EXPERIMENT NO.
MEASUREMENT OF DENSITIES AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
EXPERIMENT A: Determining Specific Gravity Using a Hydrometer
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVE
To determine densities and specific gravities using a hydrometer.
III. SKETCH OF APPARATUS
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A. Hydrometer Jar - An instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid.
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B. Hydrometer – Or aerometer is an instrument that measures the specific
gravity (relative density) of liquids—the ratio of the density of the liquid to the
density of water.
IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE
METHOD:
(a) Fill one hydrometer jar with sufficient water to float the hydrometer and
check that the scale marking corresponding to depth of immersion reads
1.00
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(b) Fill three hydrometer jars with the liquids to be tested with sufficient of the
liquids to float the hydrometer and note for each liquid the scale reading.
Note:
It is suggested that the liquids should be those to be used in Experiment 2 for
determining the viscosity of liquids: an engine oil, glycerol, and castor oil.
V. RESULTS
Liquid Scale Reading = Specific Gravity,
S
Cooking Oil 0.915
Diesel 0.835
Kerosene 0.785
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Water 1.000
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density of fluid p
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Since s= =
density of water p w
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(1) rs e
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Therefore pl = S . pw
And pw = gm/ml = 1/103 x 106 = 103 kg/m3
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DENSITY , ρ
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Liquid gm/ml kg/m3
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Cooking Oil 915 915000
Diesel 840 840000
Kerosene 785 785000
Water 1000 100000
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VI. SAMPLE COMPUTATION
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Given:
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ρoil = 915 gm/ml
gm 1 kg
ρoil = 915 × × 106=915 × 103 3
ml 103 m
ρoil = 915000kg/ml
ρliquid
S.G. =
ρwater
S.G. = 915000/1000000
S.G. = 0.915
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EXPERIMENT B: Determining Specific Gravity using a U-Tube
Manometer
I. INTRODUCTION
A manometer is a tube usually bent in a form of a U, containing of known
specific gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to changes of
pressure. It is used to measure pressure.
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The three types of manometer are open type, differential type and
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piezometer. The open type manometer has an atmospheric surface in one leg
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and is capable of measuring gage pressures. A differential type manometer is
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without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only differences of
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pressure. A piezometer is the simplest form of open manometer. It is a tube
tapped into a wall of a container on conduit for the purpose of measuring
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pressure. The fluid in the container or conduit rises in this tube to form a free
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surface.
II. OBJECTIVE
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To be able to get the specific gravity of the kerosene using the
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manometer.
III. LABORATORY APPARATUS
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U Tube Manometer- enables the pressure of both liquids and gases to be
measured with the same instrument.
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IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE
1. Set up the manometer.
2. Place water to the tube.
3. Place kerosene after you places the water.
4. Record the reading of the pressure head.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the succeeding trial.
6. Solve for the specific gravity.
REPORT:
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1. What is the use of manometer?
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2. Differentiate the three types of manometer.
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3. Given the height of the fluid column, h = 20m, fluid density, ρ=5kg/m 3.
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Calculate the manometer pressure.
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V. RESULTS
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Group 1
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TRIAL γ WATER hw hw Sw Sk
NO. (kN/m3) (m) (m)
1 9.81 0.211 0.215 1 0.981
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2 9.81 0.193 0.247 1 0.781
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3 9.81 0.146 0.158 1 0.924
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Group 2
TRIAL γ WATER hw hw Sw Sk
NO. (kN/m3) (m) (m)
1 9.81 0.198 0.233 1 0.850
2 9.81 0.181 0.230 1 0.787
3 9.81 0.180 0.190 1 0.942
Group 3
TRIAL γ WATER hw hw Sw Sk
NO. (kN/m ) 3
(m) (m)
1 9.81 0.279 0.392 1
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2 9.81 0.366 0.461 1 0.794
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3 9.81 0.350 0.377 1 0.928
Group 4
TRIAL γ WATER hw hw Sw Sk
NO. (kN/m3) (m) (m)
1 9.81 0.06 0.073 1 0.822
2 9.81 0.162 0.213 1 0.761
3 9.81 0.222 0.198 1 1.121
Group 5
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TRIAL γ WATER hw hw Sw Sk
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NO. (kN/m3) (m) (m)
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1 9.81 0.128 0.157 1 0.842
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2 9.81 0.25 0.32 1 0.787
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9.81 0.31 0.355 1 0.912
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VI. SAMPLE COMPUTATION
γH20 = 9.81 kN/m3
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hw = 21.1 mm
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hk = 21.5 mm
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Sw = 1
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Sk = h k / h w
Sk = 21.1 / 21.5
Sk = 0.981
VII. CONCLUSION
From what have been observed from the experiment, the definition and
properties of density and specific gravity can be proven. Density is the mass
per unit volume of the fluid which has been observed in the experiment. Also
it can be concluded that substances which are less dense to water floats in
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the hydrometer jar as its density is being measured. This observation is the
same for all the trials conducted using different liquids. The specific gravity
is also proven as the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of the
reference liquid, usually water. It can also be concluded that when using a u
tube manometer the specific gravity can be measured by using the ratio of
the height of the water mixed with
the fluid in the manometer to the height of that certain fluid.
It can also be concluded that the measurement of the specific gravity
using the hydrometer and the U tube manometer are both reliable. The
hydrometer method uses the density of the fluid to determine the specific
gravity while the U tube manometer uses the ratio of the height derived
from the summation of pressures in the manometer. Thus, it can be
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concluded that the minimal differences between the two methods are
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caused by inaccurate reading of hydrometer for the density measurement
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and for the U tube manometer method the inaccuracy of the measurement
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of the heights of the liquids.
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VIII. APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING
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In Civil engineering the importance of specific gravity of fluids and other
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materials is that it is a crucial factor for mixing materials like cements and other
mixed materials. One material which this is applied is cement, in mixing cement
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the water cement ratio is important because this is where moisture content of
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the cement depends and the moisture content which is also affected by
humidity and other factors determine the strength and the bonding of the
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cement. If the specific gravity of a mixed cement is greater than 3.19 then it is
not finely mixed and contains a lot of moisture contents. The suspension quality
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of a material, is affected by the specific gravity of the fluid, is another
application of civil engineering for structures that require pumping or
transportation of fluids.
IX. REFERENCE
A. Uy, F. A., Tan, F., & Monjardin, C. E. (2015). Laboratory Manual in Fluid
Mechanics.
B. http://www.dynamixinc.com/specific-gravity
C. http://www.civilology.com/specific-gravity-cement-test/
D. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-specific-weight-gravity-d_290.html
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E. http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/civil/finnemore/graphics/ch02.pdf
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