leading to (physical) water scarcity in several parts of the world during
specific times of the year. Scarcity varies over time as a result of natural hydrological variability,
but varies even more so as a function of prevailing economic policy, planning and management
approaches. Scarcity can be expected to intensify with most forms of economic development, but, if
correctly identified, many of its causes can be predicted, avoided or mitigated.

 Water pollution
Many types of water pollution threaten water resources, but the most widespread, especially in
developing countries, is the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters; this method of sewage
disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-
developed countries such as China, India, Nepal and Iran. Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic
pollutants are all dumped into the water. Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated

14
sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills, spread out on land, incinerated or dumped
at sea. In addition to sewage, nonpoint source pollution such as agricultural runoff is a significant
source of pollution in some parts of the world, along with urban stormwater runoff and chemical
wastes dumped by industries and governments.

 Water and conflict

Water conflict is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over the rights to
access water resources. The United Nations recognizes that water disputes result from opposing
interests of water users, public or private. A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout
history, though rarely are traditional wars waged over water alone. Instead, water has historically
been a source of tension and a factor in conflicts that start for other reasons. However, water
conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic
advantage. A comprehensive online database of water-related conflicts—the Water Conflict
Chronology—has been developed by the Pacific Institute. This database lists violence over water
going back nearly 6,000 years.

 Climate change
Climate change could have significant impacts on water resources around the world because of the
close connections between the climate and hydrological cycle. Rising temperatures will
increase evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation, though there will be regional variations
in rainfall. Both droughts and floods may become more frequent in different regions at different
times, and dramatic changes in snowfall and snow melt are expected in mountainous areas. Higher
temperatures will also affect water quality in ways that are not well understood. Possible impacts
include increased eutrophication. Climate change could also mean an increase in demand for farm
irrigation, garden sprinklers, and perhaps even swimming pools. There is now ample evidence that
increased hydrologic variability and change in climate has and will continue have a profound
impact on the water sector through the hydrologic cycle, water availability, water demand, and
water allocation at the global, regional, basin, and local levels.
The United Nations' FAO states that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will live in countries or regions
with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress
conditions. The World Bank adds that climate change could profoundly alter future patterns of both
water availability and use, thereby increasing levels of water stress and insecurity, both at the global
scale and in sectors that depend on water.

15
16
Fig: A graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth. Only 3% of the
Earth's water is fresh water. Most of it is in icecaps and glaciers (69%) and
groundwater (30%), while all lakes, rivers and swamps combined only account
for a small fraction (0.3%) of the Earth's total freshwater reserves.

CHAPTER 3

HOW TO CONTOL AND FILTER THE WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS?

 Wastewater Management system:

Wastewater is water whose physical, chemical or biological properties have been changed as a
result of the introduction of certain substances which render it unsafe for some purposes such as
drinking. The day to day activities of man is mainly water dependent and therefore discharge
‘waste’ into water. Some of the substances include body wastes (faeces and urine), hair shampoo,
hair, food scraps, fat, laundry powder, fabric conditioners, toilet paper, chemicals, detergent,
household cleaners, dirt, micro-organisms (germs) which can make people ill and damage the
environment. It is known that much of water supplied ends up as wastewater which makes its
treatment very important. Wastewater treatment is the process and technology that is used to
remove most of the contaminants that are found in wastewater to ensure a sound environment and
good public health. Wastewater Management therefore means handling wastewater to protect the
environment to ensure public health, economic, social and political soundness.

Four effective process to control wastewater :

Our modern lifestyle provides us the luxury of using various products to make our lives more
comfortable and easy, but it comes at a price. A common byproduct of our current lifestyle includes
wastewater, which can either be in the form of water running down the shower or runoff from wet
roads. This wastewater is unfit for human consumption or use.

17
Fortunately, we can make the wastewater potable and usable by employing wastewater treatment
technologies that filter and treat the wastewater by removing contaminants such as sewage and
chemicals.

Four common ways to treat wastewater include physical water treatment, biological water
treatment, chemical treatment, and sludge treatment. 

Physical water treatment

In this stage, physical methods are used for cleaning the wastewater. Processes like screening,
sedimentation and skimming are used to remove the solids. No chemicals are involved in this
process.

One of the main techniques of physical wastewater treatment includes sedimentation, which is a
process of suspending the insoluble/heavy particles from the wastewater. Once the insoluble
material settles down at the bottom, you can separate the pure water.

Another effective physical water treatment technique includes aeration. This process consists of
circulating air through the water to provide oxygen to it. Filtration, the third method, is used for
filtering out all the contaminants. You can use special kind of filters to pass the wastewater and
separate the contaminants and insoluble particles present in it. The sand filter is the most commonly
used filter. The grease found on the surface of some wastewater can also be removed easily through
this method.

Biological Water Treatment
This uses various biological processes to break down the organic matter present in wastewater, such
as soap, human waste, oils and food. Microorganisms metabolize organic matter in the wastewater
in biological treatment. It can be divided into three categories:

 Aerobic processes: Bacteria decomposes the organic matter and converts it into
carbon dioxide that can be used by plants. Oxygen is used in this process.

 Anaerobic processes: Here, fermentation is used for fermenting the waste at a specific
temperature. Oxygen is not used in anaerobic process.

 Composting: A type of aerobic process where wastewater is treated by mixing it with

sawdust or other carbon sources.

18
Secondary treatment removes most of the solids present in wastewater, however, some dissolved
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous may remain.

Chemical Water Treatment

As the name suggests, this treatment involves the use of chemicals in water. Chlorine, an oxidizing
chemical, is commonly used to kill bacteria which decomposes water by adding contaminants to it.
Another oxidizing agent used for purifying the wastewater is ozone. Neutralization is a technique
where an acid or base is added to bring the water to its natural pH of 7. Chemicals prevent the
bacteria from reproducing in water, thus making the water pure.

Sludge Treatment
This is a solid-liquid separation process where the least possible residual moisture is required in the
solid phase and the lowest possible solid particle residues are required in the separated liquid phase.

An example of this includes dewatering of sludge from industrial wastewater or sewage plant where
the residual moisture in dewatered solids determines the disposal costs and the centrate quality
determines the pollution load returned back to the treatment facility.

Types of Filtration processes of wastewater :

Liquid filtration is a process that removes particles and other media of a certain size and larger from
liquids. Removing these particles and debris from a wastewater system allows the water to be
reused within that system. This type of filtration process is important for a number of different
reasons. Reusing the filtered water allows companies to reduce their overall waste, lower their
water use, and diminish possible chemical consumption.

When it comes to industries such as the power sector, a considerable number of dissolved solids are
typically found in discharged water. Within other systems, for example those in the paper industry,
pulp left within wastewater can account for up to 1,000 ppm.

The filters used for wastewater filtration vary from system to system. This is necessary for a
number of reasons. First, the condition of the water coming into the system can affect the type of
filtration system required. Second, the required purity of the water to be reused after being filtered
plays a role in the filter type needed. There are two primary types of filtration in wastewater
treatment systems: particle filtration and membrane filtration.

19
1. Particle Filtration

Particle filtration is a system that separates solids from liquids using either physical or mechanical
means. When it comes to wastewater treatment, particle filtration is commonly one of the first steps
in the treatment of contaminated wastewater. This is because particle filtration is designed to
remove solids measuring larger than one micron.

There are a number of different filters that can be used within particle filtration. A few options are
available because certain aspects of the wastewater to be treated can vary greatly, depending on the
system where the water is being used. The characteristics that most commonly affect filter choice
include the density of particles, particle size, shape, quantity, and texture. Any other substances
present within the water also affect the type of filter required for the system. Three common filter
types for particle filtration are bag, cartridge, and self-cleaning filters.

Bag Filters. Bag filters are a great option for smaller applications and systems where minimizing
waste is important. As the name suggests, bag filters are in the shape of an elongated bag.
Wastewater goes into the bag, where the solid particles from the water are caught, allowing only
clean water to flow through the bag’s pores to the other side.

Different sized particles can be caught depending on the system’s needs by using bags with
different sized pores. Housings for this type of filter can vary, holding only one bag or multiple
bags at the same time. Multi-bag filtration allows for a higher flow rate within the system.

Bag filters are an ideal option for those looking at cost-effective filtration, such as those in
industries where the cost that accompanies self-cleaning filtration systems would not be
appropriate. This design also accumulates less total waste than other filter systems. While bag
filters are a great option for many, they do not have the same versatility as other filters, such as
cartridge filters.

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1. Cartridge filters come in many different materials, shapes, and ratings. Some examples include
pleated, melt-blown, string-wound, and membrane, with ratings from 100 micron to less than 1
micron. Courtesy: Commercial Filtration Supply

Cartridge Filters. Utilizing pleated fabric or another type of screen, cartridge filters are a
modular type of filter (Figure 1), meant to trap particles and even chemicals through the filtration
process. Cartridge filters are typically separated into two categories: surface filters and depth filters.
Surface filters retain particles on the surface of the liquid, while depth cartridge filters use a thick
media, meant to create a twisted path that retains particles. Cartridge filters are considered to be
very versatile and are used in a wide number of applications.

Self-Cleaning Filters. Commonly considered one of the most useful aspects of these filters,
their ability to clean themselves sets them apart from other filters. Highly demanded and able to be
customized with a number of different sizes and materials, self-cleaning filters are ideal within
systems that cannot be shut down for cleaning purposes. Self-cleaning filters typically utilize
backwashing or mechanical processes for the purposes of removing debris.

2. Membrane Filtration

Membrane filtration is commonly used when particle filtration alone is not sufficient for water
reuse. The treatment and steps required to process the water can change greatly depending on what

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the end goal for the water is. The cleaner the water is required to be, the greater the number of
processes that must be used. When the highest water quality is required, it is common to see
membrane filtration systems being used.

Recent improvements to membrane filtration processes have worked to increase successful

operation, while also lowering the cost of the filtration system. Three common types of membrane
filtration are reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration.

2. Industrial reverse osmosis systems remove up to 99.9% of salts and contaminants from different
impure feed water sources including municipal, brackish, and surface water. The system blocks
bacteria, particles, sugars, proteins, dyes, and impurities that encompass a molecular weight of
more than 150–250 Dalton. Courtesy: Commercial Filtration Supply
Reverse Osmosis. Different membrane filtration systems are used in different applications. For
applications that require the reduction or removal of dissolved solids, reverse osmosis filtration is
recommended (Figure 2). The reverse osmosis process also helps remove or reduce the presence of
very small organic particles. In fact, reverse osmosis offers the highest level of filtration known,
meaning it can help filter out contaminants that other systems may not be able to.

Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration. Processes like ultrafiltration and microfiltration are

commonly used as a precursor to reverse osmosis treatment. Ultrafiltration is performed under low

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pressure, where water is pushed through the small pores of the filter, between 5 nanometer and 100
nanometer. This system helps remove silt, high-molecular-weight organic material, and even
pathogens like viruses. Chemicals can be added to the backwash of the filter, aiding further in the
cleaning process.

Selecting the Right Liquid Filtration System

It is important to keep a number of factors in mind when choosing a filter system for a specific
application. First, micron size requirements will vary depending on the size of the particles needing
to be removed from the wastewater. Another aspect of choosing the right filter is the chemical
resistance required by the filter. A few other aspects to be considered include the efficiency
required of the filter, possible changes in filter media, and sterilization cycles within the system.

The best way to ensure the right filter is used for a particular system is to work closely with an
expert. Filtration companies that are able to understand your industry and the processes involved
are a must when it comes to optimizing your wastewater filtration choice.

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 CHAPTER 4

Counclusion:

Our water resources, irregularly distributed in space and time, are under pressure due to major
population change and increased demand. Access to reliable data on the availability, quality and
quantity of water, and its variability, form the necessary foundation for sound management of water
resources.

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