PHT ENGINEERING PHYSICS B Category L T P CREDIT Year of

110 (FOR NON-CIRCUIT BRANCHES) Introduction

BSC 3 1 0 4 2019

Preamble: The aim of the Engineering Physics program is to offer students a solid background in the
fundamentals of Physics and to impart that knowledge in engineering disciplines. The
program is designed to develop scientific attitudes and enable the students to
correlate the concepts of Physics with the core programmes

Prerequisite: Higher secondary level Physics, Mathematical course on vector calculus,

differential equations and linear algebra

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Compute the quantitative aspects of waves and oscillations in engineering systems.

CO 2 Apply the interaction of light with matter through interference, diffraction and identify
these phenomena in different natural optical processes and optical instruments.

CO 3 Analyze the behaviour of matter in the atomic and subatomic level through the principles
of quantum mechanics to perceive the microscopic processes in electronic devices.

CO 4 Apply the knowledge of ultrasonics in non-destructive testing and use the principles of
acoustics to explain the nature and characterization of acoustic design and to provide a safe
and healthy environment

CO 5 Apply the comprehended knowledge about laser and fibre optic communication systems in
various engineering applications

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 2 1 2 1
CO 2 3 2 1 2 1
CO 3 3 2 1 2 1
CO 4 3 1 2 1
CO 5 3 2 1 2 1

Assessment Pattern

Continuous Assessment Tests

Bloom’s Category Test 1 Test 2 End Semester Examination
(Marks) (Marks) (Marks)
Remember 15 15 30
Understand 25 25 50
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

MARKS MARKS

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):
1. Explain the effect of damping force on oscillators.
2. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves.
3. (a) Derive an expression for the fundamental frequency of transverse vibration in a
stretched string.
(b) Calculate the fundamental frequency of a string of length 2 m weighing 6 g kept
stretched by a load of 600 kg.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Explain colours in thin films.
2. Distinguish between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.
3. (a) Explain the formation of Newton’s rings and obtain the expression for radii of bright
and dark rings in reflected system. Also explain how it is used to determine the
wavelength of a monochromatic source of light.
(b) A liquid of refractive index µ is introduced between the lens and glass plate. What
happens to the fringe system? Justify your answer.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Give the physical significance of wave function?

 2. What are excitons ?
3. (a) Solve Schrodinger equation for a particle in a one dimensional box and obtain its energy
eigen values and normalised wave functions.
(b) Calculate the first three energy values of an electron in a one dimensional box of width
1 A0 in electron volt.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain reverberation and reverberation time.
2. How ultrasonic waves are used in non-destructive testing.
3. (a) With a neat diagram explain how ultrasonic waves are produced by a piezoelectric
oscillator.
(b) Calculate frequency of ultrasonic waves that can be produced by a nickel rod of length 4
cm. (Young’s Modulus = 207 G Pa, Density = 8900 Kg /m3)

Course Outcome 5 (CO 5):

1. Distinguish between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission.
2. Explain optical resonators.
3. (a) Explain the construction and working of Ruby Laser.
(b) Calculate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of a fibre with a core refractive
index of 1.54 and a cladding refractive index of 1.50 when the fibre is inside water of
refractive index 1.33.
.
Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:3

Reg No:______________

Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY FIRST SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION,
MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: PHT 110

Course Name: Engineering Physics B

Max.Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions. Each question carries 3 Marks

1. Compare electrical and mechanical oscillators.

2. Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves.

3. Write a short note on antireflection coating.

4. Diffraction of light is not as evident in daily experience as that of sound waves. Give reason.

5. State and explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle. With the help of it explain natural

line broadening.

6. Explain surface to volume ratio of nanomaterials.

7. Define sound intensity level. Give the values of threshold of hearing and threshold of pain.

8. Describe the method of non-destructive testing using ultra sonic waves

9. Explain the condition of population inversion

10. Distinguish between step index and graded index fibre. (10x3=30)

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module. Each question carries 14 Marks

Module 1

11. (a) Derive the differential equation of damped harmonic oscillator and deduce its
solution. Discuss the cases of over damped, critically damped and under damped
cases. (10)
 (b) The frequency of a tuning fork is 500 Hz and its Q factor is 7×104. Find the relaxation
time. Also calculate the time after which its energy becomes 1/10 of its initial
undamped value. (4)

12. (a) Derive an expression for the velocity of propagation of a transverse wave in a stretched
string. Deduce laws of transverse vibrations. (10)

(b) The equation of transverse vibration of a stretched string is given by y =0.00327 sin
(72.1x-2.72t ) m, in which the numerical constants are in S.I units. Evaluate (i)
Amplitude (ii) Wavelength (iii) Frequency and (iv) Velocity of the wave. (4)

Module 2

13. (a) Explain the formation of Newton’s rings and show that the radius of dark ring is
proportional to the square root of natural numbers. How can we use Newton’s rings
experiment to determine the refractive index of a liquid? (10)

(b) Two pieces of plane glass are placed together with a piece of paper between two at
one end. Find the angle of the wedge in seconds if the film is viewed with a
monochromatic light of wavelength 4800Å. Given β = 0.0555 cm. (4)

14. (a) Explain the diffraction due to a plane transmission grating. Obtain the grating equation.
(10)

(b) A grating has 6000 lines per cm. Find the angular separation of the two yellow lines
of mercury of wavelengths 577 nm and 579 nm in the second order. (4)

Module 3

15. (a) Derive time dependent and independent Schrodinger equations. (10)

(b) An electron is confined to one dimensional potential box of length 2Å. Calculate the
energies corresponding to the first and second quantum states in eV. (4)

16. (a) Classify nanomaterials based on dimensionality of quantum confinement and explain the
following nanostructures. (i) nano sheets (ii) nano wires (iii) quantum dots. (10)

(b) Find the de Broglie wavelength of electron whose kinetic energy is 15 eV. (4)

Module 4

17. (a) Explain reverberation and reverberation time? What is the significance of
Reverberation time. Explain the factors affecting the acoustics of a building and their
corrective measures? (10)
(b) The volume of a hall is 3000 m3. It has a total absorption of 100m2 sabine. If the hall is filled
with audience who add another 80 m2sabine, then find the difference in reverberation time. (4)

18. (a) With a neat diagram explain how ultrasonic waves are produced by piezoelectric
oscillator. Also discuss the piezoelectric method of detection of ultrasonic waves. (10)
 (b) An ultrasonic source of 0.09 MHz sends down a pulse towards the sea bed which
returns after 0.55 sec. The velocity of sound in sea water is 1800 m/s. Calculate the
depth of the sea and the wavelength of the pulse. (4)
Module 5

19. (a) Outline the construction and working of Ruby laser. (8)

(b) What is the principle of holography? How is a hologram recorded? (6)

20. (a) Define numerical aperture of an optic fibre and derive an expression for the NA of a step
index fibre with a neat diagram. (10)

(b) An optical fibre made with core of refractive index 1.5 and cladding with a fractional
index difference of 0.0006. Find refractive index of cladding and numerical aperture. (4)

(14x5=70)
 SYLLABUS

ENGINEERING PHYSICS B (FOR NON-CIRCUIT BRANCHES)

Module 1
Oscillations and Waves
Harmonic oscillations, Damped harmonic motion-Derivation of differential equation and its solution,
Over damped, Critically damped and Under damped Cases, Quality factor-Expression, Forced
oscillations-Differential Equation-Derivation of expressions for amplitude and phase of forced
oscillations, Amplitude Resonance-Expression for Resonant frequency, Quality factor and Sharpness
of Resonance, Electrical analogy of mechanical oscillators

Wave motion- Derivation of one dimensional wave equation and its solution, Three dimensional
wave equation and its solution (no derivation), Distinction between transverse and longitudinal
waves, Transverse vibration in a stretched string, Statement of laws of vibration

Module 2
Wave Optics
Interference of light-Principle of superposition of waves, Theory of thin films - Cosine law (Reflected
system), Derivation of the conditions of constructive and destructive Interference, Interference due
to wedge shaped films -Determination of thickness and test for optical planeness, Newton’s rings -
Measurement of wavelength and refractive index, Antireflection coatings

Diffraction of light, Fresnel and Fraunhofer classes of diffraction, Diffraction grating-Grating

equation, Rayleigh criterion for limit of resolution, Resolving and Dispersive power of a grating with
expression (no derivation)

Module 3
Quantum Mechanics & Nanotechnology
Introduction for the need of Quantum mechanics, Wave nature of Particles, Uncertainty principle,
Applications-Absence of electrons inside a nucleus and Natural line broadening Mechanism,
Formulation of time dependent and independent Schrodinger wave equations-Physical Meaning of
wave function, Particle in a one dimensional box- Derivation for normalised wave function and
energy eigen values, Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling (Qualitative)

Introduction to nanoscience and technology, Increase in surface to volume ratio for nanomaterials,
Quantum confinement in one dimension, two dimension and three dimension-Nano sheets, Nano
wires and Quantum dots, Properties of nanomaterials-mechanical, electrical and optical,
Applications of nanotechnology (qualitative ideas)

Module 4
Acoustics & Ultrasonics
Acoustics, Classification of sound-Musical sound-Noise, Characteristics of Musical Sounds-Pitch or
frequency-Loudness or Intensity-Measurement of Intensity level-Decibel-Quality or timbre,
Absorption coefficient, Reverberation-Reverberation time-Significance- Sabine’s formula (no
derivation), Factors affecting architectural acoustics and their remedies

Ultrasonics-Production- Magnetostriction effect and Piezoelectric effect, Magnetostriction oscillator

and Piezoelectric oscillator –Working, Detection of ultrasonic waves - Thermal and Piezoelectric
 methods, Ultrasonic diffractometer- Expression for the velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid ,
Applications of ultrasonic waves -SONAR,NDT and Medical

Module 5
Laser and Fibre optics
Properties of laser, Absorption and emission of radiation, Spontaneous and stimulated emission,
Einstein’s coefficients (no derivation), Population inversion, Metastable states, basic components of
laser, Active medium, Pumping mechanism, Optical resonant cavity, working principle, Construction
and working of Ruby laser and Helium neon laser ,Construction and working of semiconductor
laser(Qualitative) ,Applications of laser, Holography, Difference between hologram and photograph,
Recording of hologram and reconstruction of image, Applications

Optic fibre-Principle of propagation of light, Types of fibres-Step index and Graded index fibres,
Numerical aperture –Derivation, Fibre optic communication system (block diagram), Industrial,
Medical and Technological applications, Fibre optic sensors-Intensity Modulated and Phase
modulated sensors

Text Books
1. M.N.Avadhanulu, P.G.Kshirsagar,TVS Arun Murthy “A Text book of Engineering Physics”, S.Chand
&Co., Revised Edition, 2019.

2. H.K.Malik , A.K. Singh, “Engineering Physics” McGraw Hill Education, Second Edition, 2017.

Reference Books

1. Arthur Beiser, “Concepts of Modern Physics ", Tata McGraw Hill Publications, 6th Edition 2003

2. D.K. Bhattacharya, Poonam Tandon, “Engineering Physics”, Oxford University Press, 2015

3. Md.N.Khan & S.Panigrahi “Principles of Engineering Physics 1&2”, Cambridge University Press,
2016

4. Aruldhas G., “Engineering Physics”, PHI Pvt. Ltd., 2015

5. Ajoy Ghatak, “Optics”, Mc Graw Hill Education, Sixth Edition, 2017

6. T. Pradeep, “Nano:The Essentials’’, McGraw Hill India Ltd, 2007

7. B. B. Laud, “Lasers and Non linear optics”, New age International Publishers, 2nd Edition ,2005

8. Premlet B., “Advanced Engineering Physics”, Phasor Books,10th edition ,2017

9. I. Dominic and. A. Nahari, “A Text Book of Engineering physics”, Owl Books Publishers, Revised
edition, 2016
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule
No Topic No. of Lectures
1 Oscillations and Waves ( 9 hours)

1.1 Harmonic oscillations, Damped harmonic motion-Derivation of 2 hrs

differential equation and its solution, Over damped, Critically damped
and Under damped Cases, Quality factor-Expression
1.2 Forced oscillations-Differential Equation-Derivation of expressions for
amplitude and phase of forced oscillations, Amplitude Resonance- 3hrs
Expression for Resonant frequency, Quality factor and Sharpness of
Resonance, Electrical analogy of mechanical oscillators
1.3 Wave motion- Derivation of one dimensional wave equation and its
solution, Three dimensional wave equation and its solution (no
derivation) 2 hrs
1.4 Distinction between transverse and longitudinal waves, Transverse 2 hrs
vibration in a stretched string, Statement of laws of vibration
2 Wave Optics (9 hours)

2.1 Interference of light-Principle of superposition of waves, Theory of thin 2 hrs

films - Cosine law (Reflected system), Derivation of the conditions of
constructive and destructive Interference
2.2 Interference due to wedge shaped films -Determination of thickness 4 hrs
and test for optical planeness, Newton’s rings - Measurement of
wavelength and refractive index, Antireflection coatings
2.3 Diffraction of light, Fresnel and Fraunhofer classes of diffraction, 2 hrs
Diffraction grating-Grating equation
2.4 Rayleigh criterion for limit of resolution, Resolving and Dispersive 1 hr
power of a grating with expression (no derivation)
3 Quantum Mechanics &Nanotechnology (9hours)

3.1 Introduction for the need of Quantum mechanics, Wave nature of 2 hrs
Particles, Uncertainty principle, Applications-Absence of electrons
inside a nucleus and Natural line broadening mechanism
3.2 Formulation of time dependent and independent Schrodinger wave 4 hrs
equations-Physical Meaning of wave function, Particle in a one
dimensional box- Derivation for normalised wave function and energy
eigen values, Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling (Qualitative)
3.3 Introduction to nanoscience and technology, Increase in surface to 2 hrs
volume ratio for nanomaterials, Quantum confinement in one
dimension, two dimension and three dimension-Nano sheets, Nano
wires and Quantum dots
3.4 Properties of nanomaterials-mechanical, electrical and optical 1 hr
Applications of nanotechnology (qualitative ideas)
4 Acoustics & Ultrasonics (9hrs)

4.1 Acoustics, Classification of sound-Musical sound-Noise, Characteristics 3 hrs

 of Musical Sounds-Pitch or frequency-Loudness or Intensity-
Measurement of Intensity level-Decibel-Quality or timbre, Absorption
coefficient, Reverberation-Reverberation time-Significance- Sabine’s
formula (no derivation)
4.2 Factors affecting architectural acoustics and their remedies 1 hr

4.3 Ultrasonics-Production- Magnetostriction effect and Piezoelectric 3hrs

effect, Magnetostriction oscillator and Piezoelectric oscillator –
Working, Detection of ultrasonic waves - Thermal and Piezoelectric
methods
4.4 Ultrasonic diffractometer- Expression for the velocity of ultrasonic 2 hr
waves in a liquid ,Applications of ultrasonic waves -SONAR,NDT and
Medical.
5 Laser and Fibre optics ( 9hours)

5.1 Properties of laser, Absorption and emission of radiation, Spontaneous 2 hrs

and stimulated emission, Einstein’s coefficients (no derivation),
Population inversion, Metastable states, basic components of laser,
Active medium, Pumping mechanism, Optical resonant cavity, working
principle
5.2 Construction and working of Ruby laser and Helium neon laser 3 hrs
,Construction and working of semiconductor laser(Qualitative)
Applications of laser
5.3 Holography, Difference between hologram and photograph, Recording 1 hr
of hologram and reconstruction of image, Applications
5.4 Optic fibre-Principle of propagation of light, Types of fibres-Step index 3 hrs
and Graded index fibres, Numerical aperture –Derivation, Fibre optic
communication system (block diagram), Industrial, Medical and
Technological applications, Fibre optic sensors-Intensity Modulated and
Phase modulated sensors